Клинико-вирусологические варианты течения хронических вирусных гепатитов и персонифицированная противовирусная терапия
Диссертация
Вирусом гепатита С (ВГС) в мире по мнению разных авторов заражено от 130 до 200 млн. человек, а распространенность НСУ-инфекции имеет географические различия. Естественное течение НСУ-инфекции характеризуется развитием у 50−90% инфицированных лиц хронического гепатита с медленными темпами последующего прогрессирования заболевания. По мнению большинства авторов у 25% больных хроническим гепатитом… Читать ещё >
Список литературы
- Абдурахманов Д.Т. Хронические гепатиты В и Б, Москва: ГЭОТАР1. Медиа, 20Юг, с 296.
- Анисимов Л.А. Поражение печени при саркоидозе. Автореферат дисс. канд. мед. наук, Москва, 1987.
- Балаян М.С., Полещук В. Ф. Вирусные гепатиты у приматов: экспериментальное заражение и естественное течение. Вирусные гепатиты 1998- 3: 3−12.
- Богомолов Б.П. Вирусные гепатиты в кн. «Инфекционные болезни: неотложная диагностика, лечение, профилактика» изд. «Ньюдиамед» Москва, 2007, стр.401 415.
- Богомолов Б.П. Клинико-иммунологическая характеристика вирусногогепатита (вопросы иммунопатологии и иммунодиагностики). Автореферат дис. на соиск. учен. степ, д-ра мед. наук. Москва 1973 г.
- Воронкова Н.В. Хронический гепатит С с нормальным уровнем трансаминаз: клиника, диагностика, тактика ведения больных. Автореферат дис. к.м.н. Москва 2002 г.
- Громова Н.И., Кюрегян К. К., Михайлов М. И. и др. Влияниеинфицирования вирусом ТТ на течение и эффективность лечения хронических вирусных гепатитов. Инфекционные болезни 2011, 1: 14−18.
- Гусев Д. А. Хронический гепатит С: течение, прогноз и лечение больныхв военно-медицинских учреждениях. Автореф. дис. на соиск. ученой степени д-ра мед. наук. СПб. 2006.
- Дмитриев П. Н., Кюрегян К. К., Михайлов М. И. и др. вВУ-С-инфекция у
- ВИЧ-инфицированных пациентов в Российской Федерации // Вопросы вирусологии 2010, № 1, С: 23−26. Ю. Дьяков И. П. Особенности клинической картины и лечения НСУ-инфекции у пожилых. Автореф. дис. на соиск. ученой степени канд. мед. наук. М.- 2005 г.
- П.Ибрагимова М. М. Автореферат дисс. к.м.н. Хронический HBeAg-негативный гепатит В (клинико-морфологическая характеристика, особенности течения). М, 2004.
- Ивашкин В.Т., Лобзин Ю. В., Сторожаков Г. И., Ющук Н.Д.
- Эффективность и безопасность 48-недельной терапии пэгинтерфероном альфа-2а и рибавирином у первичных больных хроническим гепатитом С. Клин, фармакол. тер. 2007- 1: 1−5.
- Идрисова Л.Р. Значение латентной HBV-инфекции в прогрессировании хронических заболеваний печени. Диссерт.канд.мед.наук 2008 г.
- Идрисова Л.Р., Лопаткина Т. Н. Клиническое значение латентной HBVинфекции в прогрессировании хронического гепатита С. Клиническая гепатология. 2009- 3- 7−10.
- Ильченко Л.Ю., Карлович Т. И. Клинико-вирусологические особенностимикст-гепатитов. Сборник трудов ИПВЭ им. М. П. Чумакова РАМН, 2007- С: 297−302.
- Ильченко Л.Ю., Шарафанова Т. И., Шепелева С. Д., Серова Т. И. Антителак вирусу гепатита G у пациентов с хроническими заболеваниями печени. Гепатология 2003- 5: 4−6.
- Ильянкова A.A. Автореферат дисс. к. м. н. Хронический гепатит В с внепеченочными проявлениями. Клиническая характеристика и особенности течения. М., 2001.
- Лобзин Ю. В., Жданов К. В., Волжанин В. М. Вирусные гепатиты.
- Клиника, диагностика, лечение. 2006 г.
- Логинов A.C., Шарафанова Т. И., Решетняк В. И. и др. HGV и TTVновые вирусы гепатитов. Терапевтический архив 2000- 72: 9−13.
- Логинов A.C., Львов Д. К., Шарафанова Т. И. и др. Выявление вирусагепатита G при хронических заболеваниях печени. Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии 1999- 1: 23−31.
- Майер К.П. Гепатит и последствия гепатита: Практ. руководство / Пер. снем. М.: Медицина, 1999 — 432 с.
- Михайлов М.И. Гепатит G: проблемы изучения. Вирусные гепатиты1997- 1:3−11.
- Михайлова Е. А. Гепатит С, сравнительная характеристика факторов, определяющих исходы острой и течение хронической фазы болезни. Автореф. дис. на соиск. учен. степ. канд. мед. наук. Н. Новгород -2004г.
- Морозов И.А., Северов М. В., Ильченко Л. Ю. Алгоритм наблюдениямедицинских работников при контакте с биоматериалом, инфицированным вирусом гепатита С. Мир вирусных гепатитов. 20 Юг, № 2, стр. 15−19.
- Соринсон С.Н. Вирусные гепатиты. Издательство Теза, Санкт-Петербург, 1998 г.
- Тетова В.Б., Беляева Н. М. Безопасность и эффективность применения Себиво у взрослых НВе-негативных пациентов с компенсированным хроническим гепатитом В. Инфекционные болезни, 2011, 3 (9), с 25−30.
