Спинальные механизмы регуляции двигательной активности в отсутствие супраспинальных влияний
Диссертация
В еще большей степени, имеется неопределенность по поводу наличия генераторов шагания у человека. Некоторые авторы, на основании схожести рефлекторной реакции у спинальных больных при стимуляции АФР и у спинальных кошек при воздействии ДОФА, высказываются по этому вопросу вполне утвердительно (Bussel et al., 1989). Появление у спинальных больных миоклонуса (Bussel et al., 1988; Brown et al… Читать ещё >
Список литературы
- Аршавский Ю.И., Гельфанд И М., Орловский Г. Н. Мозжечок и управление ритмическими движениями. М. Наука. 137. 1984.
- Баев К.В. Деполяризация терминалей различных групп афферентных волокон поясничного отдела спинного мозга во время фиктивного чесания. Нейрофизиология. 11: 569−577. 1979.
- Баев К.В. Нейробиология локомоции. М. 199. 1991.
- Батуев А.С., Таиров О. П. Мозг и организация движений. Л. Наука. 140. 1978.
- Березовский В.К. Морфологический анализ происхождения волокон локомоторной полоски спинного мозга кошки. Нейрофизиология. 21: 327−335. 1989.
- Будакова Н.Н. Шагательные движения спинальной кошки после инъекции ДОФА. Физиологический журнал. 8: 1973.
- Василенко Д.А., Костюк П. Г. Межсегментарные нейронные системы спинного мозга. Киев. 208. 1983.
- Герасименко Ю.П. Нисходящие проприоцептивные влияния на возбудимость поясничных мотонейронов у человека. В кн.: Регуляция и сенсорное обеспечение движений. Л. Наука. 170−182. 1987.
- Герасименко Ю. П., Шапков Ю Т. Вызванные потенциалы спинного мозга человека. В кн.: Новые аспекты регуляции движений в спорте. Краснодар. 16−31. 1988.
- Гидиков А. А. Теоретические основы электромиографии. Л. Наука. 182. 1975.
- ГурфинкельВ.С., ЛевикЮ.С., Казенников О. В., Селионов В. А. Существует ли генератор шагательных движений у человека? Физиология человека. 24 (3): 42−50. 1998.
- Иверсен Л. Химия мозга. В кн.: Мозг. М. Мир. 141−165. 1982.
- Казенников О.В., Шик М.Л., Яковлева Г. В. Шагательные движения вызываемые раздражением дорсолатерального канатика спинного мозга у кошки. Бюл. эксперим. биологии и медецины. 96: 8−10. 1983.
- Казенников О.В. Спинальные механизмы инициации локомоции. Автореф. дис.. канд. биол. наук. М. 1998.
- Козловская И.Б. Афферентный контроль произвольных движений. М. Наука. 296. 1976.
- Костюк П.Г., Скибо Г. Г. Структурная характеристика связей медиальных нисходящих систем с нейронами спинного мозга. Нейрофизиология. 4(6): 579−586. 1972.
- Коц Я. М. Организация произвольного движения. Нейрофизиологические механизмы. М. Наука. 248. 1975.
- Лившиц A.B. Электростимуляция спинного мозга. Вопр. нейрохир. 5: 7−13. 1977.
- Лившиц A.B. Хирургия спинного мозга. М. Медицина. 352. 1990.
- Майский В. А. Структурная организация и интеграция нисходящих нейронных систем головного и спинного мозга. Киев. 176. 1983.
- Макаровский, А Н., Гарбуз А. Е., Шапков Ю. Т., Герасименко Ю. П. Устройство для диагностики и электростимуляции структур спинного мозга. Авт. свид. изобр. N 1 832 515 от 13 октября 1992 г.
- Макаровский, А Н., Гарбуз А. Е., Герасименко Ю. П. Эпидуральная электростимуляция спинного мозга в реконструктивно-пластической хирургии туберкулеза позвоночника. Журн. Проблемы туберкулеза. 3: 22−26. 1994.
- Макаровский А.Н., Гарбуз А. Е., Герасименко Ю. П., Митусов, А Д. Современная система хирургического и электронейрофизиологического лечения спинномозговых расстройств копрессионного генеза. Травматология и Ортопедия России. 6: 16−20. 1995.
- Макаровский, А Н., Гарбуз А. Е., Герасименко Ю. П. Электрод «веер» для имплантации на переднюю поверхность твердой мозговой оболочки спинного мозга, (приоритет, ВНИ-ИГП от 3 дек. 1997 г. N 97 119 571).
- Орловский Г. Н. Спонтанная и вызванная локомоция таламической кошки. Биофизика. 14: 1095−1102. 1969.
- Орловский Г. Н. О связях ретикулоспинальных нейронов с «локомоторными отделами» ствола мозга. Биофизика. 15(2): 171−177. 1970а.
- Орловский Г. Н. Работа ретикулоспинальных нейронов при локомоции. Биофизика. 15(4): 728−737. 19 706.
- Орловский Г. Н. Работа нейронов мозжечковых ядер при локомоции. Биофизика. 17(6). 1119−1126. 19 726.
- Орловский Г. Н., Фельдман А. Г. О роли афферентации в генерации шагательных движений. Нейрофизиология. 4 (4): 401−409. 1972.
- Персон P.C. Спинальные механизмы управления мышечным сокращением. М. Наука. 184. 1985.
- Персон P.C. Н-рефлекс в физиологических и медицинских исследованиях . Физиология человека. 20 (4): 154−158. 1994
- Плещинский И.Н., Алексеева Н.JI. Спинной мозг: афферентные взаимодействия. Казанский Гос. Университет. Физиология человека. 22 (1): 123−130. 1996.
- Погорелая Н.Х. Экспериментально-морфологическое изучение окончаний первичных афферентов в основании дорсального рога мозга кошки. Нейрофизиология. 5(4): 406 414.1973.
- Репина З.А., Шаповалов А. И., Никитин O.A. Пирамидные и экстрапирамидные синап-тические влияния на мотонейроны спинного мозга кошки в условиях хронической деаф-ферентации. Нейрофизиология 1: 35−46. 1969.
- Савоськина Л. А., Слабоспицкий A.A., Тимченко В. Б. Морфологические данные об афферентной иннервации различных ядер поясничного отдела спинного мозга кошки. Физи-ол. Журн. АНУРСР. 13(6). 745−752. 1967.
