Постуральные нарушения при болезни Паркинсона (клинико-стабилометрический анализ)
Диссертация
В связи со сложившейся в настоящее время в развитых странах мира тенденцией к увеличению в структуре населения доли лиц пожилого и старческого возраста, все большую актуальность для теоретической и практической медицины приобретает проблема поздних дегенеративных заболеваний нервной системы. Одним из наиболее распространенных на сегодняшний день нейродегенеративных заболеваний является болезнь… Читать ещё >
Список литературы
- Артемьев Д.В., Обухова В. А. Агонист дофаминовых рецепторов проноран в лечении ранних и развернутых стадий болезни Паркинсона // Неврол. журнал. 2002. — № 5. — С. 43−46.
- Артемьев Д.В., Яхно Н. Н. Паркинсонизм // В кн.: Нейродегенеративные болезни и старение / под ред. Завалишина И. А., Яхно Н. Н., Гавриловой С.И.-М.: AAA, 2001. -С.80−137.
- Вейн A.M., Голубев B.JI., Берзиныи Ю. Э. Паркинсонизм: клиника, этиология, патогенез, лечение. Рига: Зинатне, 1981.
- Голубев B.JI., Левин Я.И., A.M.Вейн. Болезнь Паркинсона и синдром паркинсонизма. М.: Медпресс, 1999.
- Гурфинкель В. С., Коц Я.М., Шик M.JI. Регуляция позы человека. М.: Наука.- 1965.
- Дамулин И.В., Жученко Т. Д., Левин О. С. Нарушения равновесия и походки у пожилых // В сб.: Достижения нейрогериатрии. Т.1 / под ред. Яхно Н. Н., Дамулина И. В. М.: ММА. — 1995. — С. 71−97.
- Жученко Т.Д. Нарушения равновесия у больных пожилого возраста с хронической сосудистой мозговой недостаточностью (клинико-стабилографический анализ): Дис. канд. мед. наук. М. 1995. С. 35−72.
- Иванова-Смоленская И.А., Маркова Е. Д., Иллариошкин С. Н. Агонисты дофаминовых рецепторов в лечении больных первичным паркинсонизмом молодого возраста // Неврол. журнал. 2002. — №.2. — С. 38−41.
- Коновалов Н.В. Патология и патофизиология мозжечка. М.: Медгиз, 1939.
- Левин О.С. Механизм регуляции движений и патогенез основных экстрапирамидных синдромов // В кн.: Экстрапирамидные расстройства /под ред. Штока В. Н., Ивановой Смоленской И. А., Левина О. С. — М.: МЕДпресс-информ, 2002. — С. 15−55 (а).
- Левин О.С. Нарушения ходьбы: механизмы, классификация, принципы диагностики и лечения // В кн.: Экстрапирамидные расстройства / под ред. Штока В. Н., Ивановой-Смоленской И.А., Левина О. С. М.: МЕДпресс-информ, 2002. — С.473−494 (б).
- Левин О.С. Сосудистый паркинсонизм // Неврологический журнал. 1997. -№ 4.-С. 42−51.
- Переяслов Г. А, Слива С. С. Особенности программно-методического обеспечения стабилографического комплекса для биохимических исследований// Материалы Российской конференции по биомеханике, 1999. № 2. — С. 100−101.
- Реброва О.Ю. Статистический анализ медицинских данных. Применение пакета прикладных программ STATISTICA. М., МедиаСфера, 2002
- Скворцов Д.В. Клинический анализ движений. Стабилометрия. М.: Антидор, 2000.
- Устинова К.И., Черникова Л. А., Матвеев Е. В. Применение билатеральной стабилографической платформы при диагностике и восстановлении двигательных нарушений в клинике нервных болезней // Медицинская техника. 2000. — № 6. — С. 35−40.
- Федорова Н.В., Смоленцева И. Г., Левин О. С. Применение агонистовдофаминовых рецепторов при болезни Паркинсона // Неврол. журнал. -2002. -№ 1.-С. 41−45.
- Черникова JI.A. Оптимизация восстановительного процесса у больных, перенесших инсульт: клинические и нейропсихологические аспекты функционального биоуправления // Автореф.. доктора мед. наук. М., 1998.
- Шик M.JI., Северин Ф. В., Орловский Г. Н. Управление ходьбой и бегом посредством электрической стимуляции среднего мозга // Биофизика. 1966. -Т. 11.-Р. 659−666.