- Фукс М. Гепатиты. Рациональная диагностика и терапия / пер. с нем. подред. А.О. Буеверова/ М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2010- 240 с.
- Шахгильдян И.В., Михайлов М. И., Онищенко Г. Г. Парентеральныевирусные гепатиты (эпидемиология, диагностика, профилактика). М., ГОУ ВУНМЦ МЗ РФ, 2003. 384 с.
- Ющук Н.Д., Климова Е. А., Знойко О. О. с соавт. Вирусные гепатиты. Клиника, диагностика и лечение. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2012- 160 с.
- Ющук Н.Д., Климова Е. А., Знойко О. О. и др. Протокол диагностики илечения больных вирусными гепатитами В и С. Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии и колопроктологии. 2010- 6: 23−26.
- Aach RD, Alter HJ, Hollinger FB et al. Risk of transfusing blood containingantibody to hepatitis В surface antigen. Lancet 1974- 2: 190−193.
- Afdhal N. The natural history of hepatitis C. Semin Liver Dis 2004- 24: 3−8.
- Ahn S.H., Park Y.N., Park J.Y. Long-term clinical and histological outcomesin patients with spontaneous hepatitis B surface antigen seroclearance. J Hepatology 2005- 42: 188−194.
- Alberti A., Benvegnu L. Manegment of hepatitis C. J Hepatology, 2003- 42: 92−97.
- Alter H.J. The cloning and clinical implications of HGV and HGBV-C. N
- Engl. J. Med. 1996- 334: 1536−7.
- Andriulli A, Dalgard O, Bjoro K, Mangia A. Short-term treatment duration for
- HCV-2 and HCV-3 infected patients. Dig Liver Dis. 2006 Oct- 38(10): 741 748.
- Arase Y., Suzuki F., Suzuki Y. et al. Long-term presence of HBV in the seraof chronic hepatitis B patients with HBsAg seroclearance. Intervirology 2007- 50: 161−165.
- Ascione A., De Luca M., Tartaglione MT et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin is more effective than peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin for treating chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Gastroenterology 2010- 138: 116−122.
- Bacon B.R. Treatment of patients with hepatitis C and normal serumaminotransferase levels. Hepatology 2002 Nov- 36 (5 Suppl 1): SI79−84.
- Bartosch B, Thimme R, Blum HE, Zoulim F. Hepatitis C virus-inducedhepatocarcinogenesis. J Hepatol 2009- 51: 810−820.
- Basuni A., Carman W., Hepatitis B and D protocols. Humana press Inc. 2004−1. Vol.1.
- Berg T, Sarrazin C, Herrmann E et al. Prediction of treatment outcome inpatients with chronic hepatitis C: significance of baseline parameters and viral dynamics during therapy. Hepatology 2003- 37: 600−609.
- Bolukbas C., Bolukbas FF., Kebdir T., et al. Development of sarcoidosisduring interferon alpha 2b and ribavirin combination therapy for chronic hepatitis C a case report and review of the literature. Acta Gastroenterology Belg. 2005- 68(4): 432−434.
- Bonardi R, Tabone M, Manca A, Pellicano R, Ciancio A, Rizzetto M. Short duration treatment in genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C patients with rapid virologic response to pegylated interferon plus ribavirin. Biomed Pharmacother. 2011 Jul- 65(4): 303−306.
- Bozdayi A.M., Uzunalimog O., Turkyilmaz A.R. et al. YSDD: a novelmutation in HBV DNA polymerase confers clinical resistance to lamivudine. J Viral Hepatitis. 2003- Vol. 10: 256−265.
- Brunetto M.R., Moriconi F, Bonino F. et al. Hepatitis B virus surface antigenlevels: a guide to sustained response to peginterferon alfa-2a in HBeAg-negativ chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2009- 49: 1141 1150.
- Bruno R, Sacchi P, Ciappina C et al. Viral dynamics and pharmacokinetics ofpeginterferon alpha-2a and peginterferon alpha-2b in naive patients with chronic hepatitis C: a randomized, controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Therap. 2007- 26: 369−376.
- Buster E.H., Hansen B.E., Lau G.K. et al. Sustained HBeAg and HBsAg lossafter long-term follow-up of HBeAg-positive patiens treated with peginterferon alpha. AASLD 2007, Poster 9.
- Buti M, Lurie Y, Zakharova NG, Blokhina NP et al. Randomized trial ofpeginterferon alfa-2b and ribavirin for 48 or 72 weeks in patients with hepatitis С virus genotype 1 and slow virologic response. Hepatology 2010- 52: 1201−1207.
- Cacoub P., Sbai A., Frances C. et al. Systemic sarcoidosis during interferonalpha therapy for chronic hepatitis С virus infection. Gastroenterol. Clin, Biol. 2000- 24: 364−366.
- Carlsson T, Quist A, Weiland O. Rapid viral response and treatment outcomein genotype 2 and 3 chronic hepatitis C: comparison between two HCV RNA quantitation methods. J Med Virol. 2008 May-80(5): 803−807.
- Carman W.F. The clinical significance of surface antigen variants of hepatitis
- В virus. J. Viral. Hepat- 1997- Vol. 4: 11−20.
- Carman W.F., Fagan E.A., Hadziyannis S.J. et al. Association of a precoregenomic variant of hepatitis В virus with fulminant hepatitis. Hepatology 1991- 14:219−222.
- Celik G., Sen E., Ulger A.F. et al. Sarcoidosis caused by interferon therapy.