- Савоськина JI.A., Майский В. А. Морфологическое изучение терминальных окончаний пирамидного тракта в спинном мозге кошки. В кн.: Механизмы нисходящего контроля активности спинного мозга. Ред. П. Г. Костюка. Л. Наука. 25−27. 1971.
- Сеченов И.М. Физиология нервных центров. М. АМН СССР. 234.1952.
- Шаповалов А.И., Курчавый Г Г., Строганова М П. Синаптические механизмы вестибу-ло-спинальных влияний на мотонейроны. Физиол. журн. 52: 1401−1409. 1966.
- Шаповалов А.И., Грантынь A.A., Курчавый Г. Г. Коротколатентные ретикуло-спинальные синаптические проекции на альфа-мотонейроны. Бюлл. экспер. биол. и мед. 7: 3−9. 1967.
- Шеперд Г. М. Нейробиология. Мир. 2: 368. 1987.
- Шик М.Л., Орловский Г. Н., Северин Ф. В. Органазация локомоторной синергии. Биофизика. 11 (5): 879−886. 1966.
- Шик М.Л., Северин Ф. В., Орловский Г. Н. Управление ходьбой и бегом посредством электрической стимуляции среднего мозга. Биофизика. 11:659−666. 1966.
- Шик М.Л., Орловский Г. Н., Северин Ф. В. Локомоция мезенцефалической кошки вызываемая стимуляцией пирамид. Биофизика. 13: 127−135. 1968.
- Шик M.JI. Управление наземной локомоцией млекопитающих животных. В кн.: Физиология движения. Л. Наука. 234−275. 1976.
- ШикМ.Л., Ягодницын, А С. Понтобульбарная «локомоторная полоска». Нейрофизиология. 9(1) — 95−97. 1977.
- Afelt Z. Variability of reflexes in chronic spinal frogs. In: Central and peripheral mechanisms of motor functions. House of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. Prague. 37−41. 1963.
- Afelt Z. Reflex activity in chronic spinal cats. Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 30: 129−144. 1970.
- Anden N.E., Jukes M.G., Lundberg A. Spinal reflexes and monoamine liberation. Nature. 202: 1222−1223. 1964.
- Anden N.E., Jukes M.G., Lundberg A. The effect of dopa on the spinal cord. 2. A pharmacological analysis. Acta Physiol. Scand. 67: 387−397. 1966.
- Armstrong D M. The motor cortex and locomotion in hte cat. In: Neurobiology of Vertebrate Locomotion, edited by S. Grillner, P. S.G. Stein, D.G. Stuart, H. Forssberg and R.M. Herman. Macmillan. New Yourk. 121−140. 1986.
- Arshavsky Y.I., Gelfand I.M. and Orlovsky G.N. The cerebellum and control of rhythmical movements. Trends Neurosci. 6: 417−422.1983.
- Ashby P., Verrier M. Human motoneuron responses to group I volleys blocked presynapti-cally by vibration. Brain Res. 184: 511−516. 1980.
- Ashby P. & Wiens M. Reciprocal inhibition following lesions of the spinal cord in man. Journal of Physiology. 414: 145−157. 1989.
- Baev K.V. Central locomotor program for the cat’s hindlimb. Neuroscience. 3: 1081−1092. 1978.
- Baev K.V. Polarization of primary afferent terminals in the lumbar spinal cord during fictitious locomotion. Neurophysiol. 12: 305−311. 1980.
- Baev K.V., Beresovskii V.K., Kebkalo T.G. and Savoskina L.A. Afferent and efferent connections of brainstem locomotor regions study by means of horseradish peroxidase transport technique. Neuroscience. 26: 871−892. 1988.
- Baker L.L., Chandler S.H. and Goldberg L.J. L-Dopa induced locomotor-like activity in ankle flexor and extensor nerves of chronic and acute spinal cats. Exp. Neurol. 86: 515−526. 1984.
- Baldissera F., Hultborn H., Illert M. Integration in spinal neuronal systems. In: Brooks VB (ed) Motor control. (Handbook of physiology, sect 1. The nervous system, vol II). American Physiological Society. Bethesda. 509−595. 1981.
- Bantli H., Bloedel JR., Long D.M. and Thienprasit P. Distribution of activity in spinal pathways evoked by experimental dorsal column stimulation. J.Neurosurg. 42: 290−295. 1975.
- Barajon I., Gossard J. P., Hultborn H. Induction of fos expression by activity in the spinal rhythm generator for scratching. Brain Res. 588: 168−172. 1992.
- Barbeau H., Julien C., Rossignol S. The effects of clonidine and yohimbine on locomotion and cutaneous reflexes in the adult chronic spinal cat. Brain Res. 437: 83−96. 1987.
- Barbeau H., Rossignol S. Recovery of locomotion after chronic spinalization in the adult cat. Brain Res. 412: 84−95. 1987.
- Barbeau H., Rossignol S. Initiation and modulation of the locomotoren pattern in the adult chronic spinal cat by noradrenergic, setotonergic and dopaminergic drugs. Brain Res. 546: 250 260. 1991.
- Bard P. and Macht M.B. The behaviour of chronically decerebrate cats. In: Neurological Basis of Behaviour, edited by G.E.W. Wolstenholme and C.M. O’Connor. Ltd. J.& A. London. 55−75. 1958.
- Barolat G., Myklebust J., Wenninger W. Effects of spinal cord stimulation of spasticity and spasms secondary to myelopathy. Appl. Neurophysiol. 51: 29−44. 1988.
- Barthe J. Y., Clarac F. Modulation of the spinal network for locomotion by substance P in the neonatal rat. Exp. Brain Res. 115(3): 485−92. 1997.
- Bayoumi A.& Ashby A. Projections of group la afferents to motoneurons of thigh muscles in man. Experimental Brain Res. 76: 223−228. 1989.
- Beer R.D., Chiel H.J., Gallagher J.C. Evolution and analysis of model CPGs for walking: II. General principlesand individual variability. J Comput Neurosci. 7(2): 119−47. 1999.
- Belanger M., Drew T., Rossignol S. A comparison of treadmill locomotion in adult cats before and after spinalization. J. Neurophysiol. (in press). 1996.
