Усовершенствование системы лабораторной диагностики Блютанга

1.1 Актуальность темы.

Блютанг (катаральная, лихорадка овец) — вирусная трансмиссивная, инфекция домашних и диких жвачных животных, преимущественно овец, характеризующаяся лихорадочным состоянием, воспалительно-некротическим поражением ротовой полости, особенно языка, пищеварительного тракта, эпителия венчика и основы кожи копыт, а также дегенеративными изменениями скелетных мышц [2].

Блютанг включен в перечень болезней, подлежащих регистрации в МЭБ [165] и в «Перечень карантинных и особо опасных болезней животных» в РФ [15]. Согласно классификации Роспотребнадзора вирус блютанга относят ко II группе патогенности для человека [1]. Смертность у овец при блютанге от 2 до 30%, летальность иногда достигает 90−100% [2].

В настоящее время болезнь зарегистрирована на всех континентах, где развито овцеводство. В XX столетии блютанг нанес овцеводству многих стран мира огромный экономический ущерб [170, 184, 239].

Для России проблема блютанга потребовала повышенного внимания после эпизоотии этой болезни в Бурятии в 1993 г. [3,4].

При выполнении с 2006 года приоритетного национального проекта «Развитие АПК» основным экспортером племенного скота в нашу страну оказались европейские страны. В конце того же года ряд европейских стран объявили о своем неблагополучии по блютангу 8 серотипа, в том числе Германия и Нидерланды. За период с 2006 по 2010 гг. было импортировано более 120 тыс. животных в хозяйства, расположенные на всей европейской территории РФ, Урала и Сибири.

Таким образом, существенно повышается вероятность заноса блютанга в Россию при импорте животных-вирусоносителей.

В настоящее время система диагностики блютанга, как совокупность связанных между собой вирусологических и серологических методов, основана на выявлении специфических антигенов и антител у наиболее восприимчивых к нему животных — овец, инфекция у которых обычно протекает в острой и подострой форме, и включает комплекс методов выделения вируса с использованием мышат-сосунов и культуры клеток.

Несмотря на имеющиеся в научной литературе данные о биологии вируса, роль крупного рогатого скота в распространении инфекции и вопросы выделения вируса от него пока в России не изучали.

Необходимость совершенствования средств и методов диагностики с учетом новых достижений науки и постановки диагноза при бессимптомном течении болезни у крупного рогатого скота поставило перед нами задачу разработки усовершенствованной системы диагностики блютанга у жвачных животных.

1. Безопасность работы с микроорганизмами 1. I — IV групп патогенности (опасности) ис возбудителями паразитарных болезней: СП 1.3.2322−08: утв. постановлением Главного государственного санитарного врача РФ 28.01.08. N4: введ. в действие с 1.05.08.

2. Вирусные болезни животных/ В. Н. Сюрин и др. М.: ВНИТИБП, 1998.-928 с.

3. Вишняков И. Ф. Выделение, идентификация и типирование вируса КЛО в Бурятии/И.Ф: Вишняков и др.//Актуальные проблемы вирусологии: Тезисы докладов научной конференции (май 1994 г.). НИСХИ. — п. Гвардейский. -1994.-Ч. 2.-С. 16−17.

4. Вишняков И. Ф. Идентификация и типирование вируса катаральной лихорадки овец / И. Ф. Вишняков и др.// Ветеринария. 1995. — № 4. — С. 20−25.

5. Гаврилова Е. А. Совершенствование средств мониторинга блютанга на основе полимеразной цепной реакции: Автореф. дис.. канд. вет. наук. -Покров, 2010.-25 с.

6. Захаров, В. М. Комплексность мер по предотвращению заноса и распространения блютанга в Российской Федерации/ В. М. Захаров //Ветеринария.- 2009. № 5. — С. 3−5.

7. Катаральная лихорадка овец (КЛО, блютанг, синий язык)// Пятьдесят лет борьбы с особо опасными болезнями животных/Рос.акад.с.-х.наукГНУ ВНИИВВиМ Россельхозакадемииред.кол.: Д. В. Колбасов (гл.ред.) и др. — Владимир: Атлас. 2008. — С.52−54.

8. Лакин, Г. Ф. Биометрия. М.: «Высшая школа». — 1990. — 352 с.

9. Метод ингибирования ТФ ИФА для серологического мониторинга блютанга/ A.A. Стрижаков и др.// Ветеринария. 2003. — 12. — С. 23−25.

10. Методические указания по лабораторной диагностике катаральной лихорадки овец, утвержденные начальником Департамента Ветеринарии МСХ РФ Авиловым В. М. в 1995 г.

11. Методы ветеринарной клиническойлабораторной диагностики: Справочник/Под ред.проф. И: П. Кондрахина. М: КолосС, 2004. — 520 с.

12. Мониторинг блютанга у животных, импортированных из стран ЕС/ С. Ж. Цыбанов и др.//Ветеринария. 2008. — 10. — С. 25−27.

13. Перечень карантинных и особо опасных болезней животных, утвержден Приказом Министерства сельского хозяйства Российской Федерации от 17 мая 2005 г. N 81 г.

14. Применение полимеразной цепной реакции для идентификации и дифференциации вируса блютанга / К. А. Снетков и др. // Актуальные проблемы болезней молодняка в современных условиях. — Воронеж. 2002. — С. 547−549.

15. Применение РТГА для скрининга моноклональных антител к вирусу катаральной лихорадки овец/ A.A. Стрижаков и др. // Информационный бюллетень ИЭКВМ. Харьков. — 1995. — С. 54.

16. Стрижаков, А. А. Получение и использование моноклональных антител к вирусу катаральной лихорадки овец: дисс.. канд.вет.наук: 16.00.03 /Стрижаков Александр Анатольевич. Покров. — 1994. — 148 с.

17. A comparison of some serological tests for bluetongue virus infection/ F. C Thomas et al. // Can. J. Сотр. Med. 1976. — 40(3). — P. 291−297.

18. A duplex RT-PCR assay for detection of genome segment 7 (VP7 gene) from 24 BTV serotypes/ S. Anthony et al. // J. Virol. Methods. 2007. — 141. — P. 188−197.

19. A multiplex real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay for detection and differentiation of Bluetongue virus and Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serogroups /W.C. Wilson et al.// J Vet Diagn Invest 2009. — 21. -P.760−770.

20. A possible overwintering mechanism for bluetongue virus in the absence of the insect vector/ H. Takamatsu et al.//J. Gen. Virol. 2003. — 84(Pt 1). — P. 227 235.

21. A preliminary report on the isolation and identification of the bluetongue virus from sheep in California/ D.G. McKercher et al. // J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. -1953. 122. — P. 300−301.