- Respirology 2005- 10(4): 535−540.
- Chan H.L., Tse C.H., Mo F., et al. High viral load and hepatitis В virussubgenotype С are associated with increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin. Oncology 2008- 26: 177−82.
- Chang T.T., Gish R.G., de Man R.A. et al. A comparison of entecavir andlamivudine for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. N England J Med 2006- 354: 1001 1010.
- Chaudhuri V., Tayal R., Nayak B. et al. Occult hepatitis В virus infection inchronic liver disease: full-length genome and analysis of mutant surface promoter. Gastroenterol. 2004- vol. 127: 1356−1371.
- Chen C.J., Iloeje U.H., Jen C.L. Факторы риска и прогноза смертности прихронической инфекции, вызванной вирусом гепатита В. Клиническая гастроэнтерология и гепатология. 2009- 1: 51−62.
- Chen C.J., Yang H.I., Su J., et al. Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma across abiological gradient of serum hepatitis B virus DNA level. JAMA 2006- 295: 65−73.
- Chen CJ, Yang HI. Natural history of chronic hepatitis B REVEALed.
- Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011- 26(4): 628−38.
- Chen M.F., Salberg M., Hughes J. et al. Immune tolerance split betweenhepatitis B virus precore and core proteins. J. Virol. 2005- 79: 3016 3027.
- Chen Y.C., Sheen I.S., Chu C.M., Liaw Y.F. Prognosis following spontaneous
- HBsAg clearance in chronic hepatitis B patients with or without concurrent infection. Gastroenterology 2002- 123: 1084−89.
- Chu C.J., Hussain V., Lok A.S. Quantitative serum HBV DNA levels duringdifferent stages of chronic hepatitis B infection. Hepatology 2002- 36: 14 081 415.
- Chu C.M., Hung S.J., Lin J. et al. Natural history of hepatitis B e antigen toantibody seroconversion in patients with normal serum aminotransferase levels. Am J Med 2004- 116: 829−834.
- Chu C.M., Liaw Y.F. HbsAg seroclearance in asymptomatic carriers of highendemic areas: appreciably high rates during a long-term follow-up. Hepatology 2007- 45: 1187−1192.
- Chu CJ, Lee SD. Hepatitis B virus/hepatitis C virus coinfection: epidemiology, clinical features, viral interactions and treatment. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008- 23: 512−520.
- Colonno R., Rose R., Baldick C. Entecavir resistance is rare in nucleoside naiive patients with hepatitis B. Hepatol. 2006- Vol. 44- 1656−1665.
- Craxi A., Di Bona D., Camm C. Interferon-alfa for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatology 2007- 39: 99- 105.
- Craxi A., Dusheiko G., Flisiak R. et al. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines:
- Management of hepatitis C. J Hepatology 2011- 55: 245−264.
- Dalgard O, Bjoro K, Helium KB et al. Treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavarin in HCV infection with genotype 2 or 3 for 14 weeks: a pilot study. Hepatology 2004- 40: 1260−1265.
- Dalgard O, Bjoro K, Ring-Larsen H. Et al. Pegylated interferon alfa andribavirin for 14 versus 24 weeks in patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 2 or 3 and rapid virological response. Hepatology. 2008 Jan- 47(1): 35−42.
- Davis GL, Wong JB, McHutchison JG, Manns MP et all. Early virologicresponse to treatment with peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2003- 38: 645−652.
- Davis GL. Monitoring of viral levels during therapy of hepatitis C. J Hepatol.2002- 36: 145−151.
- Desai SM, Muerhoff AS, Leary TP, Erker JC, Simons JN, Chalmers ML,
- Birkenmeyer LG, Pilot-Matias TJ, Mushahwar IK. Prevalence of TT virus infection in US blood donors and populations at risk for acquiring parenterally transmitted viruses. J Infect Dis 1999- 179: 1242−1244.
- Di Bisceglie AM, Ghalib RH, Hamzeh FM, Rustgi VK. Early virologicresponse after peginterferon alpha-2a plus ribavirin or peginterferon alpha-2b plus ribavirin treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Viral Hepatitis. 2007- 14: 721−729.
- Diago M, Shiftman ML, Bronowicki JP, Zeuzem S, Rodriguez-Torres M,
- Pappas SC, Tietz A, Nelson DR. Identifying hepatitis C virus genotype 2/3 patients who can receive a 16-week abbreviated course of peginterferon alfa-2a (40KD) plus ribavirin. Hepatology. 2010- 51(6): 1897−903.
- Dienstag JL, McHutchison JG. American Gastroenterological Associationmedical position statement on the management of hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 2006- 130: 225−230.
- EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines Management of chronic hepatitis B. J. Hepatology 2009- 50 (in press).
- EASL International Consensus Conference on Hepatitis C. Paris, 26−28,
- February 1999, European Association for the Study of the Liver. J Hepatol. 1999 May- 30 (5): 956−61.
- Esteban JI, Sauleda S, Quer J. The changing epidemiology of hepatitis C virusinfection in Europe. J Hepatol 2008- 48: 148−162.
- Fank M.L., Rosenberg D.M., Lok A.S. World-wide epidemiology of HBeAgnegative chronic hepatitis B and associated pre-cor and cor-promoter variants. J. Viral Hepatol 2002- 9: 52−61.
- Farnik H, Lange CM, Sarrazin C et all. Meta-analysis shows extended therapyimproves response of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010- 8: 884−890.
- Farooqi JI, Farooqi RJ. Conventional interferon alfa-2b and ribavirin for 12 versus 24 weeks in HCV genotype 2 or 3. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2008 Oct- 18(10): 620−624.
