ΠΠ½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ
ΠΠ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ: a) some; b) any; Ρ) ΠΏΠΎ; d) ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ Π¨. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ a) much; b) many; c) (a) little; d) (a) few. If demand … inelastic, the movement of the supply curve would lead… Π§ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΅ΡΡ >
ΠΠ½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ (ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ, ΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ, Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ)
I. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ. ΠΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ΅ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Ρ: Π°) Π°; b) an; Ρ) the; d)
ΠΠ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ: a) some; b) any; Ρ) ΠΏΠΎ; d) ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ Π¨. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ a) much; b) many; c) (a) little; d) (a) few.
IV. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ. ΠΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»Π°
V. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ. ΠΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»Π° Π² ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π΅
VI. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ. ΠΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»Π° Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
VII. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ. Π£ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
VIII. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ. Π£ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΠ΅Π΅
IX. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ
X. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ° Π½Π° Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ
XI. ΠΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ. ΠΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ 1 ΠΈ 3 Π°Π±Π·Π°ΡΡ
I. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ. ΠΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ΅ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Ρ: Π°) Π°; b) an; Ρ) the; d) —
1. second largest stock exchange in … USA is … American Stock Exchange. — ΠΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ Π±ΠΈΡΠΆΠ° Π² Π‘Π¨Π — ΡΡΠΎ ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π€ΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ Π±ΠΈΡΠΆΠ°.
2. iron is bread of… industry;… nickel is … meat. — ΠΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·ΠΎ — ΡΡΠΎ Ρ Π»Π΅Π± ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π° Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅Π»Ρ — ΠΌΡΡΠΎ.
3. It gave me … intense satisfaction that they all enjoyed my article. — ΠΠ½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ.
4. He was … bachelor with … small income. — ΠΠ½ Π±ΡΠ» Ρ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Ρ ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ.
ΠΡΠ²Π΅Ρ:
1. c), c), b)
2. c), c), a)
3. b)
4. c), a)
II. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ. ΠΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ ΠΌΠΈ: a) some; b) any; Ρ) ΠΏΠΎ; d) ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅
1. Is there … money in your savings account?-No, there isn’t… — ΠΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ³ΠΈ Π½Π° Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠ΅Π³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅? — ΠΠ΅Ρ, Π½Π΅Ρ…
2. It meant real hardship to ray mother unless I earned… money at once. — ΠΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Ρ Π½Π΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ°Π±Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π» Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ³ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π·Ρ.
3. This is my business and … else’s. — ΠΡΠΎ — ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Ρ ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅.
4. I can’t fetch you because I … longer have my car. I am selling it tomorrow. Π― Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π²Π°Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎ Ρ Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅Ρ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»Ρ. Π― ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π²ΡΡΠ°.
ΠΡΠ²Π΅Ρ:
1. b)
2. c)
3. d)
4. c)
Π¨. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ a) much; b) many; c) (a) little; d) (a) few.
1. It takes one … money to join a credit union. — ΠΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅Π³, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Ρ.
2. I suggested that he should get… grapes and … bread. — Π― ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ» Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΡΠΏΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄Π° ΠΈ Ρ Π»Π΅Π±Π°.
3. I’ll come at 7 tomorrow. — No, you needn’t come that early, we start … later. Π― ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Ρ Π² 7 Π·Π°Π²ΡΡΠ°. — ΠΠ΅Ρ, ΠΡ Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ, ΠΌΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΆΠ΅.
4. big films obtain funds by selling commercial paper — ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠ»Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΡ.
ΠΡΠ²Π΅Ρ:
1. c)
2. d), d)
3. c)
4. b)
IV. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ. ΠΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»Π°.
1. At present we … a new sales director. — ΠΠ° Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΡ ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°.
a) are recruiting
b) is recruiting
c) was recruiting
d) were recruiting
2. In recent years the government … financial assistance towards the costs of devel opments in micro — electronics, office automation, computer — aided design, robots and aerospace. — Π ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ: ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎ-ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌ, Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
a) had provided
b) will have provided
c) has provided
d) have provided
3. I … all this typing by 5 p.m. — Π― Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊ 17:00.
a) will have finished
b) would have finished
c) will finish
d) would finish
4. The classical economists … money as no more than a medium of exchange, ΠΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ³ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°.
a) regarded
b) regard
c) will regard
d) regards
V. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ. ΠΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»Π° Π² ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π΅
1. At this stage the raw materials… into this container. — ΠΠ° ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½Π΅Ρ.
a) was loaded
b) were loaded
c) is loaded
d) are loaded
2. The management knew what prices … for the commodity in every part of the mar ket. — Π£ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°Π»ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ° Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ°.
a) was being asked
b) were being asked
c) is being asked
d) are being asked
3. You may come at five o’clock; the accounts …. — ΠΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²; ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ.
a) is checked
b) are cheeked
c) would checked
d) will be checked
4. This question … at the last meeting and no conclusion was reached then. -ΠΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΡΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½.
a) was raised
b) were raised
c) is raised
d) are raised
VI. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ. ΠΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»Π° Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ .
1. If the price of butter …, the demand for margarine would probably fall. — ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π±Ρ ΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»Π° ΡΠΏΠ°Π»Π°, ΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ³Π°ΡΠΈΠ½, Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅.
a) will fall
b) would fall
c) fall
d) fell
2. If you hire anyone, you will, of course, need to pay a salary, and if you … your business to expand, you will need capital for research, growth, and expansion. — ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΡ Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ-ΡΠΎ, ΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΈ Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΡ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π²Π°Ρ Π±ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ, Π²Π°ΠΌ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π» Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°, ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
a) want
b) wants
c) wanted
d) to want
3. If demand … inelastic, the movement of the supply curve would lead to a rela tively large fall in price and a relatively small increase in the quantity demanded. — ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π±Ρ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡ Π±ΡΠ» Π½Π΅ΡΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΉ, Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠΈ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΎ Π±Ρ ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅.
a) was
b) were
c)be
d) will be
4. If I … that I wouldn’t have said anything. — ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π±Ρ Ρ Π·Π½Π°Π», Ρ Π±Ρ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π».
a) has known
b) have known
c) had known
d) will known
VII. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ. Π£ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅.
1. He made his bookkeeper … a lawer. — ΠΠ½ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π» Π±ΡΡ Π³Π°Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΌ.
a) consult
b) consults
Ρ) consulted
d) will consult
2. I know advertising … a poor product or service into a good one. — Π― Π·Π½Π°Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ.
a) turn
b) turned
c) to turn
d) to be turned
3.I must have these shoes … — Π― Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΡΡΠΈ Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ.
a) mend
b) mends
c) mended
d) will mend
4. I’d like them … a single room with private bathroom for three nights. — Π― Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π» Π±Ρ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ Ρ Π²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΈ Π½ΠΎΡΠΈ.
a) book
b) books
c) to book
d) booked
VIII. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ. Π£ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΠ΅Π΅.
1. The new rocket is reported … into operation next year. — Π Π·Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π² ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ,
a) go
b) goes
c) to go
d) to be gone
2. He is said … a good translator. — ΠΠ½ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π», ΡΡΠΎ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΈΠΊ.
a) am
b) is
c) are
d) to be
3. The weather in Europe was reported … hot last summer. — Π ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π² ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½Π° Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΆΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠΌ Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌ.
a) to have been
b) has been
c) have been
d) had been
4. They appeared … the way. — ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΡΠΈ.
a) has lost
b) have lost
c) to have lost
d) had lost
IX. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ.
1. You … have got this book from our library if you had gone there yeslerday. — Π’Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ Π±Ρ Π²Π·ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Ρ Π² Π±ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ΅, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π±Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π» ΡΡΠ΄Π° Π²ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°.
a) can
h) could
c) may
d) might
2. We … not carry the bookcase upstairs ourselves: the workers will come and do it. — ΠΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π½Π°Π²Π΅ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ: ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎ.
a) can
b) may
c) need
d) must
3. You … laugh at him when he picks up bad words. — Π’Ρ Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π΄ Π½ΠΈΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ½ ΡΡΠ³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ.
a) mustn’t
b) shouldn’t
c) can’t
d) haven’t
4. I am sure he … to translate that article tomorrow. — Π― ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ ΡΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π·Π°Π²ΡΡΠ°.
a) is able
b) was able
c) will be able
d) were able
X. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ° Π½Π° Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ.
1. ΠΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π·Π°ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π² ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΠ², ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠ»ΠΈ. — Shareholders more interest in increase of the sizes of dividends, than in the profit.
2. ΠΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ — ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠ»ΠΈ. — It is probable, that today the companies existed with the unique purpose — to receive as much as possible the profit.
3. ΠΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ, Π² Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ ΠΈ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Ρ. — The tasks facing to the manager, are extremely difficult and interconnected.
4. ΠΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ — Π±Π΅Π· ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ°Ρ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ° Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Survival, undoubtedly, is a dominating task of any organization.
XI. ΠΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ. ΠΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ 1 ΠΈ 3 Π°Π±Π·Π°ΡΡ.
Financing a Business
1. Where would you get the money for a new business? If you are a millionaire or have an uncle who is a millionaire and is willing to bet on your business success, then you have no problem. But if you are starting from scratch, then even the most brilliant of ideas will not bring you cold cash.
ΠΠ΄Π΅ ΠΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π±Ρ Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ³ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠ°? ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²Ρ — ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ Π²Π°Ρ Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄ΡΠ΄Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°Π΅Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΎ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ Π΅, ΡΠΎ ΠΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ. ΠΠΎ Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π±Π»Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΠ°ΠΌ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ³ΠΈ.
2. A private company can obtain bank loans and it can do what the government docs by Issuing bonds. These bonds attract other investors because ihey have a fixed rate of interest. If your company becomes stable and is known as a profit maker, you will be thought of as a «blue chip» company and elderly widows will consider you a safe investment for the future of their grand-children. However, should your company not quite be so solid, you might consider the more venturesome business of issuing risk-bearing shares. These are not quite as safe, but if your company profits, your shareholders will be very pleased. They will have shared the risk ami they will share in the dividends. At any rate, it will be up to the majority of shareholders of your company to decide what sort of investments you will make, how you are to distribute your shares, and when to split shares, or to make a new issue of shares. When making investments, you should always consider diversifying. Putting all one’s eggs in one basket is invariably wrong. 3. Far a company to prosper, the shareholders best interest must always be considered. This is, as a rule, not difficult. Generally speaking, what is gΠΎod for the company is also good for the shareholders. Nevertheless, all shareholders should be given the chance of agreeing or disagreeing wilh company policy. This is why most companies schedule at least one meeting during the year to which all shareholders are invited. They may not all show up, but at least they will have been given the fair chance to have their say. Π§ΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΌ. ΠΡΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, Π½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎ. ΠΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡ, ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΌ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠ΅ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎ — ΡΠΎ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°, Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ. ΠΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡΡ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π°Π΄ΡΡ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡΡΡ.
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Ρ:
Who are invited to companies' meetings?
a) managers
b) investois