Роль дистальной диабетической полинейропатии в развитии кальциноза артерий и остеопороза у пациентов с сахарным диабетом
Диссертация
В настоящее время считается, что одним из ведущих факторов в развитии медиакальциноза является дистальная диабетическая полинейропатия. В ряде исследований было показано, что у пациентов с сахарным диабетом, имеющих диабетическую дистальную полинейропатию, гораздо чаще встречается медиакальциноз по сравнению с группой контроля. Также, помимо сенсорной нейропатии важную роль в развитии… Читать ещё >
Список литературы
- Гехт Б. М. Теоретическая и клиническая электромиография. Л.: Наука, 1990.-230 с.
- Горелышева В. А., Бухман А. И., Смирнова О. М., Арбузова М. И. Клинико-рентгенологическая характеристика мягких тканей нижних конечностей у больных сахарным диабетом // Проблемы эндокринологии.- 1989.-№ 6. С. 15−20.
- Дедов И.И., Шестакова М. В. Алгоритмы специализированной медицинской помощи больным сахарным диабетом. — 5-й выпуск. — М., 2011. С. 63.
- Дедов И. И., Шестакова М. В. Сахарный диабет. М.: Универсум Паблишинг, 2003. — С. 263.
- Казначеева Т. В., Осипова, А А. Современные методы определения минеральной плотности костной ткани // Проблемы репродукции. — 2007.- № 6. С. 57−61.
- Ремизов О. В., Мач Э. С., Пушкова О. В. Состояние костно-суставной системы при сахарном диабете у детей // Остеопороз и остеопатии. — 1999.- № 3. С. 45−51.
- Рожинская Л. Я. Системный остеопороз: Практическое руководство. — Издание 2-е, перераб. и доп. М.: Издатель Мокеев, 2000. — С. 76−85.
- Удовиченко О. В., Грекова Н. М. Диабетическая стопа. М.: Практическая медицина, 2010. — С. 47−51.
- Abedin M., Tintut Y., Demer L.L. Mesenchymal stem cells and the artery wall 11 Circ. Res. 2004. — Vol.95. — № 7 — P. 671−676.
- Abedin M., Tintut Y., Demer L.L. Vascular calcification: mechanisms and clinical ramifications // Arterioscler. Thromb. Vase. Biol. 2004. — Vol.24. -№ 7.-P. 1161−1170.
- Adami S. Bone health in diabetes: considerations for clinical management // Curr. Med. Res. Opin.-2009.-Vol.25.-№ 5, — P. 1057−1072.
- Agatston A.S., Janowitz W.R., Hildner F.J., Zusmer N.R., Viamonte M. Jr., Detrano R. Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1990. — Vol.15. — № 4. — P. 827−832.
- Akopian A, Demulder A, Ouriaghli F, Corazza F, Fondu P, Bergmann P. Effects of CGRP on human osteoclast-like cell formation: a possible connection with the bone loss in neurological disorders? // Peptides. 2000. — Vol.21. -№ 4. — P.559—564.
- An Z.M., Huang M.J., Zhang M, Xiong Z.Y., Guo D. Relationship of 25(OH)VD with bone mass and other indicators in male patients with diabetes mellitus // Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2009. — Vol.40. — № 1 -P.52−54.
- Anand D.V., Lahiri A., Lim E., Hopkins D., Corder R. The relationship between plasma osteoprotegerin levels and coronary artery calcification in uncomplicated type 2 diabetic subjects // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. — 2006. -Vol.47.-№ 9.-P. 1850−1857.
- Anderson H.C. Molecular biology of matrix vesicles // Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 1995.-№ 314.-P. 266−280.
- Armano S., Atai M., Goto S., Togari A. Inhibitory effect of NPY on isoprenaline-induced osteoclastogenesis in mouse bone marrow cells // Biochim. Biophys.Acta. -2007. Vol.1770. — № 6. — P. 966−973.
- Avignon A., Sultan A., Piot A. et al. Osteoprotegerin is associated with silent coronary artery disease in high-risk but asymptomatic type 2 diabetic patients // Diabetes Care. 2005. — Vol.28. -№ 9. — P. 2176−2180.
- Barbara D., Orsini P., Lapi P., Turco A., Pasquini C. Foot bone mass and analysis of calcium metabolism in diabetic patients affected by severe neuropathy // Minerva Endocrinol. 2008. — Vol.33. — № 4. — P.283−288.