- Beric A., Dimitrijevic M.R., Sharkey P.C. and Sherwood A M. Cortical potentials evoked by epidural stimulation of the cervical and thoracic spinal cord in man. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 65: 102−110. 1966.
- Berkinblit M. B., Delagina T. G., Feldman A. G., Gelfand I.M. and Orlovssky G. N. Generation of scratching, activity of spinal interneurons during scratching. J. Neurophysiol. 41: 1040−1057. 1978.
- Beusekom V.G.T. Fibre Analysis of the Anterior and Lateral Funiculi of the Cord in the Cat. Leiden. Eduardljdo. 1955.
- Bjorklund A. and Skagerberg T. Descending monoaminergic projections to the spinal cord. In: Brainstem Control of Spinal Mechanisms. Eds: B. Sjolund and A. Bjorklund. Elsevier BioMedical. Amsterdam. 55−88. 1982.
- Bras H., Cavallari P., Jankowska E., Mc Crea D. Comparison of effects of monoamines on transmission in spinal pathways from group I and II afferents in cat. Exp. Brain Res. 76:27−37. 1989.
- Bras H., Jankowska E., Noga B., Skoog B. Comparison of various types of NA and 5HT agonists on transmission from group II muscle afferents in the cat. Europ J of Neurosci. 2:10 291 039. 1990.
- Brjursten L.M., Norrsell K. and Norrsell U. Behavioural repertory of cats without cerebral cortex from infancy. Exp. Brain Res. 25: 115−130. 1976.
- Brodin L. and Grillner S. The role of putative excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters in the initiation of locomotion in the lamprey spinal cord. II. The effects of amino acid uptake inhibitors. Brain Res.360: 149−158. 1985.
- Brodin L., Grillner S. and Rovanen C.M. NMDA kainate, and quisqualate receptors and the generation of Active locomotion in the lamprey spinal cord. Brain Res. 325: 302−306. 1985.
- Brouwer B. & Ashby A. Corticospinal projections to lower limb motoneurons in man. Experimental Brain Res. 89: 649−654. 1992.
- Brown T. G. The intrinsic factor in the act of progression in the mammal. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 84:308−319. 1911.
- Buchanan J.T. and Grillner S. Newly identified glutamate interneurons and their role in locomotion in the lamprey spinal cord. Science. 236: 312−314. 1986.
- Buchanan J.T., Brodin L., Dale N. and Grillner S. Reticulospinal neurones activate excitatory amino acid receptors. Brain Res. 408: 321−325. 1987.
- Burke D., Andrews C.J. and Lance J.W. The tonic vibration reflex in spasticity, Parkinson’s disease and normal man. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 35: 417−487. 1972.
- Burke D., Hagbarth K.E., Lofstedt L. and Wallin B.G. The responses of human muscle spindle endings to vibration of non contracting muscles. J. Physiol. 261: 673−693. 1976.
- Burton H., Loewy A.D. Projections to the spinal cord from medullary somato-sensory rallay nuclei. J. Сотр. Neurol. 173(4): 773−792. 1977.
- Buschges A., Kittmann R., Ramirez J.M. Octopamine effects mimic state-dependent changes in a proprioceptive feedback system. J. Neurobiol. 24: 598−610. 1993.
- Bussel В., Roby-Brami A., Yakovleff A., Bennis N. Late flexion reflex in paraplegic patients. Evidence for a spinal stepping generator. Brain Res. Bull. 22: 53−56. 1989.
- Cajal R.S. Histologie du systeme nerveux de l’homme et des vertebres. Paris: Maloine. 1: 495. 1909.
- Calancie В., Needham-Shropshire В., Jacobs P., Wilier К., Zych G. and Green A. Involuntary stepping after chronic spinal cord injury. Evidence for a central rhythm generator for locomotion in man. Brain. 117: 1143−1159. 1994.
- Carlsson A., Falck В., Fuxe K. and Hillarp N. A. Cellular localization of monoamines in the spinal cord. Acta Physiol. Scand. 60: 112−119. 1964.
- Coburn B. A theoretical study of epidural electrical stimulation of the spinal cord. Part II. Effects on long myelinated fibers. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 32: 978−986. 1985.
- Coburn B. & Sin W.K. A theoretical study of epidural electrical stimulation of the spinal cord. Part I. Finite element analysis of stimulus fields. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 32: 971−977. 1985.
- Conway B. A., Hultborn H. and Kiehn O. Proprioceptive input resets central locomotor rhythm in the spinal cat. Exp. Brain Res. 68: 643−656. 1987.
- Corna S., Grasso M., Nardone A., Schiepatti M. Selective depression of medium-latency leg and foot muscle responses to stretch by an a2-agonist in humans. J Physiol. Lond. 484:803−809. 1995.
- Creed R.S., Denny-Brown D., Eccles J.C., Liddell E.G.T., Sherrington C.S. Reflex Activity of the Spinal Cord. Oxford: Clarendon. 1932.
- Dai X., Douglas J. R., Nagy J. I., Noga B. R, Jordan L. M. Localisation of spinal neurons activated during locomotion using the c-fos immunohistochemical method. Soc Neurosci. Abstr. 16: 889. 1990.
- De Gail P., Lance J. W., Neilson P.D. Diferential effects on tonic and phasic reflex mechanisms produced by vibration of muscles in man. J.Neurol. Neurosung. Psychiat. 29:1−11. 1966.
- Delcomyn F. Neural basis of rhythmic behavior in animals. Science. 210: 492−498. 1980.
- Deliagina T.G., Feldman A G., Gelfand I.M. and Orlovsky G.N. On the role of central program and afferent inflow in the control of scratching movements in the cat. Brain Res. 100: 297−313. 1975.
- Delwaide P.J. Human monosynaptic reflexes and presynaptic inhibition: An interpretation of spastic hyperreflexia. In: New develop, electromyogr. and clin. neurophysiol. Basel. 3: 508−522. 1973.
- Dietz V., Colombo G., Jensen L. Locomotor activity in spinal man. Lancet. 344: 1260−1263. 1994.
- Dietz V., Colombo G., Jensen L., Baumgartner L. Locomotor capacity of spinal cord in paraplegic patients. Ann. Neurol. 37: 574−582. 1995.