- Шток В.Н., Федорова Н. В. Болезнь Паркинсона. // В кн.: Экстрапирамидные расстройства / под ред. Штока В. Н., Ивановой- Смоленской И. А., Левина О. С. М.: МЕДпресс-информ, 2002. — С. 87−124.
- Яхпо Н.Н., Нодель М. Р. Современные принципы терапии болезни Паркинсона // Русский мед. журнал. 2000. -№ 10. — С.418−425.
- Alexander G.E., Crutcher M.D. Functional architecture of basal ganglia circuits: neural substrates of parallel proceceeng// Trends. Neusci. 1990. — Vol. 13. — P. 266−271.
- Allum J.H.J. Keshner E.A., Honegger F. Disturbance of posture in Parkinson’s disease // In: Posture and Gait: Development, Adaptation and Modulation / eds. Amblard B. et al Amsterdam: Elsevier. — 1988. — P. 245−257.
- Andersson G., Hagman J., Talianzadeh R. et al. Effect of cognitive load on postural control. Brain Res, Bull. 2002. — Vol. 58. — P. 135−139.
- Amsten A.F.T., Sleeve J.C., Jetsch D.J. et al. Noradrenergic influence on prefrontal cortical cognitive function: opposing actions of postjunctional alphai versus alpha2-adrenergic receptors. Adv. Pharmacol 1998. — Vol. 42. — P. 764 767.
- Barbeau A. Aging and extrapyramidal system //J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 1973. — Vol. 21.-P. 145−149.-10 434. Basmajian J.V., De Luca C.J. Muscles alive: their functions revealed by electromyography. 5 th ed. // Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. 1985.
- Beckley D.J., Bloem B.R., Rentier M.P. Impaired scaling of long latency postural reflexes in patients with Parkinson’s disease // Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1993.-Vol. 89.-P. 22−28.
- Beckley D.J., Bloem B.R., van Dijk J.G. et al. Electrophysiological correlates of postural instability in Parkinson’s disease// Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol. -1991.-Vol. 81.-P. 263−268.
- Beckley D.J., Panzer V.P., Remler M.P., et al. Clinical correlates of motor performance during paced postural tasks in Parkinson’s disease // J. Neurol. Sci. -1995.-Vol. 132.-P. 133−138.
- Benvenutti F. Physiology of Human Balance // In: Gait Disorders. Advances in Neurology/ eds. Ruzicka E. et al. Philadelphia: Lippincott Wiliams & Wilkins. -2001.-Vol. 87.-P. 41−52.
- Bertrand E., Lechowicz W., Szpak G.M. et al. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of locus coeruleus neurons in Parkinson’s disease // Folia Neuropathol. 1997. -Vol. 35.-P. 80−86
- Bizzo G., Guillet M, Patat A. et al. Specifications for building a vertical force platform designed for clinical stabilometry// Med. & Biol. Eng. & Comput. -1985. Vol. 23. — P. 474−476.
- Bloem B.R., Beckely D.J., Remler M.P. et al. Postural reflexes in Parkinson’s disease during «resist» and «yield» tasks // J. Neurol. Sci. 1995. — Vol.129. — P. 109−119
- Bloem B.R., Beckley D.J., van Dijk J.K. et al. Influence of dopaminergic medication on automatic postural responses and balance impairment in Parkinson’s disease // Mov. Disord. 1996. — Vol. 11. — P. 509−521
- Bloem B.R., Grimbergen Y.A.M., GramerM. et al. Prospective assessment of falls in Parkinson’s disease // Mov. Disord. 1998. — Vol. 10. — P. 147(a).
- Bloem B.R., van Vugt J., Beckley D.J. Habituation of longer leg stretch reflexes in Parkinson’s disease // Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1998. — Vol. 109. — P. 73−77(6).
- Bloem B.R., van Vugt J., Beckley D.J. Postural instability and falls in Parkinson disease // In: Gait Disorders. Advances in Neurology/ eds. Ruzicka E. et al. -Philadelphia: Lippincott Wiliams & Wilkins. 2001. — Vol. 87. — P. 209−223.
- Bonnet AM., Loria Y., Saint-Hilaire M.H. et al. Does long-term aggravation of Parkinson’s disease result from nondopaminergic lesions? // Neurology. 1987. -Vol. 37.-P. 1539−1542.
- Bouisset S., Sattara M. A sequence of postural movement precedes voluntary movement//Neurosci. Lett. 1981. — Vol. 22. — P.263−270.