- Beveridge L.A., Witham M.D. Vitamin D and the cardiovascular system // Osteoporosis Int. 2013. — Vol.24. — № 8. — P.2167−2180.
- Bostrom K., Watson K.E., Horn S., Wortham C., Hennan I.M., Demer L.L. Bone morphogenetic protein expression in human atherosclerotic lesions // J. Clin. Invest. 1993.-Vol. 91,-№ 4.-P. 1800−1809.
- Botolin S., Faugere M. C., Malluche H., Orth M., Meyer R., McCabe L. R. Increased bone adiposity and peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-y2 expression in type I diabetic mice // Endocrinology. 2005. — Vol.146. — № 8. -P. 3622−3631.
- Brown S.A., Sharpless JL. Osteoporosis: an under-appreciated complication of diabetes // Clin. Diabetes. 2004. — № 22. — P. 10 -20.
- Browner W.S., Lui L-Y., Cummings S.R. Associations of serum osteoprotegerin levels with diabetes, stroke, bone density, fractures and mortality in elderly women // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2001. — Vol.86. -№ 2.-P. 631−637.
- Brownlee M. The pathobiology of diabetic complications: a unifying mechanism // Diabetes. -2005. Vol.54. — № 6. — P. 1615−1625.
- Bucay N., Safosi I., Dunstan C.R. et al. Osteoprotegerindeficient mice develop early onset osteoporosis and arterial calcification // Genes. Dev. 1998. -Vol. 12,-№ 9.-P. 1260−1268.
- Cai L., Okumu F.W., Cleland J.L., Beresini M., Hogue D., Lin Z., Filvaroff E.H. A slow release formulation of insulin as a treatment for osteoarthritis // Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2002. — Vol.10. — № 9. — P.692−706.
- Campos Pastor M.M., Lopez-Ibarra P.J., Escobar-Jimenez F., Serrano Pardo M.D., Garcia-Cervigon A.G. Intensive insulin therapy and bone mineral density in type 1 diabetes mellitus: a prospective study // Osteoporos Int. — 2000. — Vol.11.-№ 5.-P. 455−459.
- Cannata-Andia J.B., Roman-Garcia P., Hruska K. The connection between vascular calcification and bone health // Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. -2011. -Vol.26.-№ 11.-P. 3429−36.
- Chobot A.P., Haffke A., Polanska J., Halaba Z.P., Deja G., Jarosz-Chobot P., Pluskiewicz W. Bone status in adolescents with tipe 1 diabetes // Diabetologia. 2010. — Vol.53. — № 8. — P. 1754−1760.
- Christensen T.M., Bulow J., Simonsen L., Holstein P.E.Svendsen O.L. Bone mineral density in diabetes mellitus patients with and without a Charcot foot // Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging. -2010. Vol.30. — № 2. — P. 130−4.
- Collin-Osdoby P. Regulation of vascular calcification by osteoclast regulatory factors RANKL and osteoprotegerin // Circ. Res. 2004. — Vol.95. — № 11. — P. 1046−1057.
- Coppini D.V., Bowtell P.A., Weng C., Young P.J., Sonksen P.H. Showing neuropathy is related to increased mortality in diabetic patients—a survival analysis using an accelerated failure time model // J. Clin. Epidemiol. — 2000. — Vol.53.-№ 5.-P. 519−523.
- Cornish J., Callon K.E., Bava U., Kamona S.A., Cooper G.J., Reid I.R. Effects of calcitonin, amylin, and calcitonin gene-related peptide on osteoclast development // Bone. 2001. — Vol.29. — № 2. — P. 162−168.
- Costacou T., Huskey N.D., Edmundowicz D., Stolk R., Orchard T.J. Lower-extremity arterial calcification as a correlate of coronary artery calcification // Metabolism. 2006. — Vol.55. — № 12. — P. 1689−96.
- Cusick M., Meleth A.D., Agron E., Fisher M. R, Reed G.F., Knatterud G.L., rd
- Barton F.B., Davis M.D., Ferris F.L. 3, Chew E.Y. Association of mortality and diabetes complications in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: early treatment diabetic retinopathy study report no. 27 // Diabetes Care. 2005. -Vol.28.-№ 3.-P. 617−625.
- Debiais F. Thiazolidinediones: antidiabetic agents with effects on bone // Joint Bone Spine. 2009. — Vol.76. — № 3. — P. 221−223.