22. A sandwich ELISA for the detection of bluetongue virus in cell culture using antiserum against the recombinant VP7 protein/ K. Chand et al. //Vet. Ital. -2009.-45(3).-P. 443−448.

23. Active circulation of bluetongue vaccine virus serotype-2 among unvaccinated cattle in central Italy/G., Ferrari et al. // Prev. Vet. Med. 2005. — 68. — P. 103−113;

24. Afshar, A. Bluetongue: laboratory diagnosis/ A. Afshar// Comp. Immunol. MicrobiolInfect. Dis. — 1994! L7(3r4)iP: 221−2421 .

25. Alexander, R.A. The propagation? of bluetongue virus in the developing chick embryo with particular reference to the temperature of incubation/ R.A. Alexander// Onderstepoort J. Vet. Sci. 1947. — 22. — P. 7.,.

26. Analysis and phylogenetic comparisons of full-length VP2 genes of the 24 bluetongue virus serotypes/ S. Maan et al.// J. Gen. Vir. 2007. — 88. -P. 621−630.

27. Analysis of the roles of bluetongue virus outer capsid proteins VP2 and VP5 in determination of virus serotype/P.Pi Mertens et al.// Virology. 1989. — 170.-P. 561−565.

28. Anderson, J. Use monoclonal antibodies in blocking ELISA to detect group specific antibodies to bluetongue virus/ J. Anderson//J. Immun. Meth. 1984. — 74. — P. 139−149:

29. Assessment of efficacy of a bivalent BTV-2 and BTV-4, inactivated vaccine by vaccination and challenge in cattle/ G. Savini et al. //Vet. Microbiol. 2009. -133(1−2).-P. 1−8.

30. Barber, T.L. Serological characterization of selected bluetongue virus strains from the United States/ T.L. Barber, M.M. Jochim // Proc. 77th Annu. Meet. U.SAnim. Hlth. Assoc. 1973. — P. 352−3591.

31. Barnard, B J.H. Bluetongue virus as a cause of hydranencephaly in cattle/ B.J.H. Barnard, J.G. Pienaar// Onderstepoort J: Vet. Res. 1976. — 43(3). — P. 155 157.

32. Barratt-Boyes, S M. Dynamics of viral spread in bluetongue virus infected calves/ S-M. Barratt-Boyes, N.J. MacLachlan// Vet. Microbiol: 1994. — 40(3−4). — P. 361−371.

33. Barzilai, E. Multiplication of bluetongue virus in goats following experimental infection/ E. Barzilai, A. Tadmor// Refuah Vet. 1971. — 23. — P. 1120.

34. Biting midges overwintering in Belgium/ B. Losson et al. // Vet. Rec. —2007.-160.-P. 451−452.

35. Blacksell, S.D. A rapid indirect ELISA for the serogrouping of Australian orbiviruses/ S.D. Blacksell, R.A. Lunt, J.R. White// J. Virol. Methods. 1994. -49(1).-P. 67−78.

36. Blocking dot-ELISA, using a monoclonal antibody for detection of antibodies to bluetongue virus in bovine and ovine sera/ A. Afshar et al. //J. Virol. Methods. 1987. — 18(4). — P. 271−279.

37. Bluetongue associated with abnormalities in newborn Iambs/ L. A. Griner et al. // J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1964. — 145. — P. 1013−1019.

38. Bluetongue disease in dogs associated with contaminated vaccine/ G. Akita et al. // Vet. Rec. 1994. — 134. — P. 283−284.

39. Bluetongue in Captive Yaks/ A. Mauroy et al. // Emerg. Infect. Dis. —2008.-14(4). P. 675−676.

40. Bluetongue in Eurasian Lynx/ T.P. Jauniaux et al. // Emerg. Infect. Dis. -2008. 14(9). — P. 1496−1498.

41. Bluetongue in free-ranging pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana) in Wyoming: 1976 and 1984/ E.T. Thome et al. // J. Wildl. Dis. 1988. — 24(1). — P. 113−119.

42. Bluetongue in western Turkey/ A. D. Yonguc et al. // Vet. Rec. 1982. -111.-P. 144−146.

43. Bluetongue infection rate in mithun (Bos frontalis) in the north-eastern upland region of India/S. Rajkhowa et al. // Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz. 2008. -27(3).-P. 907−914.

44. Bluetongue virus detection by two real-time RT-qPCRs targeting two different genomic segments/J.F. Toussaint et al. // J. Vir. Meth. 2007. — 140. — P. 115−123.

45. Bluetongue virus detection: a safer reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for prediction of viremia in sheep/ G. Shad et al. // J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. -1997.-9.-P. 118−124.

46. Bluetongue virus diagnosis of clinical cases by a duplex reverse transcription-PCR: a comparison with conventional methods/ C. Billinis et al. // J. Virol. Methods. -2001. 98(1). — P. 77−89.

47. Bluetongue vims does not persist in naturally infected cattle/L.F. Melville et al.// Vet. Ital. 2004. — 40 (4). — P. 502−507.

48. Bluetongue Virus in Wild Deer, Belgium, 2005;2008/A. Linden et al.// Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2010. — 16(5). — P. 833−836.

49. Bluetongue virus infection of bovine monocytes/ L.E. Whetter et al.// J. Gen. Virol. 1989. — 70. — P. 1663−1676.

50. Bluetongue virus infection of cattle/N. J. MacLachlan et al. //Bluetongue, African Horse Sickness and Related Orbiviruses. 1991. — P. 725−736.

51. Bluetongue virus serotype 20: experimental infection of pregnant heifers/ I.M. Parsonson et al.// Aust. Vet. J. 1987. — 64(1). — P. 14−17.

52. Bluetongue virus serotype 8-associated congenital hydranencephaly in calves/ G. Vercauteren et al. // Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 2008. — 55(7). — P. 293 298.

53. Bluetongue virus serotypes 1 and 3 infection in Poll Dorset sheep/ C. Hamblin et al. // Aust. Vet. J. 1998. — 76. — P. 622−629.

54. Bluetongue virus VP4 is an RNA-capping assembly line/ G. Sutton et al. // Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 2007. — 14. — P. 449−451.

55. Bluetongue virus VP6 protein binds ATP and exhibits an RNA-dependent ATPase function and a helicase activity that catalyze the unwinding of double-stranded RNA substrates/ N. Stauber et al. // J. Virol. 1997. — 71. — P. 7220−7226.

56. Bluetongue: isolation and characterization of the virus and identification of vectors in northeastern Argentina/ C. Gorch et al. // Rev. Argent. Microbiol. 2002. -34(3).-P. 150−156.

57. Breeding sites of bluetongue virus vectors, Belgium / J.Y. Zimmer et al. // Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2010. — 16. — P. 575−576.