- Farrell G, Cooksley W, Dudley F. Intensive six month course of interferontreatment for chronic hepatitis C and cirrhosis. J Hepatology, 1995- 22: 118.
- Fattovich G, Zagni I, Fornaciari G. et al. Efficacy of prolonged 5 million unitsof interferon in combination with ribavirin for relapser patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Viral Hepat, 2003- 10(2): 111−117.
- Fattovich G. Natural history and prognosis of hepatitis B. Semin. Liver. Dis.2003- 23 (1): 45−48.
- Fattovich G. Natural history of hepatitis B. J Hepatology 2003- 39: 50−58.
- Fattovich G., Pantalena M., Zagni I. et al. Effect of hepatitis B and C virusinfections on the natural history of compensated cirrhosis: a cohort study of 297 patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002- 97: 2886 95.
- Ferenci P, Laferl H, Scherzer TM et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a and ribavirin for24 weeks in hepatitis C type 1 and 4 patients with rapid virological response. Gastroenterology 2008- 135: 451158.
- Ferenci P, Laferl H, Scherzer TM et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a/ribavirin for 48 or 72 weeks in hepatitis С genotypes 1 and 4 patients with slow virologic response. Gastroenterology 2010- 138: 503−512.
- Ferenci P. Пегилированный интерферон и рибавирин при хроническомгепатите С, роль комбинированной терапии сегодня, завтра и в будущем. Клиническая гепатология 2006- 2(3): 22−32.
- Flisiak R, Parfieniuk A. Investigational drugs for hepatitis С. Expert Opin1. vest Drugs 2010- 19: 63−75.
- Foster GR, Fried MW, Hadziyannis SJ et al. Prediction of sustainedvirological response in chronic hepatitis С patients. Scand J Gastroenterol 2007- 42(2): 247−255.
- Franchis R, Meucci G, Vecchi M et al. The natural history of asymptomatichepatitis В surface antigen carriers. Ann Intern Med 1993- 118: 191−194.
- Fried MW, Shiftman ML, Reddy KR et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirinfor chronic hepatitis С virus infection. New Engl J Med 2002- 347: 975−982.
- Ganem D, Prince A. Hepatitis В virus infection—natural history and clinicalconsequences. N Engl J Med 2004- 350: 1118−1129.
- Garcia F. Jr, Garcia F, Roldan С, et al. Detection of HCV and GBV-CHGV RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with chronic type С hepatitis. Microbiol 2000- 103: 7−15.
- Ge DL, Fellay J, Thompson AJ et al. Genetic variation in IL28B predicts hepatitis С treatment-induced viral clearance. Nature 2009- 461: 399−401.
- Gerner P, Oettinger R, Gerner W, Falbrede J, Wirth S. Mother-to-infant transmission of TT virus: prevalence, extent and mechanism of vertical transmission. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000- 19: 1074−1077.
- Ghendon YZ. World health organization strategy for control of hepatitis B. Control of virus disease N-Y, 1993: 141 164
- Goncales, F. L. Jr. et al. Weight-based combination therapy with peginterferon alpha-2b and ribavirin for Naive, relapser and non-responderpatients with chronic hepatitis C. Braz J. Infection Disease. 2006 Oct- 10 (5): 311−316.
- Goto K, Sugiyama K, Ando T, Mizutani F, Terabe K, Tanaka K, Nishiyama M, Wada Y. Detection rates of TT virus DNA in serum of umbilical cord blood, breast milk and saliva. Tohoku J Exp Med 2000- 191: 203−207.
- Guenther S., Fischer L., Pult I. et al. Naturally occurring variants of hepatitis B virus. Adv. Vir. Res 1999- 52: 25−37.
- Guenther S., Mark N., Thomas L. et al. Combination of tenofovir and lamivudine versus tenofovir after lamivudine failure for therapy of hepatitis B in HIV-coinfection. AIDS 2006- 20: 1951−1954.
- Hadziyannis S.J., Papatheodoridis G.V. Hepatits B e antigen negative chronic hepatitis B: natural history and treatment. Semin. Liver Dis., 2006- 26: 130−141.
- Hadziyannis SJ, Sette IH, Morgan TR et al. Peginterferon-alpha2a and ribavirin combination therapy in chronic hepatitis C: a randomized study of treatment duration and ribavirin dose. Ann intern Med 2004- 140: 346−355.
- Hie-Won H., Dixon J. A review of the one-year incidence of resistance to lamivudinein the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatol. Int. 2008- 2: 440-^56.
- Hino S, Miyata H. Torque teno virus (TTV): current status. Rev Med Virol. 2007- 17(1): 45−57.
- Hino S. TTV, a new human virus with single stranded circular DNA genome. Rev Med Virol. 2002- 12(3): 151−8.
- Hoffmann R.M., Jung M-C, Motz R. et al. Sarcoidosis associated with interferon-a therapy for chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatology 1998- 28: 10 581 063.
- Hollinger FB, Sood G. Occult hepatitis B virus infection: a covert operation. Journal of Viral Hepatitis, 2010- 17: 1−15.
- Hollinger FB. Hepatitis B virus infection and transfusion medicine: science and the occult. Transfusion 2008- 48: 1001−1026.
- Hoofnagle JH. Reactivation of hepatitis B. Hepatology 2009- 49: 156−165.
- Hui O.K., Monto A., Belaye T., Lau E., Wright T.L. Outcomes of interferon alpha and ribavirin treatment for chronic hepatitis C in patients with normal serum aminotransaminases. Gut. 2003 Nov- 52(11): 1644−8.