- Detrano R.C., Doherty T.M., Davies M.J., Stary H.C. Predicting coronary events with coronary calcium: pathophysiologic and clinical problems // Curr. Probl. Cardiol. 2000. — Vol.25. — № 6. — P. 374102.
- Devaraj S., Yun J.M., Duncan-Staley C.R., Jialal I. Low vitamin D levels correlate with the proinflammatory state in type 1 diabetic subjects with and without microvascular complications // Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 2011. — Vol. 135. — № 3. — P. 429−433.
- Di Cesar D.J., Ploutz-Snyder R., Weinstock R.S., Moses A.M. Vitamin D deficiency is more common in type 2 than in type 1 diabetes // Diabetes Care. -2006.-Vol.29.-№ 1.-P. 174.
- Doherty T. M, Fitzpatrick L.A., Inoue D., Qiao J., Fishbein M.C., Detrano R.C., Shah P.K., Rajavashisth T.B. Molecular, Endocrine, and Genetic Mechanisms of Arterial Calcification // Endocrine Reviews. 2004. — Vol.25. — № 4. — P. 629−672.
- Edmonds M.E. Medial arterial calcification and diabetes mellitus // Z. Kardiol. 2000. — Vol.89. -№ 2. — P. 101−104.
- Edmonds M.E., Morrison N., Laws J.W., Watkins P.J. Medial arterial calcification and diabetic neuropathy // BMJ. 1982. — Vol.284. — № 6320. — P. 928−930.
- Elder G. Pathophysiology and recent advances in the management of renal osteodystrophy // J. Bone Miner. Res. 2002. — Vol.17. — № 12. — P. 20 942 105.
- El-Desouki M.I., Sherafzal M.S., Othman S.A. Comparison of bone mineral density with dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, quantitative ultrasound and single energy x-ray absorptiometry // Saudi.Med. J. 2005. — Vol.26. — № 9. -P. 1346−50.
- Elefteriou F. Regulation of bone remodeling by the central and peripheral nervous system // Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2008. — Vol.473. — № 2. — P.231−236.
- Elefteriou F., Ahn J.D., Takeda S. et al. Leptin regulation of bone resorption by the sympathetic nervous system // Nature. 2005. — Vol.434. — № 7032. — P. 514−520.
- Erbel R., Mohlenkamp S., Budde T., Schmermund A. Non-invasive screening for coronary artery disease: calcium scoring // Heart. 2007. — Vol.93. — № 12. -P. 1620−1629.
- Everhart J.E., Pettit D.J., Knowler W.C., Rose F.A., Bennett P.H. Medial artery calcification and its association with mortality and complications of diabetes //Diabetologia. 1988, — Vol.31. -№ 1.- P. 16−23.
- Fielding K.T., Nix D.A., Bachrach L.K. Comparison of calcaneus ultrasound and dual X-ray absorptiometry in children at risk of osteopenia // J. Clin. Densitom. 2003. — Vol.6. — № 1. — P.7−15.
- Forsblom C.M., Sane T., Groop P.H. et al. Risk factors for mortality in Type II (non-insulin dependent) diabetes: evidence of a role for neuropathy and a protective effect of HLA-DR4 // Diabetologia. 1998. — Vol.41. — № 11. — P. 1253−1262.
- Forst T., Pfutzner A., Kann P., Schehler B., Lobmann R., Schafer H., Andreas J., Bockisch A., Beyer J. Peripheral osteopenia in adult patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus // Diabet Med. 1995. — Vol.12. — № 10. P. 874 879.
- Gal-Moscovici A., Sprague S.M. Use of vitamin D in chronic kidney disease patients // Kidney Int. 2010. — Vol.78. -№ 2. — P. 146−51.
- Gentile S., Bizzarro A., Marmo R., de Bellis A., Orlando C. Medial arterial calcification and diabetic neuropathy // Acta. Diabetol. Lat. -1990. Vol.27. -№ 3. — P. 243−53.
- Giachelli C.M., Speer M.Y., Li X., Rajachar R.M., Yang H. Regulation of vascular calcification: roles of phosphate and osteopontin // Circ. Res. — 2005. -Vol.96.- № 7. -P. 717−722.
- Goebel F.D., Fuessel H.S. Monckeberg’s sclerosis after sympathetic denervation in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects // Diabetologia. — 1983. -Vol.24. -№ 5. P. 347−350.