- Dietz V., Wirz M., Curt A. and Colombo G. Locomotor pattern in paraplegic patients: training effects and recovery of spinal cord function. Spinal Cord. 36: 380−390. 1998.
- Dimitrijevic M.R., Spencer W.A., Trontelj J.V. and Dimitrijevic M.M. Reflex effects of vibration in patiens with spinal cord lesions. Neurology. 27: 1078−1086. 1977.
- Dimitrijevic M.R., Faganel J. (Houston, Tex./Ljubljana): Motor Control in the Spinal Cord. In: Recent Achievements in Restorative Neurology. 1. Upper Motor Neuron Functions and Dysfunctions. Karger. 150−162. 1985.
- Dimitrijevic M., Lenman J. Neural control og gait in patients with upper motor neuron lesions Spastisity: disordered motor control. 101−114. 1985.
- Dimitrijevic M., Gerasimenko Yu., Pinter M. Evidence for a spinal central pattern generator in humans. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sei. Nov. 16. 860: 360−376.1998.
- Dobkin B.H. et al. Modulation of locomotor-like EMG activity in subjects with complete and incomplete spinal cord injury. J. Neurol. Rehabil. 9: 183−190.1995.
- Dubuc R., Cabelguen J.M. and Rossignol S. Rhythmic fluctuations of dorsal root potentials and antidromic discharges of single primary afferents during fictive locomotion in the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 60. 2014−2036. 1988
- Duenas S.H., Rudomin P. Excitability changes of ankle extensor group la and lb fibers during fictive locomotion in the cat. Exp. Brein Res. 70: 15−25. 1988.
- Duenas S.H., Loeb G.E. and Marks W.B. Monosynaptics and dorsal root reflexes during locomotion in normal and thalamic cats. J. Neurophysio! 63: 1467−1476. 1990.
- Duysens J.D., Pearson K.G. Inhibition of flexor burst generation by loading ankle extensor muscles in walking cats. Brain Res. 187(2): 321−332. 1980.
- Eccles J.C., Hubbard J.I., Oscarsson O. Intracellular recording from cells of the ventral spino cerebellar tract. J. Physiol. Gr. Brit. 158(3): 486−516. 1961.
- Eccles R.M., Lundberg A. Synaptic actions in motoneurones by afferents which may evoke a flexion reflex. Arch Ital Biol. 97: 199−221. 1959.
- Edgerton V.R., Grillner S., Sjostrom A. On the spinal stepping generator, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 1:615. 1975.
- Edgerton V.R., Grillner S., Sjostrom A., Zangger P. Central generation of locomotion in vertebrates. Neural control of locomotion. New York. 18: 439−464. 1976.
- Edgerton V.R. et al. Use-dependent plasticity in spinal stepping and standing. In: Advances in Neurology: Neuronal Regeneration. Reorganization and Repair. Seil E.J. Lippincott-Raven Publishers. Philadelphia. PA. 72: 233−247. 1997.
- Edgley S.A., Jankowska E., Shefchyk S. Evidence that mid-lumbar neurones in reflex pathways from group II afferents are involved in locomotion in the cat. J Physiol (Lond). Sep. 403: 57−71. 1988.
- Eidelberg E., Waiden J.G., Nguyen L.H. Locomotor control in macaque monkeys. Brain 104: 647−663. 1981.
- Eidelberg E. Loss and recovery of locomotor function after spinal cord lesions in cats and monkeys. In. Nerve organ and tissue regeneration, research perspectives.Ed. F.J. Seil. Academic Press. New York. 231−242. 1983.
- Eidelberg E. Locomotor Control in Monkeys. In: Recent Achievements in Restorative Neurology. 1. Upper Motor Neuron Functions and Dysfunctions. Eds. S.J.Eccles, M.R. Dimitrijevic. Karger. 179−184. 1985.
- Fedirchuk B., Nielsen J., Petersen N., Hultborn H. Pharmacologically evoked fictive motor patterns in the acutely spinalized marmoset monkey .(Callithrix jacchus). Exp. Brain Res. 122: 351−361. 1998.
- Feldman A.G., Orlovsky G.N. Activity of interneurones mediating reciprocal inhibition during locomotion. Brain Res. 84: 181−194. 1975.
- Forssberg H., Grillner S. The locomotion of the acute spinal cat injected with clonidine i.v. Brain Res. 50: 184−186. 1973.
- Forssberg H., Grillner S. and Rossignol S. Phasic gain control of reflexes from the dorsum of the paw during spinal locomotion. Brain Res. 132:121−139.1977.
- Forssberg H. Stumbling corrective reaction: A phase dependent compensatory reaction during locomotion. J. Neurophysiol. 42: 936−953. 1979.
- Freeman L.W. Return of function after complete transection of the spinal cord of the rat, cat and dog. Ann. Surg. 136: 193−205. 1952.
- Garcia-Rill E., Skinner R.D., Jackson M.B. and Smith MM. Connections of the mesencephalis locomotor region (MLR). I. Substantia nigra afferents. Brain Res. Bull. 10: 57−62. 1983.
- Gerasimenko Yu., Garbuz A., Makarovsky A., Shapkov Yu. Effects of spinal cord stimulation on posture and gait in spinal patients Posture and gait, control mechanisms. 372 375. 1992.
- Gerasimenko Yu.P., McKay W.B., Polio F.E., Dimitrijevic M.R. Stepping movements in paraplegic patients induced by epidural spinal cord stimulation. Soc. Neurosc. Abstr. 22: 543.5. 1996.
- Gerasimenko Yu., Avelev V., Nikitin O., Makarovsky A. Features of neurocontrol of central pattern generators for locomotion in mammals, with particular emphasis on humans. In: Electroenceph. Clinic. Neurophysiol. Suppl.1001. 106: 29−30. 1998.
- Gillies J.D., Lance J.W. Neilson P.D. Presynaptic inhibition of the spinal monosynaptic reflex pathway. J.Physiol. 205: 329−339. 1969.
- Gillies J.D., Burke D.J. and Lance J.W. Tonic vibration reflex in the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 34: 252−262. 1971.
- Goldberger M.E. Autonomous spinal motor function and the infant lesion effect. In: Development and plasticity of the mammalian spinal cord. Fidia Research Series. Eds.M.E. Goldberger, A. Gorio and M. Murray. LivianaPres. Padova. 363−380. 1986.