58. Brewer, A.W. The pathogenesis of bluetongue virus infection of bovine blood cells in vitro: ultrastructural characterization/ A.W. Brewer, N.J. MacLachlan // Arch. Virol. 1994. — 136. — P. 287−298.

59. Brewer, A.W. Ultrastructural characterization of the interaction1 of bluetongue virus-with bovine erythrocytes in vitro/ A.W. Brewer, N.J. MacLachlan// Vet. Pathol. 1992. — 29(4). — P. 356−359.

60. Browne, J.G. Cytopathologic changes and development of inclusion bodies in cultured cells infected with bluetongue virus/ J.G. Browne, M.M. Jochim// Am. J. Vet. Res. 1967. — 28(125). — P. 1091−1105.

61. Carpenter, S. Culicoides and the emergence of bluetongue virus in northern Europe/ S. Carpenter, A. Wilson, P. S. Mellor // Trends. Microbiol. 2009. — 17. — P. 172−178.

62. Comparison of competitive and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of bluetongue virus antibodies in serum and whole blood/ A. Afshar et al. //J. Clin. Microbiol. 1987. — 25(9). — P. 1705−1710.

63. Comparison of virologic and serologic responses of lambs and calves infected with bluetongue virus serotype 10/ R.G. Richards et al. // Vet. Microbiol. -1988. 18(3−4).-P. 233−242.

64. Competitive ELISA for serodiagnosis of bluetongue: evaluation of group-specific monoclonal antibodies and expressed VP7 antigen/A. Afshar et al. // J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 1992. — 4. — P. 231−237.

65. Della-Porta, A J. A serological comparison of the Australian isolate of bluetongue virus type 20 (CSIRO 19) with blue tongue group viruses/ A.J. Della-Porta, K.A.J. Herniman, R.F. Sellers// Vet. Microbiol. 1981. — 6. — P. 9−21.131.

66. Design of primers and use of RT-PCR' assays for typing European bluetongue virus isolates: differentiation of field and vaccine strains/ P.P. Mertens et al. // J. Gen. Virol. 2007. — 88(Pt 10). — P. 2811−2823.

67. Detection and differentiation of epizootic haemorrhagic disease of deer and bluetongue viruses by serogroup-specific sandwich ELISA/J.A. Thevasagayam et' al. // J. Virol. Methods. 1996. — 56. — P. 49−57.

68. Detectionby ELISA of bluetongue antigen directly in the blood of experimentally infected sheep/ W.L. Stanislawek et al. // Vet. Microbiol. 1996. -52.-P. 1−12.

69. Detection of bluetongue virus group-specific antigen using monoclonal antibody based sandwich ELISA/ P.N. Gandhale et al. // Virol. Sin. 2010. — 25(6). -P. 390−400.

70. Detection of bluetongue vims in Culicoides variipennis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) by an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay/ J.O. Mecham et al.*//J. Med. Entomol. 1990. — 27(4). — P. 602−606.

71. Detection of bluetongue virus in the blood of inoculated calves: comparison of virus isolation, PCR assay, and in vitro feeding of Culicoides variipennis / N.J. MacLachlan et al. // Arch. Virol. 1994. — 136(1−2). — P. 1−8.

72. Development and evaluation of an IgM-capture ELISA for detection, of recent infection with bluetongue viruses in cattle/ E.M. Zhou et al. // J. Virol. Methods.-2001.-91.-P. 175−182.

73. Development and initial evaluation of a real-time RT-PCR assay to detect bluetongue virus genome segment 1// A.E. Shaw et al.// J. Vir.Meth. 2007. — 145. -P. 115−126.

74. Diagnosis of bluetongue and epizootic haemorrhagic disease/ J.E. Pearson et al. //Proc. Second International Symposium, Paris, CRC Press, Boca Raton. -1992.-P. 533−546.

75. Diagnostic analysis of the prolonged bluetongue virus RNA presence found in the blood of naturally infected cattle and experimentally infected sheep/ J. Katz et al. //J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 1994. — 6(2). — P. 139−142.132.

76. Dot immunoblotting assay in comparison with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of BTV antibodies in sheep/ Y. Gupta et al. // Vet. Microbiol. 1990. — 22. — P. 365−371.

77. Du Plessis, D. H: Serological differentiation of five bluetongue virus serotypes in" indirect ELISA/ D.H. Du Plessis// Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 1992. -59(2).-P. 119−122.

78. Duration of bluetongue viraemia and serological responses in experimentally infected European breeds of sheep and goats/ M. Koumbati et al.'// Vet. Microbiol. 1998. — 64. — P. 277−285.

79. Duration of viraemia infectious to Culicoides sonorensis in bluetongue virus-infected cattle and sheep/ K.R. Bonneau et al. //Vet. Microbiol. 2002. -88(2).-P. 115−125.

80. Efficacy and safety studies on an inactivated vaccine against bluetongue virus serotype 2/B. Di Emidio et al. // Vet. Ital. 2004. — 40 (4). — P. 640−644.

81. Endophily in Culicoides associated with BTV-infected cattle in the province of Limburg, south-eastern Netherlands, 2006/ R. Meiswinkel et al. // Prev. Vet. Med. 2008. — 87. — P. 182−195.

82. Epidemiologic study of bluetongue in sheep, cattle and different species of wild animals in the Ivory Coast/ P. Formenty et al. // Rev. Sci. Tech. 1994. -13(3). — P.737−751.

83. Evaluation of a commercial competitive ELISA' test kit for the detection of group-specific antibodies to bluetongue virus/A. Afshar et al.// J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 1993. — 5. — P. 336−340.

84. Evidence for the presence of bluetongue virus in Kosovo between 2001 and 2004 / A. Osmani et al. // Vet. Rec. 2006. — 158. — P. 393−396.

85. Evidence for transplacental and contact transmission of bluetongue virus in cattle/ F.D. Menzies et al. // Vet. Rec. 2008. — 163. — P. 203−209.

86. Evidence of natural bluetongue virus infection among African carnivores/ K.A. Alexander et al. // Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1994. — 51(5). — P. 568−576.

87. Excretion ofbluetongue virus in cattle semen: a feature of laboratory adapted virus/ P.D. Kirkland et al. //Vet. Ital. 2004. — 40. — P. 497−501.

88. Experimental infection! of bulls and cows with bluetongue virus serotype 20/ I.M. Parsonson et al. //Aust. Vet. J. 1987. — 64(1).-P. 10−13.

89. Experimental reproduction of bluetongue virus serotype 8 clinical' disease in calves/ F. Dal Pozzo et al.// Vet.Micr. 2009; - 136- - P. 352−358.