- Gopalakrishnan V., Vignesh R.C., Arunakaran J., Aruldhas M.M., Srinivasan N. Effects of glucose and its modulation by insulin and estradiol on BMSC differentiation into osteoblastic lineages // Biochem. Cell Biol. 2006. — Vol. 84. — № 1. — P.93−101.
- Greenwald S.E. Ageing of the conduit arteries // J. Pathol. 2007. — Vol.211. — № 2. — P. 157−172.
- Guzman R.J., Brinkley D.M., Schumacher P.M., Donahue R.M., Beavers H., Qin X. Tibial artery calcification as a marker of amputation risk in patients with PAD//J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. -2008. -Vol.51. -№ 20. -P. 1967−1974.
- Haffner S.M., Bauer R.L. The association of obesity and glucose and insulin concentrations with bone density in premenopausal and postmenopausal women // Metabolism. 1993. — Vol.42. — № 6. — P. 735−738.
- Hamilton E.J., Rakic V., Davis W.A., Chubb S.A., Kamber N., Prince R.L., Davis T.M. Prevalence and predictors of osteopenia and osteoporosis in adults with type 1 diabetes // Diabet Med. 2009. — Vol.26 — № 1 — P. 45−52.
- Hirano Y., Kishimoto H., Hagino H., Teshima R. The change of bone mineral density in secondary osteoporosis and vertebral fracture incidence // J. Bone Miner Metab. 1999, — Vol.17. — № 2. — P. 119−124.
- Hofbauer L.C., Brueck C.C., Sanahan C.M., Schoppet M., Dobnig H. Vascular calcification and osteoporosis—from clinical observation towards molecular understanding // Osteoporos Int. 2007. — Vol. 18. — № 3. — P.251−259.
- Hofbauer L.C., Schoppet M. Osteoprotegerin: a link between osteoporosis and arterial calcification? // Lancet. 2001. — Vol.358. — № 9278. — P. 257−259.
- International Diabetes Federation, Diabetes Atlas, 5 ed. International Diabetes Federation- 2012.
- Ishizuka K., Hirukawa K., Nakamura H., Togari A. Inhibitory effect of CGRP on osteoclast formation by mouse bone marrow cells treated with isoproterenol // Neurosci. Lett. 2005. — Vol.379. — № 1 — P. 47−51.
- Ivers R.Q., Cumming R.G., Mitchell P., Peduto A.J. Diabetes and risk of fracture: the Blue Mountains Eye Study // Diabetes Care. 2001. — Vol.24 -№ 7.-P.l 198−1203.
- Jeffcoate W.J., Game F., Cavanagh P.R. The role of proinflammatory cytokines in the cause of neuropathic osteoarthropathy (acute Charcot foot) in diabetes // Lancet. 2005. — Vol.366. — № 9502. — P. 2058−2061.
- Jiang Y., Nyengaard J.G., Zhang J.S., Jakobsen J. Selective loss of calcitonin gene-related peptide-expressing primary sensory neurons of the a-cell phenotype in early and experimental diabetes // Diabetes. — 2004. Vol.53. -№ 10.-P. 2669−2675.
- Joergensen C., Gall M.A., Schmedes A., Tarnow L., Parving H.H., Rossing P. Vitamin D levels and mortality in type 2 diabetes // Diabetes Care. 2010. -Vol.33.-№ 10.-P. 2238−43.
- Kang L., Chen Q., Wang L., Gao L., Meng K., Chen J., Ferro A., Xu B. Decreased mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells contributes to impaired neovascularization in diabetes // Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 2009. -Vol.36.-№ 10.- P. 47−56.
- Kim J.H., Jung M.H., Lee J.M., Son H.S., Cha B.Y., Chang S.A. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is highly associated with nontraumatic fractures in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus // Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf). 2012. -Vol.77.-№ 1.-P. 51−5.
- Kim S.M., Lee J., Ryu O.H. et al. Serum osteoprotegerin levels are associated with inflammation and pulse wave velocity // Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.). — 2005.- Vol.63. № 5. — P. 594−598.
- Kjaer K., Hagen C., Sando S.H., Eshoj O. Epidemiology of menarche and menstrual disturbances in an unselected group of women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus compared to controls // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.- 1992. Vol.75. -№ 2. — P. 524−529.