- Gossard J.P., Cabelguen J.M. and Rossignol S. Intraaxonal recordings of cutaneous primary afferents during Active locomotion in the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 62: 1177−1188. 1989.
- Gossard J.P., Cabelguen J.M. and Rossignol S. An intracellular study of muscle primary afferents during Active locomotion in the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 65: 914−926. 1991.
- Grillner S ., Hongo T., Lund S. Convergent effects on alphamotoneurons from the vestibulospinal tract and a pathway descending in the medial longitudial fasciculus. Exper. Brain Res. 12: 457−479. 1971.
- Grillner S. Locomotion in vertebrates. Central mechanisms and reflex interaction. Physiol. Rev. 55: 247−304. 1975.
- Grillner S., Zangger P. How detailed is the central pattern generation for locomotion? Brai Res. 88: 367−371. 1975.
- Grillner S. and Rossignol S. On the initation of the swing phase of locomotion in chronic spinal cats. Brain Res. 146: 269−277. 1978.
- Grillner S., Zangger P. On the central generation of locomotion in the low spinal cat. Exp. Brain Res. 34:241−261. 1979.
- Grillner S. Control of locomotion in bipeds, tetrapods and fish. In: Ed. V.D. Brooks, Handbook of Physiology, Section 1: The Nervous System II, Motor Control, American Physiological Society, Waverly Press, Bethesda, MD. 1179−1236. 1981.
- Grillner S. and Zangger P. The effect of dorsal root transection on the efferent motor pattern in the cat’s hindlimb during locomotion Acta Physiol. Scand. 120: 393−405. 1984.
- Grillner S. Neurobiological bases on rhythmic motor acts in vertebrates. Science. 228: 143 149. 1985.
- Grillner S., Wallen P. Centar pattern generators for locomotion, with special reference to vertebrates, Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 8: 233−261. 1985.
- Grillner S. and Dubuc R. Control of locomotion in vertebrates: spinal and supraspinal mechanisms. In: Functional Recovery in Neurological Disease, edited by Waxman S.G. New York: Raven Press. 425−453. 1988.
- Guertin P., Angel M., Perreault M-C., McCrea D. A. Ankle extensor group I afferents excite extensors throughout the hindlimb during Active locomotion in the cat. J Physiol. (Lond). 487: 197−209. 1995.
- Guru K., Mailis A., Ashby P. & Vanderlinden G. Postsynaptic potentials in motoneurons caused by spinal cord stimulation in humans. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 66: 275−280. 1987.
- Hagbarth K.E. and Eklund G. Motor effects of vibratory muscle stimuli in man. In: Ed. R. Granit. Muscular Afferents and Motor Control, John Wiley and Sons. New York. 177−182. 1966.
- Hagbarth K.E. and Eklund G. The effects of muscle vibration in spasticity, rigidity, and cerebellar disorders. J.Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 31: 207−213. 1968.
- Harris-Warrick R.M. Chemical modulation of central pattern generators. In: Neural Control of Rhythmic Movements in Vertebrates. Eds. A.H. Cohen, S. Rossignol and S. Grillner. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 285−331. 1988.
- Hart B.L. Facilitation by strychnine of reflex walking in spinal dogs. Physiology and Behavior. 6: 627−628.1971.
- Hause L. A mathematical model for transmembrane potentials secondary to extracellular fields. In: Ed. A. Sances, Jr. and S.J. Larson. Electroanesthesia: Biomedical and Biophysical Studies. New York: Academic Press. 176−210. 1975.
- Hiebert G.W., Whelan P. J., Prochazka A., Pearson K G. Contribution of hindlimb flexsor muscle afferents to the timing of phase transitions in the cat step cycle. J Neurophysiol. 75: 1126−1137. 1996.
- Hinsey J.C., Gutting C.C. The spinal rabbit and its reflexes. Proc. Soc.- Exp. Biol. Med. 30: 134−135. 1932.
- Ho S., O’Donovan M.J. Regionalization and intersegmental coordination of rhytm-generating networks in the spinal cord of the chick embryo. J.Neurosci. 13: 1354−1371. 1993.
- Hochman S., Jordan L.M. and Macdonald J.F. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated voltage oscillations in neurons surrounding the central canal in slices of rat spinal cord. J. Neurophysiol. 72: 565−577.1994.
- Hokfelt T., Elde R., Johansson O., Luft R., Nilsson G, Arimura A. Immunohistochemical evidence for separate populations of somatostatin-containing and substance P- containing primary afferent axons. Neuroscience. 1(1): 131−136. 1976.
- Holmes G. Spinal injuries of welfare. Br. Med. J. 2. 815−821. 1915.
- Holmgvist B. Crossed spinal reflex actions evoked by volleys in somatic afferents. Acta Physiol. Scand. 52.181: 1−67. 1961.
- Hounsgaard J., Hultborn H., Jesperson B. and Kieh O. Intrinsic membrane properties causing a bistable behaviour of alpha-motoneurones. Exp. Brain Res. 55: 391−394. 1984.
- Hugon M. Reflexes polysynaptiques et commandes volontaires. Contribution a" la connaissance de T organisation nerveuse spinale de T animal et de Y homme. These de Sciences Naturelles. Paris. 1967.
- Hultborn H., Jankowska E., Lindstrom S. Recurrent inhibition from motor axon collaterals of transmissions in the la inhibitory pathway to motoneurones. J Physiol. (Gr. Brit.). 215(3): 591 612. 1971a.
- Hultborn H., Wigstrom H. and Wangberg B. Prolonged excitation in motoneurones triggered by activity in la afferents. Acta physiol. scand. Suppl. 440:62. 1976.
- Hultborn H., Meunier S., Morin C. and Pierrot-Deseilligny E. Assessing changes in presynaptic inhibition of la fibres: a study in man and the cat. J. Physiol. (Lond.). 389: 729−756. 1987.
- Jankowska E., Lund S., Lundberg A. The effect of DOPA on the spinal cord. 4. Depolarization evoked in the central terminals of contralateral la afferent terminals by volleys in the flexor reflex afferents. Acta Physiol. Scand. 68: 337−341. 1966.