- Hunt C.M., McGill G.M., Allen M.L., Condreay L.D. Clinical relevance of hepatitis B virus mutations. Hepatology 2000- 31: 1037 1044.
- Hurst EA, Mauro T. Sarcoidosis associated with pegylated interferon alfa and ribavirin treatment for chronic hepatitis C: a case report and review of the literature. Arch Dermatol. 2005- 141(7): 865−868.
- Jacobson I.M., Russo M.W., Lebovics E. et al. Interferon alfa-2b and ribavirin for patients with chronic hepatitis C and normal ALT: final results. Gastroenterology 2002- 122: 627 A.
- Jacobson IM, Brown RS, Freilich BN et al. Peginterferon alfa-2b and Weight-Based or Flat-Dose Ribavirin in Chronic Hepatitis C Patients: A Randomized Trial. J Hepatol. 2007- 46(4): 971−981.
- Jeantet D, Chemin I, Mandrand B et al. Cloning and expression of surface antigens from occult chronic hepatitis B virus infections and their recognition by commercial detection assays. J Med Virol 2004- 73: 508−515.
- Jensen DM, Morgan TR, Marcellin P. Early identification of HCV genotype 1 patients responding to 24 weeks peginterferon alpha-2a (40 kd)/ribavirin therapy. Hepatology. 2006 May- 43(5): 954−960.
- Jeong S, Kawakami Y, Kitamoto M. Prospective study of short-term peginterferon-alpha-2a monotherapy in patients who had a virological response at 2 weeks after initiation of interferon therapy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008 Apr- 23(4): 541−545.
- John-Baptiste A., Krahn M., Heathcote J. et al. The natural history of hepatitis C infection acquired through injection drug use: meta-analysis and meta-regression. J Hepatol. 2010 Aug- 53(2): 245−51.
- Kao J.H., Chen W., Chen P.J. et al. Liver and peripheral blood mononuclear cells are not major sites for GB virus-C/hepatitis G virus replication. Arch Virol 1999- 144:2173−2183.
- Kao J.H., Chen W., Chen P.J. et al. TT virus infection in patients with chronic hepatitis B or C: influence on clinical, histological and virological features. J Med Virol. 2000- 60(4): 387−92.
- Kikuchi K, Miyakawa H, Abe K. et al. Indirect evidence of TTV replication in bone marrow cells, but not in hepatocytes, of a subacute hepatitis aplastic anemia patient. J Med Virol 2000- 61: 165−170.
- Korevaa A., Moucari R., Asselah T. et al. High rates of HBsAg seroconvertion on chronic hepatitis B patients responding to interferon therapy, a long term follow-up study (abstract). Hepatology- 2007- 46 (supl.l) — 679A.
- Kudo T., Morishima T., Shibata M. Hepatitis G infection. N Engl J Med 1997- 337: 276−277.
- Lagging M, Langeland N, Pedersen C. Randomized comparison of 12 or 24 weeks of peginterferon alpha-2a and ribavirin in chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 2/3 infection. Hepatology. 2008 Jun- 47(6): 1837−45.
- Lavanchy D. Hepatitis B virus epidemiology, disease burden, treatment, and current and emerging prevention and control measures. J Viral Hepat 2004- 11: 97−107.
- Leary T.P., Erker J.C., Chalmers M.L. et al. Improved detection systems for TT virus reveal high prevalence in humans, non-human primates and farm animals. J. Gen. Virol. (1999), 80: 2114−2120.
- Lee S.S., Sherman M. Pilot study of interferon and ribavirin treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis C and normal transaminase values. J Viral Hepatology 2001−8:202−205.
- Lefrere J.J., Sender A., Mercier B. et al. High rate of GB virus type C/HGV transmission from mother to infant: possible implications for the prevalence of infection in blood donors. Transfusion 2000- 40: 602−607.
- Liaw Y. F., Leung N.W., Chang T.T. et al. Effects of extended lamivudine therapy in Asian patients with chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 2000- 119: 172- 180.
- Liaw Y.F., Chu C.M. Hepatitis B virus infection. Lancet 2009- 373: 582−592.
- Liaw Y.F., Gane E., Leung N. et al. 2-year GLOBE trial results: telbivudine is superior to lamivudine in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 2009- 136: 486−95.
- Lin S.M., Yu M.L., Lee C.M. et al. Interferon therapy in HBeAg positive chronic hepatitis reduces progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatology 2007- 46: 45 52.
- Lindh M., Andersson A., Gusdal A. Genotypes, nt 1858 variants and geographic origin of hepatitis virus large-scale analysis using anew genotyping method. J. Infect. Dis. 1997- 175: 1285−1293.
- Linnen J., Wages J.Jr., Zhang-Keck Z.Y. et al. Molecular cloning and disease association of hepatitis G virus: a transfusion-transmissible agent. Science 1996- 271: 505−508.
- Liu J, Yang H.I., Lee M.H. et al. Incidence and determinants of spontaneous hepatitis B surface antigen seroclearance: a community-based follow-up study. Gastroenterology 2010- 139: 474−82.
- Lok A., Lai C., Leung N. et al. Long-term safety of lamivudine treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 2003- 125: 1714 1722.
- Loomba R., Rivera M.M., McBurney R., Park Y. et al. The natural history of acute hepatitis C: clinical presentation, laboratory findings and treatment outcomes. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011 Mar- 33(5): 559−65.
- Maesis E.K. HBeAg-negativ chronic hepatitis B: from obscurity to prominence. J. Hepatology 2006- 45: 343−346.