- Brefel-Courbon C. Parkinson’s disease and the noradrenaline system // Presse Med. 2002. — Vol. 31. — P. 1240−1242.
- Brefel-Courbon C., Thalamas C., Peyro-Saint-Paul H. et al. a2-Adrenoreceptor antagonists: a new approach to Parkinson’s disease? // CNS Drugs. 1998. -Vol. 10.-P. 189−207.
- Briley M. Noradrenergic mechanisms in Parkinson’s disease // Trends. Pharmacol. Sci. 1993. — Vol. 14. — P. 33−34.
- Brocklehurst J.C., Robertson D., James-Groom P. Skeletal deformities in the elderly and their effect on postural sway//J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 1982. — Vol 8. -P. 534−538.
- Bronstein A.M., Yardley L, Moore A.P. et al. Visually and posturally mediated tilt illusion in Parkinson’s disease and in labyrinthine defective subjects // Neurology. 1996,-Vol. 47.-P. 651−656.
- Brooks V.B. The neural basis of motor control // N.Y.: Oxford Univ. Press. 1986.
- Brown P. and Steiger M.J. Basal ganglia and gait disorders // In: Clinical Disorders of Balance, Posture and Gait / eds. Bronstein A.M. et al. London: Arnold. — 1996. — P. 156−167.
- Charlett A., Weller C., Doobs S.M. et al. What makes a faller in early Parkinson’s disease? // Eur. Neurol. 1997. — Vol. 38. — 312−314.
- Crenna P., Frigo C., Giovani P. The initiation of gait in Parkinson’s disease // In: Motor disturbances II (eds. Bererdelli A., et al.). London: Academic Press. 1990. P. 161−173.
- De Rijk M.C., Breteler M.M., Gravelend G.A. et al. Prevalence of Parkinson’s disease in the elderly: the Rotterdam study // Neurology. 1995. — Vol. 45.
- Dietz V. Neurophysiology of gait disorders: present and future applications //Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. -1997. -Vol. 103.-P. 333−335.
- Dietz V. Physiology of Human Gait: Neural Processes // In: Gait Disorders. Advances in Neurology/ eds. Ruzicka E. et al. -Philadelphia: Lippincott Wiliams & Wilkins. 2001. — Vol. 87. — P. 53- 64.
- Dietz V., Berger W., Horstmann G.A. Posture in Parkinson’s disease: impairment of reflexes and programming // Ann. Neurol. 1988.- Vol. 24. P. 660−669.
- Elble R.J. Gait disorders: pathophysiology of standing and locomotion // Mov. Disord. 1998. — Vol. 13. — 9−10 (a).
- Elble R.J. Motor control and Movement Disorders // In: Parkison’s disease and Movement disorders/eds. Jankovic J., Tolosa E. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. — 1998. — P. 30−35 (6).
- Elble R.J., Cousins R., Leffler K., et al. Gait initiation by patients with lower-half parkinsonism // Brain. 1996. — Vol. 119. — P. 101−112.
- Eventon I., Morreno M, Geller E. et al. Hip fractures in patients with Parkinson’s syndrome // J. Trauma. 1983. — Vol. 23. P. 98−101.
- Fahn S. Parkinsonism // In: Merrit’s textbook of Neurology /ed. Rowland L.P. 9th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. 1995. — P. 713−730.
- Fisher CM. Hydrocephalus as a cause of disturbance of gait in the elderly//-107
- Neurology. 1982. — Vol. 32. — P. 1358.
- Folstein M.F., Folstein S.E., McHugh P.R. Mini-mental state: a practical method for grading the cognitive status of patients for the clinician // J. Psychiatr. Res. -1975.-Vol. 12.-P. 189−198.
- Forno L.S. Neuropathology of Parkison’s disease // J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 1996. — Vol. 55. — P. 259−272.
- German D.C., Manaje K.F., White C.L. et al. Disease specific pattern of locus coeruleus cell loss // Ann. Neurol. 1992. — Vol. 32. — P. 667- 676.
- Gesi M, Soldani P., Giorgi F.S. et al. The role of the locus coeruleus in the development of Parkinson’s disease // Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2000. — Vol. 24. — P.655−668.
- Ghika J., Tennis M., Hoffman E. et al. Idazoxan treatment in progressive supranuclear palsy // Neurology. 1991. — Vol. 41. — P. 986−991.
- Giladi N., Kao R., Fahn S. Freezing phenomenon in patients with parkinsonian syndromes. Mov. Disors. 1997. — Vol. 12. -P.302−305.