- Jankowska E., Jukes MGM, Lund S., Lundberg A. The effects of dopa on the spinal cord. 5. Reciprocal organization of pathways transmitting excitatory action to alpha motoneurons of flexors and extensors. Acta Physiol. Scand 70: 369−390. 1967a.
- Jankowska E., Jukes M.G., Lund S., Lundberg A. The effect of DOPA on the spinal cord 6. Half-centere organization of interneurones transmitting effects from the flexor reflex afferents, Acta Physiol. Scand. 70: 386−402. 1967b.
- Jankowska E, Riddel JS, Skoog B, Noga BR (1993) Gating or transmission to motoneurones by stimuli applied in the locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei of the cat. J. Physiol (lond) 461: 705 722
- Jordan L. M. Initiation of locomotion from the mammalian brainstem. In: Neurobiology of Vertebrate Locomotion, edited by S. Grillner, P. S.G. Stein, D.G. Stuart and H. Forssberg. London. Macmillan. 21−37. 1986.
- Joyce Nicol D., Malcolm H. Granat, Roland H. Baxendale, Sally J. M. Tuson. Evidence for a human spinal stepping generator. Brain Research. 684: 230−232. 1995.
- Kiehn O., Johnson B.R., Raastad M. Plateau properties in mammalian spinal interneurons during transmitter-induced locomotor activity. Neuroscience. 75: 263−273. 1996.
- Kjaerulff O., Kiehn O. Distribution of net works generating and coordinating locomotor activity in the neonatal rat spinal cord in vitro: A lesion study. J. Neurosci. 16: 5777−5794. 1996.
- Kriellaars D.J., Brownstone R.M., Noga B.R., Jordan L.M. Mechanical entrainment of fictive locomotion in the decerebrate cat. J Neurophysiol. 71. 2074−2086. 1994.
- Kudo N. and Yamada T. NMA induced locomotor activity in a spinal cord-hindlimb muscles preparation of the newborn rat studied in vitro. Neurosci. Lett. 75: 43−48. 1987,
- Kuhn R.A. Functional capacity of the isolated human spinal cord. Brain. 73:1−51. 1950.
- Kuypers H.G. J.M., Fleming W.R., Farinholt J.W. Descending projections to spinal motor and somatosensory cell groups in the monkey: cortex versus subcortex. Science. 132(1): 38−40.1960.
- Machida M., Weinstein S.L., Yamada T. & Kimura J. Spinal cord monitoring. Electrophysiological measures of sensory and motor function during spinal surgery. Spine. 10: 407−413. 1985.
- MacLean J. N., Hochman S., Magnuson D.S. Lamina VII neurons are rhythmically active during locomotor-like activity in the neonatal rat spinal cord. Neurosci. Lefft. 197: 9−12. 1905.
- Mailis A. & Ashby P. Alterations in group la projections to motoneurons following spinal lesions in humans. Journal of Neurophysiology. 64: 637−647. 1990.
- Marque P., Pierrot-Deseillig E., Simonetta-Moreau M. Evidence for excitation of the human lower limb motoneurones by group II muscle afferents. Exp Brain Res. 109:357−360. 1996.
- Matsushita M. Some aspects of the international connections in cats spinal grey matter. J. Comp. Neurol. 136(1): 57−80. 1969.
- Matthews P. B .C. The reflex excitation of the soleus muscle of the decerebrate cat caused by vibration applied to its tendon. J.Physiol. 184: 450−472. 1966.
- McCoch G.P. Reflex development in the chronically spinal cat and dog. J. Neurophysiol. 10: 425−428. 1947.
- McCrea D. A., Shefchyk S. J, Stephens M. J, Pearson K G. Disynaptic group I excitation of synergist ankle extensor motoneurones during fictive locomotion. J. Physiol (Lond.) 487: 527 539. 1995.
- Meglio M., Cioni B., Dal Lago A. et al. Pain control and improvement of peripheral blood flow following epidural spinal cord stimulation. J. Neurosurg. 54 (6): 821−823. 1981.
- Melzack R. and Wall P.D. Pain mechanisms. A new theory. Science. 150: 971−979. 1965.
- Molenaar I., Rustioni A., Kuypers H.G.J.M. The location of cells of origin of fibres in the ventral and lateral funiculus of the cat’s lumbo-sacral cord. Brain Res. 78: 239−254. 1974.
- Molenaar I., Kuypers H.G.J.M. Identification of cells origin of long fiber connections in the cat’s spinal cord by means of the retrograde axonal horseradish peroxidase technique. Neurosci. Lett. 1(2): 193−197. 1975.
- Molenaar I., Kuypers H.G.J.M. Cells of origin of propriospinal fibers and of fibers ascending to supraspinal levels. A HRP study in cat and Rhesus monkey. Brain Res. 157(3): 429−450. 1978.
- Mori S. Contribution of postural muscle tone to full expression of posture and locomotor movements: multi-faceted analyses of its setting brainstem-spinal cord mechanisms in the cat. Jpn. J. Physiol. 39: 785−809.1989.
- Nathan P.W., Smith M.C. Fasciculi proprii of the spinal cord in man (review of present knowledge). Brain Res. 82(6): 610−688. 1959.
- Noga B. R, Bras H, Jankowska E. Transmission from group II muscle afferents is depressed by stimulation of locus coeruleus/subcoeruleus, Kulliker Fuse and raphe nuclei in the cat. Exp. Brain Res 88: 502−516. 1992.
- Norman K.E. and Barbeau H. Serotonin, Noradrenaline and Gamma-aminobutyric Acid in the Spinal Cord. In: Eds. Thilmann et al. Spasticity: Mechanisms and Management. 410−425. 1993.
- Nyberg-Hansen R., Brodal A. Sites of termination of cortico-spinal fibres in the cat. An experimental stydi with silver impregnation methods. J. Comp. Neurol. 120(3): 369−392. 1963.
- O’Donovan M.J. Experimental analysis of locomotor development in the chick embryo. In: Neurobiology of Vertebrate Locomotion. Eds. S. Grillner, P. S.G. Stein, D. G Stuart, H. Forss-berg and R.M. Herman. Macmillan. New York. 415−432.1986.
- O’Donovan M.J., Ho S., Yee W. Calcium imaging of rhithmic network activity in the developing spinal cord of the chick embryo. J. Neurosci. 14: 6354−6369. 1995.