- Manesis E., Hadziyanniis E., Angelopoulou O., Hadziyanniis S. Prediction of treatment-related HBsAg loss in HBeAg-negativ chronic hepatitis B, a clue from serum HBsAg level. Antivir. Therapy 2007- 12: 73 82.
- Manesis E.K., Papatheodoridis G.V., Touloumi G. et al. Greece Cohort Study Natural course of treated and untreated chronic HCV infection: results of the nationwide Hepnet. Greece cohort study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009 May 15- 29(10): 1121−30.
- Mangi A, Villani MR, Minerva N. et al. //Efficacy of 5 MU of interferon in combination with ribavirin for naive patients with chronic hepatitis C virus: a randomized controlled trial// J Hepatology, 2001- 34(3): 441−6.
- Mangia A, Minerva N, Bacca D et al. Individualized treatment duration for hepatitis C genotype 1 patients: a randomized controlled trial. Hepatology 2008- 47: 43−50.
- Manns M, McHutchison JG, Gordon SC, et al. //Peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin compared with interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin for initial treatment of chronic hepatitis C: randomized trial. Lancet 2001- 358: 958−965.
- Marcellin P, Forns X, Ferenci P et all. Telaprevir every 8 or 12 hours, peginterferon alfa-2a, alfa-2b and ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 2011- 140: 459−468.
- Martinez-Bauer E, Crespo J, Romero-Gomez M et al. Development and validation of two models for early prediction of response to therapy in genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol. 2006- 43: 72−80.
- Marusawa H, Uemoto S, Hijikata M et al. Latent hepatitis B virus infection in healthy individuals with antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen. Hepatology 2000−31:488−495.
- Matsuoka S, Nirei K, Tamura A et al. Influence of occult hepatitis B virus coinfection on the incidence of fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis C. Intervirology 2008- 51: 352−361.
- McHutchison JG, Everson GT, Gordon SC et all. Telaprevir with peginterferon and ribavirin for chronic HCV genotype 1 infection. New Engl J Med 2009- 360: 1827−1838.
- McHutchison JG, Lawitz EJ, Shiffman ML et al. Peginterferon alfa-2b or alfa-2a with ribavirin for treatment of hepatitis C infection. New Engl J Med 2009- 361: 580−593.
- McMahon B.J. The natural history of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology 2009- 49: 45−55.
- McMahon BJ. Epidemiology and natural history of hepatitis B. Semin Liver Dis 2005- 25:3−8.
- Michavila I.A., Sanchez M.M., Ronchel P. et al. Sarcoidosis follwing combined ribavirin and interferon therapy: a case report and review of the literature. Arch Bronconeumol 2004- 40: 45−49.
- Moreno C, Deltenre P, Pawlotsky JM et all. Shortened treatment duration in treatment-naive genotype 1 HCV patients with rapid virological response: a meta-analysis. J Hepatol 2010- 52: 25−31.
- Mrani S, Chemin I, Menouar K et al. Occult HBV infection may represent a major risk factor of non-response to antiviral therapy of chronic hepatitis C. J Med Virol 2007- 79: 1075−1081.
- National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement: Management of hepatitis C: 2002 June 10−12, 2002. Hepatology 2002 Nov- 36 (5 Suppl 1): 3−20.
- Okamoto H, Akahane Y, Ukita M. et al. Fecal excretion of a nonenveloped DNA virus (TTV) associated with posttransfusion non-A-G hepatitis. J Med Virology 1998- 56: 128−132.
- Okamoto H. History of discoveries and pathogenicity of TT viruses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2009- 331: 1−20.
- Palomba E., Bairo A., Tovo P.A. High rate of maternal-infant transmission of hepatitis G virus in HIV-1 and hepatitis C virus-infected women. Act Pediatr 1999- 88: 1392−1395.
- Papatheodoridis G.V., Hadziyannis S.J. Review article: current management of chronic hepatitis B. Aliment. Pharmacol. Therapy 2004- 19 (1): 25−37.
- Pas S.D., Fries E., Robert A. Development of a Quantitative Real-Time Detection Assay for Hepatitis B Virus DNA and Comparison with Two Commercial Assays. J. Clin. Microbiology 2000- 38: 2897−2901.
- Pawlotsky JM. Management of patients with hepatitis C virus infection. Virological tests. Gastroenterol Clin Biol, 2002- 26 (2): 180−187.
- Pearlman BL, Ehleben C, Saifee S. Treatment extension to 72 weeks of peginterferon and ribavirin in hepatitis C genotype 1-infected slow responders. Hepatology 2007- 46: 1688−1694.
- Perez-Alvarez R., Perez-Lopez R., Lombrana JL et al. Sarcoidosis in two patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with interferon, ribavirin and amantadine. J Viral Hepatitis 2002- 9: 75−79.
- Pessoa M.G., Terrault N.A., Detmer J. et al. Quantitation of hepatitis G and C viruses in the liver: evidence that hepatitis G virus is not hepatotropic. Hepatology 1998- 27: 877−880.
- Piratvisuth T., Lau G.K., Farci P. et al. Durability of virologic response at 3 years: peginterferon alpha-2a (40 KD) for HBeAg-negative CHB. APASL 2007, abstract 0−89.
- Pockros PJ, Reindollar R, McHutchinson J. et al. The safety and tolerability of daily interferon plus ribavirin in the treatment of naive chronic hepatitis C patients. J Viral Hepat, 2003- 10(1): 55−60.
- Poynard T, Yuen M-F, Ratziu V, Lai CL. Viral hepatitis C. Lancet 2003- 362: 2095−2100.