90. Experimental viral-induced^ congenital encephalopathies I. Pathology of hydraneneephaly and porencephaly caused’by bluetongue vaccine virus/B: I. Osburn et al. //Lab. Invest. 1971. — 25(3). — P. 197−205.

91. Experimental viral-induced congenital encephalopathies. II. The pathogenesis of bluetongue vaccine virus infection in fetal lambs/ B. I. Osburn et al. // Lab. Invest. 1971. — 25. — P. 206−210.

92. Fatal Bluetongue virus infection in an alpaca (Vicugna pacos) in California/J.'n, Ortega et al. // J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2010. — 22. — P. 134−136.

93. Fernandes, M. Isolation and’propagation of bluetongue virus in tissue culture/ M. Fernandes// Am. J. Vet. Res. 1959. — 20, — P. 398.

94. Fievre catarrhale du mouton (blue-tongue)/J. Manso-Ribiero et al.//Bull. Off Int. Epiz. 1957. — 48. — P. 350−367.

95. First report of bluetongue virus serotype 1 isolated from a white-tailed deer in the United States/ D J. Johnsonet al.// J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2006. — 18(4). -P. 398−401.

96. Foster, N.M. Bluetongue in sheep and cattle: efficacy of embryonating chicken eggs in viral isolations/ N.M. Foster, A.J. Luedke, H.E. Metcalf// Am. J. Vet. Res. 1972. — 33(1). — P: 77−81.

97. Foster, N.M. Direct assay for bluetongue virus by intravascular inoculation of embryonating chicken eggs/ N.M. Foster, A.J. Luedke// Am. J. Vet. Res. 1968. — 29(3). — P. 749−753.

98. Frequency of serological cross-reactions between Ibaraki and bluetongue viruses using the agar gel immunodiffusion test /S. Shimizu et al. // Vet. Ital. -2004. 40 (4). — P. 583−586.

99. Gambles, R.M. Bluetongue of sheep in Cyprus/R.M. Gambles//J.Comp. Pathol. 1949. — 59. — P. 176−190.

100. Gard, G.P. Arboviruses recovered from sentinel cattle using several virus isolation methods/ G.P. Gard, R.P. Weir, S.J. Walsh// Yet. Microbiol. 1988. — 18(2). -P. 119−125.

101. Genetic Characterization of Toggenburg Orbivirus, a New Bluetongue Virus, from Goats, Switzerland/ M.A. Hofmann et al.// Emerg. Inf. Dis. 2008. — 14(12).-P. 1855−1861.

102. Gibbs, E.P.J. Preliminary observations on transplacental infection of bluetongue virus in sheep—A possible overwintering mechanism/ E.P.J. Gibbs, MJ.P. Lawman, K.A.J. Herniman // Res. Vet. Sci. 1979. — 27. -P. 118−120.

103. Gildernew, M. Ministerial Statement: Update on bluetongue. Official report (Hansard) of the Northern Ireland Assembly. 2008. — 27(8). — P. 425−431.

104. Goldsmit, L. An improved method for the isolation and identification of bluetongue virus by intravenous inoculation of embiyonating chicken eggs/ L. Goldsmit, E. Barzilai // J. Comp. Pathol. 1968. — 78. — P. 477.

105. Goldsmit, L. Isolation and propagation of bluetongue virus in embryonating chicken eggs/ L. Goldsmit, E. Barzilai// Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 1985. -178.-P. 307−318.

106. Goldsmit, L. The comparative sensitivity of sheep and chicken embryos to bluetongue virus and observations on viraemia in experimentally infected sheep/ L. Goldsmit, E. Barzilai, A. Tadmor// Aust. Vet. J. 1975. — 51(4). — P. 190−196.

107. Gray, D.P. Studies on Bluetongue I. Infectivity of the Virus in the Sheep Ked, Melophagus ovinus (L.)/ D.P. Gray, G.L.Bannister// Can. J. Comp. Med. Vet. Sci. — 1961. — 25(9). — P. 230−232.

108. Gur, S. A serologic investigation of bluetongue virus (BTV) in cattle, sheep and gazella subgutturosa subgutturosa in southeastern turkey/S. Gur//. Trop. Anim. Health. Prod. 2008. — 40(3). — P. 217−221.

109. Gustafson, G.A. A comparison of the bluetongue competitive ELISA to other serologic tests/ G.A. Gustafson, J.E. Pearson, K.M. Moser// Proc. Second1351. ternational Symposium, Paris, 17−21 June 1991. CRC Press, Boca Raton. 1992. -P. 570−574.

110. Gutsche, T. There was a man /T. Gutsche// Timmins.- Cape Town. 1979. P.4.

111. Hafez, S.M. Serotypes of bluetongue virus present in Saudi Arabia/S.M. Hafez, W.P. Taylor//Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 1985. — 178. — P. 531—537.

112. Haig, D.A. The’cytopathogenic action of bluetongue virus on tissue cultures and its application to the detection of antibodies in the serum of sheep/ D.A. Haig, D.G. McKercher, R.A. Alexander// Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 1956. — 27. -P. 171.

113. Hardy, W.T. Soremuzzle of sheep/W.T. Hardy, D.A. Price//J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1952. — 120. — P. 23−25.

114. Hassan, S.S. Expression and functional characterization of bluetongue virus VP2 protein: role in cell entry/ Hassan S.S., Roy P. // J. Virol. 1999. — 73. — P. 9832−9842.

115. Hemorrhagic disease in bighorn sheep in Arizona/ T.H. Noon, S.L. Wesche, D. Cagle et al.// J. Wildl. Dis. 2002. — 38(1). — P. 172−176.

116. Herniman, K.A.J. BTV in Nigerian dairy cattle herd. Serological studies and correlation of vims activity to vector population/ K.A.J. Herniman, J.P.T. Boorman, W.P. Taylor // J. Hyg. 1983. — 90. — P. 177−193.

117. Hoff, G.L. Observations on bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses in white-tailed deer: (1) Distribution of virus in the blood (2) Crossehallenge/ G.L. Hoff, D.O. Trainer// Wildl. Dis. 1974. — 10(1). — P. 25−31.

118. Hoffmann, B. Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription-PCR Assays Specifically Detecting Bluetongue Virus Serotypes 1, 6, and 8/ B. Hoffmann, M. Eschbaumer, M. Beer// J. Clin. Micr. 2009. — 47 (9). — P. 2992−2994.

119. Hourrigan, J. Bluetongue: The disease in cattle/ J. Hourrigan, A. Klingsporn // Aust. Vet. J. 1975. — 51. — P. 170−174.

120. Hourrigan, J.L. Epizootiology of bluetongue: the situation in the United' States of America/ J.L. Hourrigan, A.L. Klingsporn//Aust. Vet. J. — 1975. 51(4). -P. 203−208.