- Orlowskiy G. N., Feldman A G. Classification of lumbosacral neurons by their discharge pattern during evoked locomotion. Neurophisiology. Kiev. 4: 410−417. 1972. Pearson K. The control of walking. Sci. Amer. 235: 72−86. 1976.
- Pearson K.G., Duysens J. Function of segmental reflex in the control of stepping in cockroaches and cats. In: Neural control locomotion. New York-London. 519−537. 1976.
- Pearson K G. Proprioceptive regulation of locomotion. Ctw. Opin Neurobiol. 5: 786−791. 1995.
- Pearson K.G., Ramirez J.M. Sensory Modulation of Pattern-Generating Circuits. In: Eds. P. Stein, S. Grillner, A. Sewerston, D. Stuart. Nierons, Networks and Motor Behawior. A Bradford Book. The MIT Pres. Combridje. Massachussets.London.England. 1997.
- Pedersen E. Studies on the central pathway of the flexion reflex in man and animal. Acta psychiatr. Neurol. Scand. (Suppl). 88: 1−81.1954.
- Perl E.R. Crossed reflexes of cutaneous origin. Am J. Physiol. 188. 609−615. 1957. Philippson M. L' autonomie et la centralisation dans le system nerveux des animaux. Trav. Lab. Physiol. Inst. Solvay. (Bruxelles) 7: 1−208. 1905.
- Prochazka A. Sensorimotor gain control. A basis strategy of motor systems? Prog. Neurobiol. 33: 281−307. 1989.
- Prochazka A. Proprioceptive feadback and movement regulation. In. Eds. L.B. Rowell, J.T. Shepherd. Handbook of Physiology. Sec. 12. New York: Oxford University. 89−127 .1996.
- Ranck J.B. Which elements are stimulated in electrical stimulation of the mammalian central nervous system: a review. Brain Res. 98: 417−440.1975.
- Ranson S.W., Hinsey J.C. Reflecxes in the hind limbs of cats after transection of the spinal cord at various levels. Am. J. Physiol. 94: 471−495. 1930.
- Rexed B. Some aspects of the cytoarchitectonics and synaptology of the spinal cord. Progr. Brain Res. 11:58−92. 1964.
- Roby-Brami A. and Bussel B. Inhibitoru effects on flexor reflex in patients with a complete spinal cord lesion. Exp. Brain Res. 90: 201−208. 1992.
- Rossignol S., Chau C., Brustein E., Belanger M., Barbeau H., Drew T. Locomotor capacities after complete and partial lesions of the spinal cord. Acta Neurobiol Exp 56: 449−63. 1996.
- Rossignol S, Chau C., Brustein E., Giroux N., Bouyer L., Barbeau H, Reader T.A. Pharmacological activation and modulation of the central pattern generator for locomotion in the cat. AnnNY Acad SciNov 16. 860: 346−59.1998.
- Roy R.R., Hodgson J.A., Lauretz S.D., Pierotti D.J., Gayek R.J., Edgerton V. R Chronic spinal cord-injured cats: surgical procedures and management. Lab. Anim. Sci. 42: 335−343. 1992.
- Rustioni A., Kuypers H.G.J.M., Holstege G. Propriospinal projections from the ventral and lateral funiculi to the motoneurons in the lumbosacral cord of the cat. Brain Res. 34: 225−275. 1971.
- Ryall R., Piercey M.F., Polosa C. Intersegmental and intrasegmental distribution of mutual inhibition ofRenshaw cells. J. Neurophysiol. 34(4): 700−707. 1971.
- Scheibel M.E., Scheibel A.B. Spinal motoneurones, interneurones and Renshaw cells, a Golgi studi. Arch. ital. biol. 104(3): 328−353.1966a.
- Scheibel M.E., Scheibel A.B. Terminal axonal patterns in cat spinal cord. I. The lateral corticospinal tract. Brain Res. 2(3): 333−350. 1966b.
- Scheibel M.E., Scheibel A.B. Terminal axonal patterns in cat spinal cord. II. The dorsal horn. Brain Res. 9(1): 32−58. 1968.
- Scheibel M.E., Scheibel A.B. Terminal axonal patterns in cat spinal cord. III. Primary afferent collaterals. BreinRes. 13(3): 417−443. 1969a.
- Scheibel M.E., Scheibel A.B. A structural analysis of spinal interneurones and Renshaw cells. In: The interneurone. Ed. by Brazier M.A.B. Los Angeles: U.C.L.A. Forun of Med. Sci. 159 208. 1969b.
- Schoen J.H.R. Comparative aspects of the descending fibre systems in the spinal cord. Progr. Brain Res. 11: 203−222. 1964.
- Schomburg E.D., Behrends H.B. The possibility of phase-dependent monosynaptic and polysynaptic la excitation to homonymous motoneurons during fictive locomotion. Brain Res. 143: 533−537. 1978.
- Schomburg E D, Steffens H. The effect of DOPA and clonidine on reflex pathways from group II muscle afferents to a-motoneurones in the cat. 1988.
- Sedan R. La stimulation electrique du cone medullaric dans les vessies neurologiques R. Sedan, A. Bourhis, H. Regis et al. Neurochirurgie. Paris. 20(2): 93−116. 1974.
- Shahani B. T, Young R.R. Human flexor reflexes. Journal of Neurol., Neurosurgery and Psychiaty. 34: 616−627. 1971.
- Shealy C.N., Mortimer J.T. and Reswick J.B. Electrical inhibition of pain by stimulation of the dorsal columns Preliminary clinical report. Anesth.Analg. Cleveland. 46: 489−491. 1967.
- Shefchyk S.J., Stein R.B. and Jordan L.M. Synaptic transmission from muscle afferents during fictive locomotion in the mesencephalis cat. J. Neurophysiol. 51:986−997. 1984.
- Shefchyk S.J. and Jordan L.M. Excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in a-motoneurones produced during fictive locomotion by stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region. J. Neurophysiol. 53: 1345−1355. 1985.
- Shefchyk S., McCrea D., Kriellaars D., Fortier P. and Jordan L. Activity of interneurons within the L4 spinal segment of the cat during brainstem-evoked fictive locomotion. Exp. Brain Res. 80: 290−295. 1990.