- Gottwald MD. Bainbridge JL, Dowling GA. et al. New pharmacotherapy for Parkinson’s disease. Ann Pharmacother 1997- 31: 1205−17
- Gray P., Hildebrand K. Fall Risk Factors in Parkinson’s Disease // J. Neurosci. Nurs. 2000. — Vol. 32. — P. 222−228.
- Hageman P.A. Gait characteristics of healthy elderly: a literature review 11 Issues Aginig. 1995. — Vol. 18. — P.14−17(a).
- Hageman P.A., Leibowitz J.M., Blanke D. Age and gender effects on postural control measures // Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 1995. — Vol. 10. — P. 961−965(6).
- Hasegawa Y., Mukai E., Matsusoka Y. et al. Effect of oral L-threo-3,4-dyhydroxyphenylserine on orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson’s disease // Mov. Disord. 1997.-Vol. 12. P. 88.
- Hawken M.B., Tanyeri S. et al. Influence of sensory manipulation on postural control in Parkinson’s disease // J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 1993. — Vol. 56.-P. 1276−1281.
- Horak F.B. and Nashner L.M. Central programming of postural movements: adaptation to altered support surface configurations // J. Neurophysiol. 1986. -Vol. 55.-P. 1369−1381.
- Horak F.B. Assumptions underlying motor control for neurologisc rehabilitation I I IN: Contemporary management of motor control problems. Proceedings of the II Step Conference/ Alexandria, VA: APTA. 1991. — P. 11−27.
- Horak F.B., Frank J. S. Three separate postural systems affected in parkinsonism // In: Motor control. Vol. 7 /eds. Stuart D.G., Gurfinkel V.S., Wiesendanger M.). -Tucson: Motor Control Press. 1996: 343−346.
- Horak F.B., Nutt J.G., Nashner L.M. Postural inflexibility in parkinsonian subjects // J. Neurol. Sci. 1992. — Vol. 111. — P. 46−58.
- Hornykiewicz O. Brain neurotransmitter changes in Parkinson’s disease I I In: Movement disorders, Neurology / eds. Marsden C.D., Fahn S. London: Butterworth Scientific. — 1982. — Vol. 2. — P. 41−58.
- Huffschmidt A., Stark K., Lucking C.H. Contractile properties of lower leg muscles are normal in Parkinson’s disease// J. Neurol. Nerosurg. Psychiat. -1991. Vol. 54. — P. 457−460.
- Hughes A.J., Daniel S.E., Kilford L. et al. Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of PD: a clinicopathological study of 100 cases // J. Neurol. Psychiat. 1992. — Vol. 55. -P. 181 — 184.
- Inglis W.L., Winn P. The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus: where the striatum meets the reticular formation // Prog. Neurobiol. 1995. — Vol. 47. — P. 1−29.
- Ito M. The cerebellum and neural control // N.Y.: Raven Press. 1984.
- Jenner P. Pharmacology of dopamine agonists in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease // Neurology. 2002. — Vol. 58 (Suppl. 1). — P. S1-S8.
- Jenner P. The rationale for use of dopamine agonists in Parkinson’s disease // Neurology. 1995. — Vol. 45. — P. S6-S12.
- Johnels В., Ingvarsson P.E., Steg G. et al. The Posture-Locomotion-Manual Test: A Simple Method for the Characterization of Neurological Movement
- Disturbances // In: Gait Disorders. Advances in Neurology/ eds. Ruzicka E. et al. -Philadelphia: Lippincott Wiliams & Wilkins. 2001. — Vol. 87. — P. 91−100.
- Kapteyn T.S., Bles W., Njiokiktjien Ch.J. et al. Standartization in platform stabilometry being a part of posturography // Agressologie. 1983. — Vol.7. — P. 321−326.
- Kendal F.P., McCreary E.K. Muscles: testing and function. 3rd ed. // Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. 1983.
- King M.B., Judge J.O., Wolfson L. Functional base of support decreases with age // J. Gerontol. 1994. — Vol. 6. — P. 258−263.
- Klawans H.L. Individual manifestations of Parkinson’s disease after ten or more years of levodopa. Mov. Disord. 1986. — Vol. 1. — P. 187−192.
- Koller W.C., Glatt S., Vetere-Overfield B. et al. Falls and Parkinson’s disease // Clin. Neuropharmacology. 1989. — Vol. 2. — P. 98−105.
