ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π° PR ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ
Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΡ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ Π½Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ², ΡΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ — ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ… Π§ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΅ΡΡ >
ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π° PR ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ (ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ, ΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ, Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ)
ΠΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
Π’Π΅ΠΊΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»Π° ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π‘ΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ
ΠΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅: Π’Π΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ (ΠΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ)
Π‘Π²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ — ΡΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠ°, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ. Π‘Π΅ΠΉΡΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π° Π½Π° ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠ° Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ.
ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π°Π»Π°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΡΠΌ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΡ Π·Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡ Π΄Π²ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ:
«Assessment of motion media on believability and credibility: An exploratory study» («ΠΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ: ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅»)
«The role of source and the factors audiences rely on in evaluating credibility of health information» («Π ΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ»).
Π’ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ «How female practitioners in Moscow view their profession: A pilot study» («ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π² ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ: ΠΏΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅») ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΆΠ° ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΡΠΌ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ.
Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ — ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π°, Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π°.
ΠΠ»Ρ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ:
Β· ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ,
Β· ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ,
Β· ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅, Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π° Π²ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°.
ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π» Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π·Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΠ»Ρ, Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ — ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΌΡ.
Π’Π΅ΠΊΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»Π°
How female practitioners in Moscow view their profession:
A pilot study
Katerina Tsetsura
abstract
This pilot study investigated how female public relations practitioners in Moscow, Russia perceived their profession. The findings suggest that perceptions of public relations as a service-oriented profession are deeply rooted in the patriarchal tradition of the Russian society. In addition, results demonstrated that Moscow female practitioners articulated both advantages and disadvantages of viewing public relations as a service-oriented profession in Russia.
© 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
In a newly emerging field such as public relations, a change in the social structure of a new profession comes at the price of a previously constructed reality of the profession. For instance, in Russia, women were among the first to work in public relations and had to combat stereotypes and questions whether public relations is a real job. Women represent the majority of the workforce in Russia, just as women represent the majority of public relations specialists worldwide. The purpose of this pilot study was to understand how female practitioners in Moscow see their profession. Their perceptions can shed light on how the profession of public relations is understood in one of the largest public relations markets in Eastern Europe and in the single largest city in Russia, Moscow.
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ
ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π² ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ:
ΠΏΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ Π¦Π΅ΡΡΡΠ°
Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π² ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ°ΡΡ Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ.
© 2009 Elsevier Inc. ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Ρ.
Π ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ, ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π» ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ, ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ. ΠΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ PR-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π² ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅. Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ, ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Π΅, Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ. ΠΡ Π²Π·Π³Π»ΡΠ΄Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ²Π΅Ρ Π½Π° ΡΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΡ PR-ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΡ ΠΈ Π² ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²Π·ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ — ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Π΅.
1. Context for understanding the roots of public relations in Russia
Feminization of the service culture in Russia and patriarchal societal culture may affect how Russian female practitioners view the field of public relations. Women traditionally have worked in service professions such as teaching and nursing. Service work has always been perceived as women’s work. Professional occupations have always been rated higher than service occupations in the Soviet Union for men but not for women. Service as a concept in this sense is strongly connected with sacrificing, a cultural characteristic of Russian women. In the Russian classical literature and history, the Russian woman is the one who sacrifices herself for the man and for the society. To see whether Russian public relations, the field in which women are the majority of workforce, carries characteristics of being a service profession that entails some sacrifice, this study posed the following research question:
RQ: How do female public relations practitioners in Moscow view their profession?
2. ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π²
Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ
Π€Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ°ΡΡ Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° Π² ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ. Π Π‘ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π‘ΠΎΡΠ·Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ½Π΅Π΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³, Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΈΠ½, Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½. Π‘ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½. Π ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°. Π§ΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ, Π² Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°:
ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ, ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Π΅, ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ?
3. Methodology
In-depth one-on-one and discussion group interviews were used to answer the question as using multiple methods allows for data triangulation. The data for this study were gathered as part of a larger project. Twenty-five practitioners
from ten leading public relations agencies in Moscow agreed to take part in one of the two types of interviews, which ran anywhere between 30 min and 2 h. Data were fully transcribed, partially translated in English, and later back-translated
for accuracy. The data were analyzed using a thematic analysis technique to identify recurring themes within the data and scrutinize them against the participants' explanations.