121. House, C. Detection of bluetongue group-specific antibody by competitive ELISA/ G. House, J.A. House/, MiL. Berninger //J. Vet. Diagn. Invest: 1990! -2(2).-P. 137−139.

122. HowardT. I-i. Isolation of bluetongue virus from bull semen/ T.H. Howard, R.A. Bowen, B.W. Pickett//Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 1985. — 178. — P. 127 134.

123. Howell, P.G. A preliminary antigenic classification of strains of bluetongue virus/ P.G. Howell// Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 1960. — 28. — P. 357−363.

124. Howell, P. G, The antigenic classification and distribution of naturally occurring strains of bluetongue virus / P: GHowell // J. S. Afr. Vet. MedAssoc. -1970. -41. -P. 215−223.

125. Howerth, E.W. Experimentally induced bluetongue virus infection in white-tailed deer: ultrastructural findings/ E.W. Howerth, D.E. Tyler //Am: J. Vet. Res. 1988. — 49(11). — P. 1914;1922.

126. Hiibschle, OJ. Bluetongue virus hemagglutination and, its inhibition by specific sera/ O.J. Hiibschle //Arch. Virol. 1980. — 64(2) — - P. 133−140.

127. Hiibschle, O.J. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of bluetongue virus antibodies/ O.J. Hiibschle, R.J. Lorenz, H.D. Matheka //Am. J. Vet. Res. 1981. — 42(1). -P. 61−65:

128. Huismans, H. Bluetongue virus structural components/ H. Huismans, A.A. Van Dijk // Gurr. Top. MicrobiolImmunol. 1990. — 162. — P. 21−41.

129. Huismans, H. Identification of the serotype-specific and group-specific antigens of bluetongue virus/ H. Huismans, B.J. Erasmus //Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res.. -1981.-48. P. 51−58.

130. Hutcheon D. Malarial catarrhal fever of sheep/ D. Hutcheon//Vet. Rec. -1902. 14.-P. 629−633.

131. Hydranencephaly in calves following the bluetongue serotype 8, epidemic in the Netherlands / W. Wouda et al. I J Vet. Rec. 2008: — 162. — P. 422−423.

132. In vitro effects of endotoxin on bovine and sheep lung microvascular and pulmonary artery endothelial cells/ B. Meyrick et al. // J. Cell. Physiol. 1989. -138.-P. 165−174.

133. Inaba, Y. Ibaraki disease and its relation to bluetongue/ Y. Inaba // Aust. Vet. J.-1975.-51.-P. 178−185.

134. Indoor activity of Culicoides associated with livestock in the bluetongue virus (BTV) affected region of northern France during autumn 2006/ T. Baldet et al. // Prev. Vet. Med. 2008. — 87(1−2). — P. 84−97.

135. Interactions between the inner and outer capsids of bluetongue virus/ E.L. Nason et al. //J. Virol. 2004. — 78. — P. 8059−8067.

136. Isolation and identification of bluetongue virus /A. Clavijo et al. //J. Vir. Meth. 2000. — 87. — P. 13−23.

137. Isolation of bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses from mosquitoes collected in Indonesia/ S.E. Brown et al. //Vet. Microbiol. 1992. -32(3−4).-P. 241−252.

138. Isolation of bluetongue virus from sheep in Rajasthan State, India/ G. Prasad et al. //Rev. Sci. Tech. 1994. — 13(3). — P. 935−938.

139. Jennings, M. The effect of paraffin wax embedding procedures on the ability of the fluorescent antibody test to demonstrate bluetongue virus antigen in insect tissue/ M. Jennings, J.P. Boorman// Acta Virol. 1984. — 28(6). — P. 495−500.

140. Jochim, M.M. An overview of diagnostics for bluetongue/ M.M. Jochim // Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 1985. — 178. — P. 423−433.

141. Kettle, D.S. The bionomics and control of Culicoides and Leptoconops (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae=Heleidae)/ D.S. Kettle// Annu. Rev. Entomol. 1962. — 7. -P. 401−418.

142. Komarov, A. A disease similar to bluetongue in cattle and sheep in Israel/ A. Komarov, L. Goldsmit/ZRefuah. Yet. 1951. — 8. — P. 96−100.

143. Laboratory and field studies of an antigen capture ELISA for bluetongue virus/ R.A. Hawkes et al. // J. Virol. Methods. 2000. — 85(1−2). — P. 137−149.

144. Livingston, C.W. Cytochemical changes of bluetongue virus in tissue cultures/ C.W. Livingston, R.W. Moore//Am. J. Vet. Res. 1962. -23. — P. 701−710.

145. Luedke, A.J. Bluetongue in cattle: Effects of calves previously infected in utero/ A.J. Luedke, M.M. Jochim, R.H. Jones// Am. J. Vet. Res. 1977. — 38(11). — P. 1697−1700.

146. Luedke, A.J. Bluetongue in cattle: effects of Culicoides variipennis-transmitted bluetongue virus on pregnant heifers and their calves/ A.J. Luedke, M.M. Jochim, R.H. Jones// Am. J. Vet. Res. 1977. — 38(11). — P. 1687−1695.

147. Luedke, A.J. Bluetongue in cattle: Repeated exposure of two immunologically tolerant calves to bluetongue virus by vector bites/ A.J. Luedke, M.M. Jochim, R.H. Jones// Am. J. Vet. Res. 1977. — 38(11). — P. 1701−1704.

148. Luedke, A.J. Bluetongue in cattle: viremia/ A.J. Luedke, M.M. Jochim, R.H. Jones// Am. J. Vet. Res. 1969. — 30(4). — P. 511−516.

149. Luedke, A.J. Bluetongue virus in goats/ A.J. Luedke, E.I. Anakwenze// Am. J. Vet. Res. 1972. — 33. -P. 1739−1745.

150. Luedke, A.J. Overwintering mechanism for bluetongue virus: Biological recovery of latent virus from a bovine by bites of Culicoides variipennis/ A.J. Luedke, R.H. Jones, T.E. Walton // Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1977. — 26. — P. 313.

151. Luedke, A.J. Preliminary bluetongue Transmission with the sheep ked Melophagus ovinus (L.)/ A.J. Luedke, M.M. Jochim, J.G. Bowne// Can. J. Comp. Med. Vet. Sci. 1965. — 29(9). — P. 229−231.

152. Luedke, A.J. WHO/FAO Working Team Report: Virology/ A.J. Luedke // Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 1985. — 178. — P. 665−668.