- Praty D., Taioli E., Zanella A. et al. Updated definitions of healthy ranges for serum alanine aminotransferase levels Ann. Intern. Med. 2002- 137: 1−9.
- Puoti C., Pellicelli A., Romano M, et al. Treatment of hepatitis C virus carriers with persistently normal alanine aminotransferase levels with peginterferon a-2a and ribavirin: a multicentric study. Liver Int 2009- 29: 1479−84.
- Ramos-Casals M., Mana j., Nardi N. et al. Sarcoidosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection: analysis of 68 cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 2005- 84(2): 69−80.
- Rauch A, Kutalik Z, Descombes P, Cai T, Di Iulio J, Mueller T, et al. Genetic variation in IL28B is associated with chronic hepatitis C and treatment failure: a genome-wide association study. Gastroenterology 2010- 138: 1338−1345.
- Reijnders J.G., Rijckborst V., Sonnefeld M.J. et al. Kinetics of hepatitis B surface antigen differ between treatment with peginterferon and entecavir. J Hepatology 2011- 54- 3- 449 454.
- Rizzetto M., Ponzetto A., Forzani J. Hepatitis delta virus as a global health problem.//Vaccine 1990- 8(3): 10−14.
- Ross RS, Viazov S, Runde V, Schaefer UW, Roggendorf M. Detection of TT virus DNA in specimens other than blood. J Clin Virol 1999- 13: 181−184.
- Rumi MG, Aghemo A, Prati GM et all. Randomized study of peginterferon alfa 2a plus ribavirin vs peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin in chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 2010- 138: 108 115.
- Saiz J.C., Ampurdanes S., Olmedo E. et al. Hepatitis G virus infectionin chronic hepatitis C: frequency, features and response to interferon therapy. J Hepatology 1997- 26: 787−793.
- Sangiovanni A., Prati G.M., Fasani P. et al. The natural history of compensated cirrhosis due to hepatitis C virus: A 17-year cohort study of 214 patients. Hepatology. 2006 Jun- 43(6): 1303−1310.
- Santantonio T, Wiegand J, Gerlach JT. Acute hepatitis C: current status and remaining challenges. J Hepatol 2008- 49: 625−633.
- Satake M, Taira R, Yugi H et al. Infectivity of blood components with low hepatitis B virus DNA levels identified in a lookback program. Transfusion 2007- 47: 1197−1205.
- Schiff, E. R. Emerging Strategies for Pegylated Interferon Combination Therapy. Nat. Clin. Pract. Gastroenterology Hepatology 2007 Jan.- Vol. 4, Suppl 1: 17−21.
- Schroter M, Polywka S, Zollner B, Schafer P, Laufs R, Feucht HH. Detection of TT virus DNA and GB virus type C/Hepatitis G virus RNA in serum and breast milk: determination of mother-to-child transmission. J Clin Microbiol 2000- 38: 745−747.
- Seeff L.B., Miller R.N., RabkinC.S. et al. 45-yearfollow-up of hepatitis C virus infection in healthy young adults. Ann Intern Med 2000- 132: 105−111.
- Seto W.K., Lai C.L., Fung J. et al. Natural history of chronic hepatitis C: genotype 1 versus genotype 6. J Hepatology 2010 Sep- 53(3): 444−48.
- Shepard CW, Finelli L, Alter MJ. Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection. Lancet Infect Dis 2005- 5: 558−567.
- Shetty K, Hussain M, Nei L, Reddy KR, Lok AS. Prevalence and significance of occult hepatitis B in a liver transplant population with chronic hepatitis C. Liver Transplantation 2008- 14: 534−540.
- Shiffman ML, Suter F, Bacon BR et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a and ribavirin for 16 or 24 weeks in HCV genotype 2 or 3 (ACCELERATE). N Engl J Med 2007- 357: 124−134.
- Simmonds P, Davidson F, Lycett C, Prescott LE, MacDonald DM, Ellender J, Yap PL, Ludlam CA, Haydon GH, Gillon J, Jarvis LM. Detection of a novel DNA virus (TTV) in blood donors and blood products. Lancet 1998- 352: 191−195.
- Simonetti J., Bulkow L., McMahon B. et al. Clearance of hepatitis B surface antigen and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in a cohort chronically infected with hepatitis B virus. Hepatology 2010- 51: 1531−1537.
- Simons J.N., Pilot-Matias T.J., Leary T.P. et al. Identification of two flavivirus-like genomes in the GB hepatitis agent. Proc. Nat. Acad. Scienc. USA 1995- 92: 3401−3405.
- Smedile A, Ciancio A, Rizzetto M. Hepatitis D. In: Richmann DD, Whitley RJ, Hayden FG, eds. Clinical Virology: Hepatitis Delta Virus. Washington, DC: ASM Press- 2002, P. 1227−1240.
- Sponseller C., Koehler K.M., Hoffman J.A., Strinko J.M., Bacon B.R. Use of interferon-2b and ribavirin for treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C with normal ALT levels Hepatology 2002- 36: 579A.
- Stander DB, Wright T, Thomas DL et al. Diagnosis, management and treatment of hepatitis C. J Hepatology 2004- 39(4): 1147−1171.
- Stark K., Doering C.D., Bienzle U. et al. Risk and clearance of GB virus C/hepatitis G virus infection in homosexual men: A longitudinal study. J Med Virol 1999- 59: 303−306.
- Stroffolini T, Almasio PL, Persico M et al. Lack of correlation between serum anti-HBcore detectability and hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with HCV-related cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol 2008- 103: 966−972.