- Knudsen S.T., Foss C.H., Poulsen P.L., Andersen N.H., Mogensen C.E., Rasmussen L.M. Increased plasma concentrations of osteoprotegerin in type 2diabetic patients with microvascular complications // Eur. J. Endocrinol. -2006,-Vol.149.-№ 1.-P. 39−42.
- La Fontaine J., Harkless L.B., Sylvia V.L., Carnes D., Heim-Hall J., Jude E. Levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and calcitonin gene-related peptide in the Charcot foot: a pilot study // J. Foot Ankle Surg. 2008. — Vol.47. — № 5.- P. 424−429.
- Laroche M., Delmotte A. Increased arterial calcification in Paget’s disease of bone // Calcif. Tissue. Int. 2005. — Vol.77. — № 3. — P. 129−133.
- Lehto S., Niskanen L., Suhonen M., Ronnemaa T., Laakso M. Medial artery calcification: a neglected harbinger of cardiovascular complications in noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus // Arterioscler. Thromb. Vase. Biol. 1996.- Vol.16.-№ 8-P. 978−983.
- Li X., Hsueh-Ying Y., Giachelli C.M. Role of the sodiumdependent cotransporter, Pit-1, in vascular smooth muscle cell calcification // Circ. Res. -2006. Vol.98. — № 7. — P.905−912.
- Lipscombe L.L., Jamal S.A., Booth G.L., Hawker G.A. The Risk of Hip Fractures in Older Individuals With Diabetes: A population-based study // Diabetes Care. 2007. — Vol.30. — № 4 — P. 835−841.
- Ma P., Gu B., Ma J., E L., Wu X., Cao J., Liu H. Glimepiride induces proliferation and differentiation of rat osteoblasts via the PI3-kinase/Akt pathway // Metabolism. 2010. — Vol.59. — № 3. — P. 359−366.
- Maggio A.B., Rizzoli R.R., Marchand L.M., Ferrari S., Beghetti M., Farpour-Lambert N.J. Physical activity increases bone mineral density in children with type 1 diabetes // Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2012. — Vol.44. — №:7. — P. 120 611.
- Maguire A. M., Craig M. E., Craighead A. et al. Autonomic nerve testing predicts the development of complications // Diabetes Care. 2007. — Vol.30. -№ 1. — P. 77−82.
- Maser R.E., Mitchell B.D., Vinik A.I., Freeman R. The assosiation between cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and mortality in individuals with diabetes: a meta-analysis // Diabetes Care. 2003. — Vol.26. — № 6. — P. 18 951 901.
- Mastrandrea L.D., Wactawski-Wende J., Donahue R.P., Hovey K.M., Clark A., Quattrin T. Young women with type 1 diabetes have lower bone mineral density that persists over time // Diabetes Care. 2008. — Vol.31. — № 9-P. 1729−1735.
- Mathieu C., Badenhoop K. Vitamin D and type 1 diabetes mellitus: state of the art // Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 2005. — Vol.16. -№ 6. — P. 261−266.
- Mayfield J.A., Caps M.T., Boyko E.J., Ahroni J.H., Smith D.G. Relationship of medial arterial calcinosis to autonomic neuropathy and adverse outcomes in a diabetic veteran population//J. Diabet. Compl. — 2002. Vol.16. — № 2. -P.165—171.
- McDougall J.J., Yeung G., Leonard C.A., Bray R.C. A role for calcitonin gene-related peptide in rabbit knee joint ligament healing // Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2000. -Vol.78. — № 7. — P.535−540.
- Melton L.J. 3rd, Leibson C.L., Achenbach S.J., Therneau T.M., Khosla S. Fracture risk in type 2 diabetes: update of a population-based study // J. Bone Miner Res. 2008. — Vol.23. — № 8. — P. 1334−1342.
- Moe S.M., Chen N.X. Pathophysiology of vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease // Circ. Res. 2004. — Vol.95. — № 6. — P.560−567.
- Monckeberg J.G. Uber die reine Mediaverkalkung der Exrtremitatenarterien und ihr Verhalten zur Arteriosklerose // Virchows Arch. (Pathol. Anat.). 1903. -№ 171.-P. 141−167.
- Moon J.S., Clark V.M., Beabout J.W., Swee R.G., Dyck P.J. A controlled study of medial arterial calcification of legs: implications for diabetic polyneuropathy // Arch. Neurol. 2011. — Vol.68. — № 10. — P. 1290−4.