153. Lunt, R.A. Evaluation of’a monoclonal antibody blocking ELISA for the detection of group specific antibodies to bluetongue virus experimental and field sera/ R.A. Lunt, J.R. White, S.D. Blacksell//J. Gen. Virol. 1988. — 69. — P: 2729−2740.

154. Mahrt, C.R. Experimental bluetongue virus infection of sheepeffect of vaccination: pathologic, immunofluorescent, and ultrastructural studies/ C.R. Mahrt, B.I. Osburn //Am J Vet Res. 1986. — 47(6). — P. 1198−1203.

155. Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. Chapter 2.1.3. Bluetongue. OIE. — 2009.

156. Martin, S.A. Isolation and characterization of two types of bluetongue virus particles/ S.A. Martin, H.J. Zweerink// Virology. 1972. — 50(2). — P. 495−506.

157. Mason, J.H. Cultivation of bluetongue virus in fertile eggs produced on a vitamin deficient diet/ J.H. Mason, J.D.W.A. Coles, R.A. Alexander// Nature (London). 1940. — 145. — P. 1022.

158. McPhee, D.A. Comparative studies on the growth of Australian bluetongue virus serotypes in continuous cell lines and embryonated chicken eggs/ D.A. McPhee, I.M. Parsonson, A.J. Della-Porta// Vet. Microbiol. 1982. — 7(5). — P. 401−410.

159. Mecham, J.O. Detection of bluetongue virus from blood of infected sheep by use of an antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay after amplification of the virus in cell culture/ J.O. Mecham //Am. J. Vet. Res. 1993. — 54. — P. 370 372.

160. Mellor, PIS. Bluetongue/ P. S. Mellor // State Vet. J. 1994. — 4. — P. 710.

161. Mellor, P. S. Culicoides-biting midges: Their role as arbovirus vectors/ P. S. Mellor, J. Boorman, M. Baylis // Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2000. — 45. — P. 307 340.

162. Mellor, P. S. Culicoides: vectors, climate change and disease risk/ P. S. Mellor// Vet. Bull. 1996. — 66. — P. 301−306.

163. Mellor, P. S., The replication of bluetongue virus in Culicoides vectors/ P. S. Mellor//Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 1990. — 162. — P. 143−161.

164. Mertens, P.P. Analysis of the terminal sequences of the genome segments of four orbiviruses/P.P. Mertens, D.V. Sangar//Virology. 1985. — 140. — P. 55−67.

165. Murray, J.O. Bluetongue virus in North American elk/ J.O. Murray, D.O. Trainer/J. Wildl. Dis. 1970. — 6(3). — P. 144−148.

166. Neitz, W.O. Immunological studies on bluetongue in sheep/ W.O. Neitz// Onderstepoort J. Vet. Sei. Anim. Ind. 1948. — 23. — P. 93−136.

167. Nevill, E.M. Cattle and Culicoides biting midges as possible overwintering hosts of bluetongue virus/ E. M! Nevill //Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. -1971.-38.-P. 65−72.

168. Niedbalski, W. Detection of bluetongue virus in blood samples jf infected ruminants by RT-PCR for genome segment 7/W. Niedbalski// Bull. Vet. Inst. Pulawy. 2007. — 51. — P. 199−201.

169. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare on-request from the Commission on bluetongue: Bluetongue vectors and insecticides// EFSA J. -2008.-735.-P. 1−70.

170. Papadopoulos, O. Bluetongue control strategies/ O. Papadopoulos, P. S. Mellor, P.P. Mertens/ZBluetongue/ eds. P. S. Mellor, M. Baylis, P.P. Mertens. -AmsterdamLondon. 2008. — P. 429−452.

171. Parsonson, I. Overview of bluetongue virus infection in sheep/ I. Parsonson // Bluetongue, African Horse Sickness, and Related Orbiviruses. -1991. -P. 713−724.

172. Pearson, J.E. Protocol for the immunodiffusion test for bluetongue/ J.E. Pearson, M.M. Jochim// Proc. Am. Assoc. Vet. Lab. Diagn. 1979. — 22. — P. 463 471.

173. Performance of clinical signs to detect bluetongue virus serotype 8 outbreaks in cattle and sheep during the 2006;epidemic in The Netherlands/A.R. Elbers et al. //Vet. Microbiol.- 2008. 129. — P. 156−162.

174. Persistence of bluetongue virus in the insect vector and its implications for disease control / J.O. Mecham et al. // US Animal Health Assoc. Proc. 2005. -108.-P. 100−107.

175. Pini, A. Concentration of bluetongue virus in experimentally infected sheep and virus identification by immune fluorescence technique/ A. Pini, W. Coackley, H. Ohder //Arch. Gesamte Virusforsch. 1966. — 18(4). — P. 385−390.

176. Pini, A. Study on the pathogenesis of bluetongue: replication of the virus in the organs of infected sheep/ A. Pini //Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 1976. — 43(4). — P. 159−164.

177. Portanti, O. Rapid detection of bluetongue virus in blood and organ samples using a capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay/ O. Portanti, M. Luciani, G. F Ronchi //Vet. Ital. 2005. -41(1). — P. 15−21.142.

178. Potential role of ticks as vectors of bluetongue virus/ C. Bouwknegt et al.// Exp. Appl. Acarol. 2010. — 52(2). — P. 183−192.

179. Prevalence of bluetongue virus expression in leukocytes from experimentally infected’ruminants/ J.A. Ellis et al. / Am: J: Vet. Res. 1993. -54(9).-P. 1452−1456.

180. Purified recombinant bluetongue virus VP1 exhibits RNA* replicase activity/ M. Boyce et al. // J. Virol. 2004. — 78. — P. 3994−4002.

181. Quantitative assessment of the probability of bluetongue virus overwintering by horizontal transmission: application to Germany / S. Napp et al. // Vet. Res. 2011. — 42(1). — P. 4.

182. Rapid screening of embryonated chicken eggs for bluetongue virus infection with an antigen capture enzyme linked immunosorbent assay/ M. Hosseini et al. //J. Virol. Methods. 1998. — 75(1). — P. 39−46.

183. Reddington, J J. A competitive ELISA for detection of antibodies to the group antigen of bluetongue virus/ J.J. Reddington, G.M. Reddington, N.J. MacLachlan//J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 1991. — 3(2). — P. 144−147.

184. Reed, L.J. A simple method of estimating fifty percent endpoints/ L.J. Reed, H.A. Muench // Am: J. Hyg. 1938. — 27. — P. 493—497.

185. Review of the IAEA meeting in Vienna on Standardisation of the competitive ELISA test and reagents for the diagnosis of bluetongue/ M. Jeggo et al.// Proc. Second International Symposium, Paris, CRC Press, Boca Raton. 1992. -P. 547−560.