- Koller W.C., Glatt S., Wilson R., et al. Cerebellar atrophy: relationship to aging and cerebellar atrophy // Neurology. 1981. — Vol. 23. — P. 405.
- Lakke J.P.W.F. Axial apraxia in Parkinson’s disease // J. Neurol. Sci. 1985. -Vol. 69. — P.37−46.
- Lauk M, Chow C.C., Lipsitz L.A. et al. Assesing muscle stiffness from quite stance in Parkinson’s disease // Muscle Nerve. 1999. — Vol. 22. — P. 635−639.
- Lavoie В., Parent A. Pedunculopontine nucleus in the squirrel monkey: projections to the basal ganglia as revealed by anterograde tract-tracking methods // J. Comparative Neurol. 1994. — Vol. 344. — P. 210−231.
- Lee R.G., Tonolli I., Viallet F. Preparatory postural adjustment in Parkinsonian patients with postural instability // Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 1995. — Vol. 22. — 126 135.
- Lund C. and Sheafore M.L. Is your patient about to fall? Gerontol. Nurs. 1985. -Vol. 11.-P. 37−41.
- Lundin-Olsson L., Nyberg L, Gustafson Y. «Stops walking when talking» as a predictor of falls in elderly people // Lancet. 1997. — Vol. 349. — P. 617.
- MarienM., Briley M, Colpaert F. Noradrenaline depletion exacerbates MPTP-induced striatal dopamine loss in mice //Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1993. — Vol. 236. -P.487−489.
- Marsden C.D. Parkinson’s disease // J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 1994. -Vol. 57.-P. 672−681.
- Martin J.P. The basal ganglia and posture // London: Pitman Medical. 1967.
- Martinez-Martin P., Urra D.G., Quijano T.D. et al. A new clinical tool for gait evaluation in Parkinson’s disease // Clin. Nuropharmacology. 1997. — Vol. 20. -183−194.
- Masdeu J.C., Wolfson L., Lantos G. et al. Brain white-matter changes in the elderly prone to falling //Arch. Neur. 1989. — Vol. 46. — P. 1292−1296.
- Millan M.J., Cussac D., Milligan G. et al. Antiparkinsonian agent Piribedil displays antagonism properties at native, rat, and cloned, human a2-adrenoreceptors: cellular and functional characterization // J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. -2001.-297.-P. 876−887.
- Mink J. W., Thac T. Basal ganglia motor control: III. Pallidal ablation: normal reaction time, muscle contraction, and slow movement // J. Neurophysiol. -1991.-Vol.65.- P. 330−351.
- Mitchel S.L., Collins J.J., de Luca C.J. et al. Open-loop and closed-loop postural control mechanism in Parkinson’s disease: increased mediolateral activity during quite standing // Neurosci. Lett. 1995. — Vol. 111. — P. 133−136.
- Montastruc J.L., Rascol O., Senard J.M. New directions in the drug treatment of Parkinson’s disease // Drugs Aging. 1996. — Vol. 9. — p. 169−184.
- Morris M.E., Iansek R., Matyas T. et.al. The pathogenesis of gait hypokinesia in Parkinson’s disease // Brain. 1994. — Vol. 117. — P. 1169−1181.
- Mutch W.J. and Lien C. Epidemiology // In: Parkinson’s disease in the older patient /eds. Playfer J., Hindle J. London: Arnold. — 2001. — P. 30−41.
- Narabayashi #., Kondo Т., Yokochi F. et al. Clinical effects of L-threo-3,4-dyhydroxyphenylserine in cases of parkinsonism and pure akinesia // Adv. Neurol. 1987. — Vol. 45. — P.593−602.
- Nashner L.M. and McCollum G. The organization of human postural movements: a formal basis and experimental synthesis // Behav. Brain Sci. 1985. — Vol. 8. -P. 135−172.
- Nashner L.M., Minn A.Y., Rodrigues K., et al. Postural instability in Parkinson’s disease: Opposing effects of treatment on sensory and motor components // In: Control of Posture and Gait / eds. Duysens J., Bouwien C.M. ISPG. — 2001. — P. 737−741.
- Nicholas A.P., Hokfelt Т., Pieribone V.A. The distribution and significance of CNS adrenoreceptors examined with in situ hybridization //Trends Pharmacol. Sci. -1997.-Vol. 18.-P. 210−211.