- Morrison L.B., Bogan I.K. Bone development in diabetic children: a roentgen study //Am. J. Med.Sci. -1927. Vol.174. -P.313−318.
- Naot D., Cornish J. The role of peptides and receptors of the calcitonin family in the regulation of bone metabolism // Bone. 2008. — Vol.43. — № 5. -P. 813−818.
- Neven E., Dauwe S., De Broe M.E., D’Hause P.C., Persy V. Endochondral bone formation is involved in media calcification in rats and in men // Kidney Int. 2007. — Vol.72. — № 5. — P.574−581.
- Nicodemus K.K., Folsom A.R. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes and incident hip fractures in postmenopausal women// Diabetes Care. 2001. — Vol.24. — № 7. -P. 1192- 1197.
- Nuntapornsak A., Wongdee K, Thongbunchoo J, Krishnamra N, Charoenphandhu N. Changes in the mRNA expression of osteoblast-related genes in response to (33-adrenergic agonist in UMR106 cells// Cell Biochem. Funct. 2010. — Vol.28. — №: 1. — P.45−51.
- Olesen P., Ledet T., Rasmussen L.M. Arterial osteoprotegerin: increased amounts in diabetes and modifiable synthesis from vascular smooth muscle cells by insulin and TNF-alpha // Diabetologia. 2005. — Vol.48. — № 3. -P.561—568.
- Olson J.C., Erbey J.R., Williams K.V. et al. Subclinical atherosclerosis and estimated glucose disposal rate as predictors of mortality in type 1 diabetes // Ann. Epidemiol. 2002. — Vol.12. — № 5. — P.331−337.
- Panizo S., Cardus A., Encinas M. et al. RANKL increases vascular smooth muscle cell calcification through a RANK-BMP4- dependent pathway // Circ. Res. 2009. — Vol.104. — № 9. — P. 1041−1048.
- Patel S., Hyer S., Tweed K., Kerry S., Allan K., Rodin A., Barron J. Risk factors for fractures and falls in older women with type 2 diabetes mellitus// Calcif. Tissue Int. 2008.-Vol.82.-№:2.-P. 87−91.
- Petrova N.L., Edmonds M.E. A prospective study of calcaneal bone mineral density in acute Charcot osteoarthropathy // Diabetes Care. 2010. — Vol.33. — № 10.-P. 2254−2256.
- Peveler R.C., Fairburn C.G., Boiler I., Dunger D. Eating disorders in adolescents with IDDM: a controlled study // Diabetes Care. -1992 Vol.15. -№ 10.-P. 1356−1360.
- Pittas A.G., Lau J., Hu F., Dawson-Hughes B. The role of vitamin D and calcium in type 2 diabetes. A systematic review and meta-analysis // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2007. — Vol.92. — № 6. — P.2017−2029.
- Proudfoot D., Shanahan C.M. Biology of calcification in vascular cells: intima versus media // Herz. 2001. — Vol.26. — № 4. — P. 245−251.
- Psyrogiannis A., Kyriazopoulou V., Vagenakis A.G. Medial arterial calcification is frequently found in patients with microalbuminuria // Angiology.- 1999. -Vol.50. -№ 12. P.971−975.
- Richard J.L., Almasri M., Schuldiner S. Treatment of acute Charcot foot with bisphosphonates: a systematic review of the literature // Diabetologia. -2012. Vol.55. — № 5. — P. 1258−64.
- Rix M., Andreassen H., Eskildsen P. Impact of peripheral neuropathy on bone density in patients with type 1 diabetes // Diabetes Care. 1999. — Vol.22. — № 5. — P. 827−831.
- Roe T.F., Mora S., Costin G., Kaufman F., Carlson M.E., Gilsanz V. Vertebral bone density in insulin-dependent diabetic children // Metabolism. -1991.-Vol.40.-39, — P.96 7−971.
- Rogers A., Eastell R. Circulating osteoprotegerin and receptor activator for nuclear factor kappaB ligand: clinical utility in metabolic bone disease assessment // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2005. — Vol.90. — № 11. — P. 63 236 331.
- Rossing P., Hougaard P., Borch-Johnsen K., Parving H-H. Predictors of mortality in insulin-dependent diabetes: 10 year observational follow-up study // BMJ. 1996. — Vol.313. — 7060. — P.779−784.