- Sherrington C.S. On the spinal animal. Medico-Chirugical. Transactions 82: 449−486. 1899.
- Sherrington C.S., Laslett E.E. Note upon descending intrinsic spinal tracts in the mammalian cord. Proc. Roy. Soc. S. B. 71: 115−121. 1902.
- Sherrington C.S. The integrative action of the nervous system. New Haven, Yale Univ. Press. 1906.
- Sherrington C.S. Flexion-rehlex of the limb, crossed extension-reflex, and reflex stepping and standing. J.Physiol. 40: 28−121. 1910.
- Sherrington C.S. Remarks on the reflex mechanism of the step. Brain. 33: 1−25. 1910.
- Shik M.L. and Orlovsky G.N. Neurophysiology of locomotor automatism. Physiol. Rev. 56: 465−501. 1976.
- Shik M.L. Recognizing Propriospinal and Reticulospinal Systems of Initiation of Stepping. Motor Control. 1: 310−313.1997.
- Shimoji K., Ito Y., Ohama K., Sawa T., Ikezono E. Presynaptic Inhibition in Man During Anesthesia and Sleep. Anesthesiology. 43: 388−391. 1975.
- Shimoji K., Shimizu H., Maruyama Y., Matsuki M., Kurirayashi H. & Rjioka H. Dorsal column stimulation in man: facilitation of primary afferent depolarization. Anaesthesia Analgesia. 61: 410−413. 1982.
- Shimoji K. Origins and Properties of Spinal Cord Evoked Potentials. In: Atlas of Human Spinal Cord Evoked Potentials. Eds. Dimitrijevic M R., Halter J.A. Butterworth-Heinemann. 1−25. 1995.
- Siegfried J. Neurostimulation methods for correcting functional imbalances. In: Principles and Practice of Restorative Neurology. Eds. R.R. Young & P.J. Delwaide. Butterworth, Heinemann, Oxford. 166−176.1992.
- Sillar K.T. Spinal pattern generation and sensory gating mechanisms. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 1: 583−589. 1991.
- Steeves J.D.& Jordan L.M. Localization of a descending pathway in the spinal cord which is necessary for controlled treadmill locomotion. Neuroscience Letters. 20: 283−288. 1980.
- Steeves J.D., Sholomenko G.N., Webster D.M.S. Reticular formation stimulation evokes walking and flying in birds. Neurobiology of vertebrate locomotion. Eds. S. Grillner et al. L. MacMillan. 51−54. 1986.
- Stein P.G. Motor systems, with specific reference to the control of locomotion. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 1: 61−81. 1978.
- Stein P.G. Spinal cord circuits for motor pattern selection in the turtle. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 563: 1−10. 1989.
- Sterling P., Kuypers H.G.J.M. Anatomical organization of the brachial spinal cord of the cat. III. The propriospinal connections. Brain Res. 7(3): 419−443. 1968.
- Stewart J.E., Barbeau H., and Gauthier S. Modulation of locomotor patterns and spasticity with clonidine in spinal cord injured patients. Can J Neurol Sci. 18: 321−332. 1991.
- Swiontek T., Thomas J., Sances A., Larson S.J., Ackmann J.J., Cusick J.F., Meyer G.A. & Millar A.E. Spinal cord implant studies. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 23: 307 312. 1976.
- Szentagothai J. Anatomical aspects of junctional transformation. In: Information processing in the nervous system. Eds. R.F. Gerarad, J.W. Duyff. Amsterdam: ExcerptaMed. Found. 3: 119−136. 1964.
- Szentagothai J. Propriospinal pathways and their synapses. Progr. Brain Res. 11: 155−177. 1964a.
- Takakuwa K., Tsuji H., Takano H. and Kitagawa H. Effects of epidural electrical stimulation modalities on spinal cord function and morphology in catc. Journal of Spinal Disorders. Raven Press. Ltd. New York. 2(3): 155−162. 1989.
- Tallis R, Illis L., Sedgwick E. The quantitative assessment of the influence of spinal cord stimulation on motor function in patients with multiple sclerosis. Int. Rehabil. Med. 1982.
- Ten Cate J. Innervation of locomotor movements by the lumbosacral cord in birds and mammals. J. Exp. Biol. 39: 239−242. 1962.
- Tower S., Bodian D., Howe H. Isolation of intrinsic and motor mechanism of the monkey’s spinal cord. J. Neurophysiol. 4(4): 388−397. 1941.
- Viala D., Buisseret-Delmas C., Portal J.J. An attempt to localize the lumbal locomotor generator in the rabbit using 2-deoxy-Cl4. glucose autoradiography. Neurosci. Lett. 86: 139 143. 1988.
- Visintin M. and Barbeau H. The Effects of Body Weight Support on the Locomotor Pattern of Spastic Paretic Patients. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 16: 315−325. 1989. !
- Waller W.H. Progression movements elicited by subthalamic stimulation J. Neurophysiol. 3: 300−307. 1940.
- Wernig A., Muller S. Laufband locomotion with body weight support improved talking in persons with severe spinal cord injuries. Paraplegia. 30: 229−238.1992.
- Wernig A., Muller S., Nanassy A., Cagol E. Laufband therapy based on «rules of spinal locomotion» is effective in spinal cord injured persons. Eur J. Neurosci. 7: 823−829. 1995.
- Wiesendanger M., Chapman C.E., Mac Pherson J., Berger W. Neurophysiologicaj investigations of tizanidine. In: Conrad B., Benecke R., Bauer H.J. (eds). Die Klinische Wertung der Spasticity. Shattauer, Stuttgart. 39−55. 1984.
- Wilier J.C. Comparative study of perceived pain and nociceptive flexion reflex in man. Pain 3:69−80. 1977.
- Yang J.F. and Stein R.B. Phase-dependent reflex reversal in human leg muscles during walking. J. Neurophysiol. 63: 1109−1117. 1990. j- 197
- Young R.F. Evaluation of dorsal column stimulation in the treatment of chronic pain. Neurosurgery. 3: 373−379. 1978.
- Zhang A.A., Kirkpatrick G., Zhong V.H., Nguyen V.T., Dobkin B.H., Edgerton V.R. Cinematographic analysis of hindlimb stepping in spinal (7 days post-natal) rats. Soc. Neurosci Abstr. 20 No. 241(1): 571. 1994.