186. Richards, W.P.C. Bluetongue virus infection: Pathologic responses of nervous systems in sheep and mice/ W.P.C. Richards, D.R. Cordy// Science. 1967. -156(774).-P. 530−531.

187. Richards, W.P.C. Hydranencephaly of calves associated with natural bluetongue virus infection/ W.P.C. Richards, G.L. Crenshaw, R.B. Bushnell// Cornell. Vet. 1971. — 61(2). — P. 336−348.

188. Roy, P. Bluetongue virus proteins/ P. Roy// J. Gen. Virol. 1992. — 73. -P. 3051−3064.

189. Roy, P. Structure of bluetongue virus genome and its encoded proteins/ P. Roy, J.J.A. Marshall, T.J. French// Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 1990. — 162. -P. 43−87.

190. Salt-dependent hemagglutination with bluetongue virus/ S. Tokuhisa et al. // Arch. Virol. 198k — 70(1). — P. 75−78.

191. Schmidt, R.E. Cerebral malformation in fetal lambs from a bluetongue-enzootic flock/ R.E. Schmidt, R.J. Panciera// J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1973. -162(7).-P. 567−568.

192. Seasonal dynamics of biting midges (Diptera:Ceratopogonidae, Culicoides spp.) on daiiy farms of Central Germanyduring the 2007/2008 epidemic of bluetongue/ P. Clausen et al. // Parasitol. Res. 2009. -105. — P.381−386.

193. Sellers, R.F. Epidemiology of bluetongue and the import and export of livestock, semen and embryos/ R.F. Sellers, W.P. Taylor // Bull. Off. Int. Epizoot. -1980.-92.-P. 587−592.

194. Seminal shedding of bluetongue virus in experimentally infected mature bulls/ R.A. Bowen et al. //Am. J. Vet. Res. 1983. — 44(12). — P. 2268−2270.

195. Seroepizootiological survey on bluetongue virus infection in cattle in Japan/ Y. Miura et al. // Natl. Inst. Anim. Health. Q (Tokyo). 1982. — 22 (4). — P. 154—158.

196. Serologic surveillance for selected viral agents in captive and free-ranging populations of Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx) from Saudi Arabia and The United Arab Emirates/K. Frolich et al.//J. of Wildl. Dis.- 2005. 41(1).- P.67−79.

197. Serosurvey for selected infectious disease agents in free-ranging black and white rhinoceros in Africa/ C. Fischer-Tenhagen et al. //J. Wildl. Dis. — 2000. -36(2).-P. 316−323.

198. Shimshony, A. Bluetongue in Israel a brief historical overview/ A. Shimshony// Vet. Ital. — 2004. — 40 (3). — P. 116—118.

199. Shringi, S. Comparative efficacy of standard AGID, CCIE and competitive ELISA for detecting bluetongue virus antibodies in indigenous breeds ofsheep and goats in Rajasthan, India/ S. Shringi, B.N. Shringi// J. Vet. Sci. 2005. -6(1).-P. 77−79.

200. Singer, R.S. Maximal predicted duration of viraemia in bluetongue virus-infected cattle/ R.S. Singer, NJ. MacLachlan, T.E. Carpenter // J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. -2001.-13.-P. 43−49.

201. Sohn, R. Bluetongue and epizootic haemorrhagic disease in wild ruminants/ R. Sohn, T. Yuill // Bull. Soc. Vector. Ecol. 1991. — 16. — P. 17−24*.

202. Spreull, J. Malarial catarrhal fever (bluetongue) of sheep in4 South Africa/J. Spreull //J. Comp. Pathol. Ther. 1905. — 18. — P.321−337.

203. Stott, J.L. Bluetongue virus in pregnant elk and their calves/ J.L. Stott, L.H. Lauerman, A.J. Luedke //Am. J. Vet. Res. 1982. — 43(3). — P. 423−428.

204. Stott, J.L. Immune response to bluetongue virus infection/ J.L. Stott, B.I. Osburn// Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 1990. — 162. — P. 163−178.

205. Stott, J.L. Ornithodorus coriaceus (Pajaroello tick) as a vector of bluetongue virus/ J.L. Stott, B.I. Osburn, L. Alexander // Am. J. Vet. Res. 1985. -46.-P. 1197−1199.

206. Structural studies of orbivirus particles/ D.I. Stuart et al. // Arch. Virol. Suppl. 1998. — 14. — P. 235−250.

207. Studdert, M.J. Sensitivity of bluetongue virus to ether and sodium deoxycholate/ M.J. Studdert // Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1965. — 118. — P. 10 061 009.

208. Studies on bluetongue II. Complement-fixing activity of ovine and bovine sera/ A. Robertson et al. // Can. J. Comp. Med. Vet. Sci. 1965. — 29. — P. 113−117.

209. Studies on bluetongue V. Detection of the vims in infected materials by immunofluorescence/ G. M. Ruckerbauer et al. // Can. J. Comp. Med. Vet. Sci. -1967.-31(7).-P. 175−181.

210. Studies on bluetongue: III Comparison of two complement-fixation methods/ P. Boulanger et al. //Can. J. Comp. Med. Vet. Sci. 1967. — 31. — P. 166 170.

211. Studies on fluorescent and neutralising antibodies to the bluetongue virus in sheep/ A. Pini et al. // Arch, fur ges. Virus. 1968. — 25. — P. 129−136.

212. Studies on overwintering of bluetongue viruses in insects/ D.M. White et al. // J. Gen. Virol. 2005. — 86. — P. 453−462.

213. Studies on the epidemiology of bluetongue virus in China/ P.D. Rirkland-et al. // Epidemiol. Infect. 2002. — 128(2). — P. 257−263.

214. Svehag, S: E. Quantal and graded dose-responses of bluetongue virus: A comparison oftheir sensitivity as assay methods for neutralizing antibody/ S. E. Svehag // J. Hyg. 64(2). — P. 231−244.

215. Svehag, S.E. Sensitivity of bluetongue virus to lipid solvents, trypsin and pH changes and its serological relationship to arboviruses/ S.E. Svehag, L. Leendertsen, J.R. Gorham //J. Hyg. (Lond). 1966. — 64(3). — P. 339−346.

216. T lymphocyte subset alterations following bluetongue virus infection in sheep and cattle/ J.A. Ellis et al. // Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 1990. — 24. — P. 49−67.

217. Taylor, W.P. Distribution of bluetongue virus in Turkey, 1978;81/ W.P. Taylor, P. S. Mellor // Epidemiol. Infect. 1994. — 112. — P. 623−633.

218. Temporal relationships of viremia, interferon activity, and antibody responses of sheep infected with several bluetongue virus strains/ N.M. Foster et al. // Am. J. Vet. Res. 1991. — 52(2). — P. 192−196.