- Rumberger J.A., Brundage B.H., Rader D.J., Kondos G. Electron beam tomographic coronary calcium scanning: a review and guidelines for use inasymptomatic individuals // Mayo Clin. Proc. 1999. — Vol.74. — № 3. — P. 243 252.
- Russo C.R. The effects of exercise on bone. Basic concepts and implications for the prevention of fractures // Clin. Cases Miner. Bone Metab. 2009. -Vol.6. — №:3. — P. 223−228.
- Saito M., Marumo K. Collagen cross-links as a determinant of bone quality: a possible explanation for bone fragility in aging, osteoporosis, and diabetes mellitus // Osteoporos Int. 2010. — Vol.21. — № 2. — P. 195−214.
- Saito M., Fujii K., Mori Y., Marumo K. Role of collagen enzymatic and glycation induced cross-links as a determinant of bone quality in spontaneously diabetic WBN/Kob rats // Osteoporos Int. 2006. — Vol.17 — № 10 — P. 15 141 523.
- Schoppett M., Sattler A.M., Schaefer J.R., Herzum M., Maisch B., Hofbauer L.C. Increased osteoprotegerin serum levels in men with coronary artery disease // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2003. — Vol.88. — № 3. — P. 1024−1028.
- Secchiero P., Corallini F., Pandolfi A. et al. An increased osteoprotegerin serum release characterizes the early onset of diabetes mellitus and may contribute to endothelial cell dysfunction // Am. J. Pathol. 2006. -Vol.169. -№ 6.-P. 2236−2244.
- Selby P.L. Osteopenia and diabetes // Diabet Med. 1988. -Vol.5. — № 5 -P.423−428.
- Shao J.S., Cai J., Towler D.J. Molecular mechanisms of vascular calcification: lessons learned from the aorta // Arterioscler. Thromb. Vase. Biol. 2006. — Vol.26. — № 7. — P. 1423−1430.
- Shehab D., Al-Jarallah K., Mojiminiyi O.A., Al Mohamedy H., Abdella N.A. Does vitamin D deficiency play a role in peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes? // Diabet.Med. 2012. — Vol.29. — № 1. — P.43−9.
- Shi Y., Yadav V.K., Suda N., Liu X.S., Guo X.E., Myers M.G. Jr, Karsenty G. Dissociation of the neuronal regulation of bone mass and energy metabolism by leptin in vivo // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2008. — Vol.105. — № 51. — P. 20 529−20 533.
- Simionescu A., Simionescu D.T., Vyavahare N.R. Osteogenic responses in fibroblasts activated by elastin degradation products and transforming growth factor-pl //Am. J. Pathol. 2007. — Vol.171. — № 1.-P. 116−123.
- Sims T.J., Rasmussen L.M., Oxlund H., Bailey A.J. The role of glycation cross-links in diabetic vascular stiffening // Diabetologia. 1996. — Vol.39. -№ 8. — P.946—951.
- Sinha S., Munichoodappa C.S., Kozak G.P. Neuroarthropathy (Charcot joints) in diabetes mellitus (clinical study of 101 cases) // Medicine (Baltimore). 1972.-Vol.51.-№ 3.-P. 191−210.
- Soedamah-Muthu S.S., Chaturvedi N., Witte D.R., Stevens L.K., Porta M., Fuller J.P. Relationship between risk factors and mortality in type 1 diabetic patients in Europe // Diabetes Care. 2008. — Vol.31. — № 7. — P. 1360−1366.
- Sosnowski M., Parma Z., Czekaj A., Tendera M. Traditional risk factors and coronary artery calcium in young adults // Cardiol. J. 2012. — Vol.19. — № 4. -P. 402−407.
- Starup-Linde J. Diabetes, biochemical markers of bone turnover, diabetes control, and bone // Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne). 2013. — Vol.4. — P. 21.
- Stephenson J.M., Kenny S., Stevens L.K., Fuller J.H., Lee E. Proteinuria and mortality in diabetes: the WHO multinational study of vascular disease in diabetes//Diabet. Med. 1995. — Vol.12. — № 2. — P. 149−155.
- Svoren B.M., Volkening L.K., Wood J.R., Laffel L.M. Significant vitamin D deficiency in youth with type 1 diabetes mellitus // J. Pediatr. 2009. — Vol. 154.-№ 1.-P. 132−4.