- Suppiah V, Moldovan M, Ahlenstiel G et al. IL28B is associated with response to chronic hepatitis C interferon-alpha and ribavirin therapy. Nat Genet 2009- 41: 1100−1104.
- Tae-Hun Kim, Jong-Eun Joo. Spontaneous resolution of systemic sarcoidosis in a patient with chronic hepatitis C without interferon therapy. World J Gastroenterology 2006- 12: 150−153.
- Tanaka E., Tacke M., Kobayashi M. et al. Past and present hepatitis G virus infections in areas where hepatitis C is highly endemic and those where it is not endemic. J Clin Microbiol 1998- 36: 110−114.
- Tanaka Y, Nishida N, Sugiyama M et al. Genome-wide association of IL28B with response to pegylated interferon-alpha and ribavirin therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Nat Genet 2009- 41: 1105−1109.
- Thomas D.L., Vlahov D., Alter H.J. et al. Association of antibody to GBV (hepatitis G virus) with viral clearance and protection from reinfection. J Infect Dis 1998- 177: 539−542.
- Thompson CJ, Rogers G, Hewson P, Wright D, Anderson R, Cramp M, et al. Surveillance of cirrhosis for hepatocellular carcinoma: systematic review and economic analysis. Health Technol Assess 2007- 11: 1−206.
- Torbenson M, Thomas DL. Occult hepatitis B. Lancet Infect Dis 2002- 2: 479−486.
- Tortorella C., Napoli N., Panella E., et al. Asymptomatic systemic sarcoidosis arising 5 years after IFN- alpha treatment for chronic hepatitis C: a new challenge for clinicans. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2004: 24(11) — 655 658.
- Tsubota A, Satoh K, Aizawa M. Four-week pegylated interferon alpha-2a monotherapy for chronic hepatitis C with genotype 2 and low viral load: a pilot, randomized study. World J Gastroenterol. 2008 Dec 21- 14(47): 72 207 224.
- Ukita M, Okamoto H, Kato N, Miyakawa Y, Mayumi M. Excretion into bile of a novel unenveloped DNA virus (TT virus) associated with acute and chronic non-A-G hepatitis. J Infect Dis 1999- 179: 1245−1248.
- Van Bommel F., de Man R.A., Stein K. et al. A multicenter analysis of antiviral response after one year of tenofovir monotherapy in HBV-monoinfected patients with prior nucleos (t)ide analog experience. J Hepatology 2008- 48 (2): 32.
- Van de Laar TJW, Matthews GV, Prins M, Danta M. Acute hepatitis C in HIV-infected men who have sex with men: an emerging sexually transmitted infection. AIDS 2010- 24: 1799−1812.
- Van Zonneveld M., Honkoop P., Hansen B.E. et al. Long-term follow-up of alpha-interferon treatment of patiens with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2004- 39(3): 804−810.
- Werle-Lapostolle B, Bowden S, Locarnini S et al. Persistence of cccDNA during the natural history of chronic hepatitis B and decline during adefovir dipivoxil therapy. Gastroenterology 2004- 126: 1750−1758.
- Wiese M., Grungreiff K., Guthoff W., Lafrenz M., Oesen U., Porst H. and East German Hepatitis C Study Group. Outcome in a hepatitis C (genotype lb) single source outbreak in Germany a 2 5-year multicenter study. J Hepatol 2005- 43: 590 -98.
- Witthoft R, Moller B. Safety, tolerability and efficacy of peginterferon alpha-2a and ribavirin in chronic hepatitis C in clinical practice: The German Open Safety Trial. J Viral Hepatitis. 2007- 14: 788−796.
- Xu X-W., Chen Y-G. Current therapy with nucleoside/nucleotide analogs for patients with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Dis. Int. 2006- Vol. 5: 350−359.
- Yamada S., Mine S., Fujisaki T. et al. Hepatic sarcoidosis assosiated with chronic hepatitis C. J Gastroenterology 2002- 37: 564−570.
- Yang J.F., Dai C.Y., Chuang W.L. et al. Prevalence and clinical significance of HGV/GBV-C infection in patients with chronic hepatitis B or C. Jpn J Infect Dis 2006- 59: 25−30.
- Yang JD, Roberts LR. Hepatocellular carcinoma: a global view. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010- 7: 44858.
- Yeo A.E., Matsumoto A., Shih J.W. et al. Prevalence of hepatitis G virus in patients with hemophilia and their steady female sexual partners. Sex Transm Dis 2000- 27: 178−182.
- Younger M., Bathgate A. Review article: nucleoside analogues for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Aliment. Pharmacol. Therapy 2004- Vol. 20: 1211−1230.
- Yu M.L., Dai C.Y., Lee L.P. A 24-week course of high-dose interferon-alpha plus ribavirin for Taiwanese chronic hepatitis C patients with persistently normal or near-normal alanine aminotransferase levels. Liver Int. 2006 Dec- 26(10): 1187−95.
- Yu ML, Dai CY, Huang JF. Rapid virological response and treatment duration for chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 patients: a randomized trial. Hepatology. 2008 Jun- 47(6): 1884−93.
- Zeuzem S, Buti M, Ferenci P et al. Efficacy of 24 weeks treatment with peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C infected with genotype 1 and low pretreatment viremia. J Hepatol. 2006- 44: 97−103.
- Zeuzem S, Hultcrantz R, Marcellin P et al. Peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin for treatment of chronic hepatitis C in previously untreated patients infected with HCV genotypes 2 or 3. J Hepatol 2004- 40: 993−999.
- Zeuzem S. Combination therapy for chronic viral hepatitis C. Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 2003- 128(8): 370−4.