- Nutt J.G., Marsden C.D., Thompson P.D. Human walking and higher-level gait disorders, particulary in the elderly // Neurology. 1993. — Vol. 43. — P.268−279.
- Olanow C. W. The role of dopamine agonists in the treatment of early Parkinson’s disease. Neurology. 2002. — Vol. 58 (Suppl.l). — P. 33−41.
- Overstall P.W., Exton-Smith A.N., Imms F.J. et al. Falls in the elderly related to postural imbalance // Br. Med. J. 1977. — Vol. 1. — P. 261−264.
- Overstall P. W. Motor problems // In: Parkinson’s disease in the older patient /eds. Playfer J., Hindle J. London: Arnold. — 2001. — P. 184−200.1. P. 2143−2146.
- Palta E. The neural control of locomotion // Evaluation and management of gait disorders / ed. Spivack B.S. 1999. — P. 45−47.
- Rascol O., Amulf I., Agid Y. L-dyhydroxyphenilalanine-induced dyskinesias improvement by an alpha2-antagonist, idazoxan in patient with Parkinson’s disease //Mov. Disord. 1997. — Vol. 12. — P.111.
- Sato Y, Manabe S, Kuno H. et al. Amelioration of osteopenia and hypovitaminosis D by 1 alha-hydroxivitamin D3 in elderly patients with Parkinson’s disease // J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 1999. — Vol. 66. — P.64−68.
- Shapira A. Neuroprotection and dopamine agonists // Neurology. 2002. — Vol. 58 (Suppl. 1).- S9-S18.
- Sheldon J.H. The effect of age on the control of sway. Geront. Clin. — 1963. Vol. 5.-P. 129−138.
- Shenkman M.A., Butler R.B. «Automatic Postural Tone» in posture, movement, and function. Forum on physical therapy issues related to cerebrovascular accident // Alexandria, VA: APT A. 1992. — P. 16−21.
- Schiepati M, Hugon M, Grasso M. et al. The limits of equilibrium in young and elderly normal subjects and in parkinsonians // Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1994.-Vol. 93. -P.286−298.
- Shumway-Cook A., Woollacott M.H. Motor Control. Theory and Practical Applications. 2nd ed. // Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2001.
- Smithson F., Morris M.E., Ianek R. Performance on clinical tests of balance in Parknson’s disease // Phys. Ther. 1998. — Vol.78. — P.577−592.
- Soames R. W., Atha J. The soectral characteristics of postural sway behaviour // Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 1982. — Vol. 49. — P. 169−177.
- Sudarski L. and Ronthal M. Gait disorders among elderly patients: A survey study of 50 patients// Arch. Neurol. (Clin.). 1983. — Vol. 40. — P. 740- 743.
- Thomson P.D., Marsden C.D. Walking disorders // In: Neurology in clinical practice /eds. Breadly et al. Butterworth. — 1996. — P.321−334.
- Tinetti M.E., Baker D.J., McAvay G. et al. A multifactorial intervention to reduce the risk of falling among elderly people living in the community //New Engl. J. Med. 1994. — Vol. 331. — P. 821−826.
- Wendell C.M., Hauser R.A., Nagaria M.H. et al. Chief complaints of patient’s with Parkinson’s disease // Neurology. 1999. — Vol. 52. — P. A90-A91.
- Wenning GK, Litvan I, Jankovic J. et al. Natural history and survival of 14 patients with corticobasal degeneration confirmed at postmortem examination // J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 1998. — P. 64. — Vol. 184−189.
- Wood В H, Bilclough J A, Bowron A. Incidence and prediction of falls in Parkinson’s disease: a prospective multidisciplinary study // J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2002. — Vol. 72. P. — 721−725.
- Woollacott M.H., Shumway-Cook A., Nashner L.M. Aging and posture control: changes in sensory organization and muscular coordination // Int. J. Aging Hum. Dev. 1986. -Vol. 22. — P. 332.
- Yekutiel M.P. Patients' fall records as an aid in designing and assessing therapy in Parkinsonism // Disability and Rehabilitation. 1993. — Vol. 15. — P. 189−193.
- ZieglerM., Lacombles L., Rascol O. et al. Efficacy of piribedil in adjunction to L-dopa in a 6-month randomized placebo-controlled study in early Parkinson’s disease / Neurology. 2000. — Vol. 54 (Suppl. 3). — A 280.
- Ziegler M., Rondot P. Activity of piribedil in Parkinson’s disease: a multicenter study // Press Med. 1999. — Vol. 28. — P. 1414−1418.