- Tuominen J.T., Impivaara O., Puukka P., Ronnemaa T. Bone mineral density in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes // Diabetes Care. 1999. -Vol.22.-№ 7.-P. 1196−1200.
- Vattikuti R., Towler D.A. Osteogenic regulation of vascular calcification: an early perspective // Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2003. — Vol.286. -№ 5.-P. 686−696.
- Vestergaard P., Rejnmark L., Mosekilde L. Diabetes and its complications and their relationship with risk of fractures in type 1 and type 2 diabetes // Calcif. Tissue Int. 2009. — Vol.84. — № 1. — P.45−55.
- Viboolvorakul S., Niimi H., Wongeak-in N., Eksakulkla S., Patumraj S. Increased capillary vascularity in the femur of aged rats by exercise training // Microvasc Res. 2009. — Vol.78. — № 3. — P. 459−463.
- Vignery A., McCarthy T.L. The neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide stimulates insulin-like growth factor I production by primary fetal rat osteoblasts// Bone. 1996. — Vol. 18. — № 4. — P.331−335.
- Virchow R. Cellular pathology as based upon physiological and pathological histology // New York: Dover. 1863.
- Wacker M., Holick M.F. Vitamin D- effects on skeletal and extraskeletal health and the need for supplementation // Nutrients. 2013. — Vol.5. — № 1. -P.111−148.
- Wang C.C., Sorribas V., Sharma G., Levi M., Draznin B. Insulin attenuates vascular smooth muscle calcification but increases vascular smooth muscle cell phosphate transport // Atherosclerosis. 2007. — Vol.195. — № 1. — P. 65—75.
- Weinstock R. S, Goland R.S., Shane E., Clemens T.L., Lindsay R., Bilezikian J.P. Bone mineral density in women with type II diabetes mellitus //J. Bone Miner. Res. 1989. -Vol.4. -№ 1 — P. 97−101.
- World Health Organisation: Prevention and management of osteoporosis: report of a WHO Scientific group. WHO Technical Report Series. — № 921. -Geneva: WHO, 2003.173. www.iscd.org/official-positions/2007-iscd-official-positionts-adult
- Yamaguchi M., Kojima T., Kanekawa M., Alhara N., Nogimura A., Kasai K. Neuropeptides stimulate production of interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human dental pulp cells // Inflamm. Res. 2004. — Vol.53. -№ 5.-P. 199−204.
- Yang J., Zhang X., Wang W., Liu J. Insulin stimulates osteoblast proliferation and differentiation through ERK and PI3K in MG-63 cells// Cell Biochem Funct. 2010. — Vol.28. — № 4. — P.334−341.
- Yaturu S., Humphrey S., Landry C., Jain S.K. Decreased bone mineral density in men with metabolic syndrome alone and with type 2 diabetes// Med. Sci. Monit. 2009. — Vol.15. — № 1. — P.5−9.
- Yilmaz H., Kaya M., Sahin M., Delibasi T. Is vitamin D status a predictor glycaemic regulation and cardiac complication in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients? // Diabetes Metab. Syndr. 2012. — Vol.6. — № 1. — P.28−31.
- Young K.A., Snell-Bergeon J.K., Naik R.G., Hokanson J.E., Tarullo D., Gottlieb P.A., Garg S.K., Rewers M. Vitamin D deficiency and coronary artery calcification in subjects with type 1 diabetes // Diabetes Care. 2011. — Vol.34. — № 2. — P.454−8.
- Young M.J., Adams J.E., Anderson G.F., Boulton A.J., Cavanagh P.R. Medial artery calcification in the feet of diabetic patients and matched non-diabetic controls // Diabetologia. 1993. — Vol.36. — № 7. — P. 615−621.
- Young M.J., Marshall A, Adams JE, Selby PL, Boulton AJ. Osteopenia, neurological dysfunction, and the development of Charcot neuroarthropathy// Diabetes Care. 1995.-Vol.18.-31.-P. 34−38.
- Zhang R., Naughton D.P. Vitamin D in health and disease: Current perspectives// Nutr. J. 2010. — № 9. — P. 65.
- Zochodne D.W., Verge V.M., Cheng C., Sun H., Johnston J. Does diabetes target ganglion neurones? Progressive sensory neurone involvement in long-term experimental diabetes // Brain. 2001. — Vol.124. — № 11. — P. 2319— 2334.