219. Tessaro, S.V. Duration of bluetongue viremia in experimentally infected American bison/ S.V. Tessaro, A. Clavijo// J. of Wildl. Dis. 2001. — 37(4). — P. 722 729.

220. The 2006 outbreak of bluetongue in northern Europe-the entomological perspective/ R. Meiswinkel et al. // Prev. Vet. Med. 2008. — 87. — P. 55−63.

221. The epizootiological occurrence of bluetongue in the central Balkans/ B. Djurcic et al.// Vet. Ttal. 2004. — 40 (3). — P. 105−107.

222. The isolation of a bluetongue serotype new to Australia/ G.P. Gard et al. // Aust. Vet. J. 1987. 64. — P. 87−88.

223. Theisolation of a Bluetonguevirus from Culicoides collected in the: Northen Territory of Australia/ T.D. St. George et al. //Aust. Vet. J. 1978. — 54. -P. 153−154.

224. The isolation of bluetongue virus from field populations of the obsoletus complex in central ltaly/ G. Savini et al. // Vet. Ital. 20 041 — 40 (3). — P. 369−373.

225. The isolation of bluetongue vims types 3 and 16 from northern Australia/G.P. Gard et al. // Aust. Vet. J. 1987. — 64(12). — P. 388.

226. The isolation of two bluetongue vimses from healthy cattle in Australia/ T.D. St. George et al.//Aust. Vet. J. 1980. — 56. — P. 562−563. .

227. The pathogenesis of experimental bluetongue vims infection of calves/ N. JMacLachlan et al. // Vet. Pathol. 1990. — 27(4). — P. 223−229.

228. The use of tissue culture propagatedbluetongue"vims for complement fixation studies on sheep sera/ D. K. Shone et al. // Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. — 1956.-27.-P.- 179.

229. Theiler, A. Inoculation of sheep against bluetongue and results in practice/ A. Theiler//Vet. J. 1908. — 64. — P. 600−607.

230. Thomas, F-C. Bluetongue vims: (1) In pregnant white-tailed?deer, (2) A plaque reduction neutralization test/ F. C Thomas., D.O. Trainer // J. Wildl. Dis. — 1970.-6(4).-P. 384−388.

231. Thomas, F.G. Bluetongue vims: Some relationships among North American isolates and further comparisons with EHD virus/ F. C Thomas., D.O. Trainer// Can. J. Comp. Med. 1971. -35(3). -P. 187−191.

232. Thomas,, F.C. Comparison of some storage and isolation methods to recover bluetongue vims from bovine blood/ F.G. Thomas// Can: J. Comp. Med. — 1984.-48(1).-P. 108−110.

233. ThrusfieldM. Veterinary epidemiology. 3rd edition. Blackwell Science, Oxford, England, 2005. 600 p.

234. Transplacental bluetongue infection in cattle/ K. De Clerq et al. // Vet. Rec. 2008. — 162(17). — P. 564.

235. Transplacental infection and apparently immunotolerance induced by a wild-type bluetongue virus serotype 8 natural infection/ K. De Clercq et al. // Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 2008. — 55(8). — P. 352−359.

236. Transplacental transmission of bluetongue virus 8 in cattle, UK/ K.E. Darpel et al. // Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2009. — 15. — P. 2025;2028.

237. Van den Ende, M. Experiments with the Cyprus strain of bluetongue virus: Multiplication in the central nervous system of mice and complement fixation/ M. Van den Ende," A. Linder, V. R. Kaschula // J. Hyg. 1954. — 52(2). — P. 155−164.

238. Van der Walt, N.T. A haemagglutination and haemagglutination inhibition test for bluetongue virus / N.T. van der Walt// Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. — 1980.-47(2).-P. 113−117.

239. Veronesi, E. Live attenuated bluetongue vaccine viruses in Dorset Poll sheep, before and after passage in vector midges- (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)/ E. Veronesi, C. Hamblin, P. S. Mellor//Vaccine. -2005. 23(48−49). — P. 5509−5516.

240. Vertical transmission of bluetongue virus serotype 8 virus in Dutch dairy herds in 2007 / I.M.G.A. Santman-Berends et al. // Vet. Microbiol. 2010. — 141. -P. 31−35.

241. Verwoerd, D.W. Bluetongue/ D.W. Verwoerd, B.J. Erasmus// Infectious Diseases ot Livestock with special reference to Southern Africa. Coetzer J.A.W., Thomson G.R., Tustin R.C. (Eds.). Oxford Univ. Press. — 1994. — P. 443—459.

242. Verwoerd, D.W. Orbiviruses/ D.W. Verwoerd, H. Huismans, B.J. Erasmus// Comprehensive Virology. 1979. — 14. — P. 285−345.

243. Verwoerd, D.W. Studies on the in vitro and in vivo transcription of the bluetongue virus genome/ D. W. Verwoerd, H. Huismans// Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. -1972.-39(4).-P. 185−191.

244. Wang, C.S. Soluble antigen of bluetongue virus/ C.S. Wang, D.C. Lueker, T.L. Chow // Infect. Immun. 1972. — 5(4). — P. 467−473.

245. Wechsler, S.J. Detection of bluetongue virus by using bovine endothelial cells and embryonated chicken eggs/ S.J. Wechsler, A.J. Luedke// J. Clin. Microbiol. -1991.-29(1).-P. 212−214.

246. Wechsler, S.J. Susceptibilities of 14 cell lines to bluetongue virus infection/ S.J. Wechsler, L.E. McHolland// J. Clin. Microbiol. 1988. — 26(11). — P. 2324−2327.

247. White, D.M. Lack of detectable bluetongue virus in skin of seropositive cattle: implications for vertebrate overwintering of bluetongue virus/D.M. White, J.O. Mecham//Vet. Ital. 2004. — 40 (4). -P. 513−519.

248. Wilson, A. Where does bluetongue virus sleep in the winter? / A. Wilson, K. Darpel, P. S. Mellor//PLoS Biol. 2008. — 6 (8, e210). — P. 1612−1617.

249. Wilson, A.J. Bluetongue in Europe: past, present and future/ A.J. Wilson, P. S. Mellor// Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sei. 2009. — 364. — P. 2669−2681.

250. Титр вируса в исследуемых образцах крови составил от 0,75 до 4,5 lg ЭЛД50/0,1 см (Протокол № 1). Титр вируса в культуре клеток определить не удалось, т.к. на первых трех пассажах ЦПД не обнаружили (Протокол № 3).

251. С использованием куриных эмбрионов вирус блютанга выделен из всех исследуемых образцов (Протокол № 1). Вирус выделен после 1-го пассажа на куриных эмбрионах и последующих 2−3 пассажей в культуре клеток.