4. Findings
Findings demonstrated that women consciously saw public relations as a service profession. Interviewed women believed this view on one hand hurt them as professionals and on the other hand helped them to succeed in their work. For some interviewees, being in a service profession meant recognizing the downside of how the profession is seen in the eyes of society:
Public relations is often presented as somewhat a service sphere; there are those who build the road and there are those who put road flags. We put flags. So those people who build roads are understood and [appreciated], but [many think] it is much easier to put flags around so less money can be paid and less brains required and less education.
3. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ, Ρ.ΠΊ. ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΠ°Π½Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ . ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°. ΠΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈ Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡ PR-Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ² Π² ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ· Π΄Π²ΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ»Π° ΠΎΡ 30 ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ 2 ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π½Π° Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Ρ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ.
4. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ
Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π² ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ, Π·Π°Π΄Π΅Π²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ², Π°, Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ, — ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°Π΅Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ Π° Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅. ΠΠ»Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° Π² ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π° ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅:
«Π‘Π²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³; Π΅ΡΡΡ Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠΎΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³Ρ, Π° Π΅ΡΡΡ Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π²Π΄ΠΎΠ»Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ»Π°Π³ΠΈ. ΠΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠ»Π°Π³ΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅ Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠΎΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΈ, ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡ, ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π΅Π³ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π°Π³ΠΈ. Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎ, Ρ.ΠΊ. ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ».
Several participants did not consider service aspects of the public relations profession valuable. Women continuously emphasized that those who work in service professions have to constantly prove to others why their profession is important and needs to be valued. At the same time, service professionals need to have much more patience and be ready for continuous contact with various clients, «You have to be nice with people whom [you] probably don’t like and have to resolve specific situations without losing [patience and] yourself.» Participants said clients often expected public relations professionals to be traditional service workers, which meant that in «everything that has to do with public relations, [clients] still wait for the public relations agency and public relations managers to execute [clients'] direct orders.» The women claimed that clients' expectations were a direct result of patriarchal traditions of service professions in Russia, as previous studies demonstrated. However, many professionals also saw multiple advantages in societal perceptions of public relations as a service profession. Specifically, interviewees listed three advantages that female public relations practitioners in Russia have over male practitioners: (1) women are better able to educate clients; (2) women are better in sacrificing and saving face techniques; and (3) women can better compromise. Each of these advantages is closely connected to traditions of service professions in Russia and a patriarchal societal structure.
Many women emphasized they constantly educate clients, journalists, and other publics about public relations as a field and about public relations practices. Because traditionally many more women than men worked in Russia as educators, women felt they could better execute the educational function of public relations than men could. Moreover, they said that because of these educational processes, they were more respectful and more valuable in the eyes of their clients.
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ Π²ΠΎ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΊΡΠΎ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π² ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³, ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ. Π ΡΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΌ Π² Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΠ°Π·Π΄ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ: «ΠΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Ρ Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΠ°ΠΌ, Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ, Π½Π΅ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½Ρ, ΠΈ ΠΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ, ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅». Π£ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΡΠΌ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΌΠ΅Π²Π°Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ «ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΆΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΎΡ PR-Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ² ΠΈ PR-ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ». ΠΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ°ΡΡ Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³. Π ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π΅ΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½-ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ: (1) Ρ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½ Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ²; (2) ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ; (3) ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π»Π΅Π³ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ΄ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ°ΡΡ Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°.
ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π΄Ρ. ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ PR. Π’ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅Π΄Π°Π³ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ² Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ — ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΈΠ½Ρ. ΠΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ° Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π»Π° ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΌΠΈ Π² Π³Π»Π°Π·Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ².
Sacrificing was another advantage practitioners identified. Sacrificing, a cultural characteristic of Russian women, helped them to effectively implement «saving face strategies» with clients. Sacrificing and saving face techniques are indicators of the place of female professionals in the Russian patriarchal society. Interviewed women said they use these techniques to their advantage:
Man is a leader president of agency, and he will not tolerate another strong man on his side as a helper. Woman is a dutiful employee but a shadow leader: she is not dominant, she does not infringe on his rights and positions but at the same time is very dutiful, very responsible, and she will not quickly run away to organize her own business because maybe it is more convenient for her to work under someone’s wing.
Compromise was the third advantage identified by interviewed women. One woman said, «I can’t remember a time when the fact that I was a woman reflected negatively.» She continued that she always could use this fact «with men of course.» But, «I allow no familiarity, but sometimes I can be gentle, and this makes a good impression on a man,» she added. Another participant said that it is easier for women to work with the male clients as Russian women are expected to compromise with men. Interpretation of being a woman as an advantage is closely related to traditional roles of men and women in Russia and again emphasizes essential elements of communication between women and men in the Russian patriarchal society.
Π‘Π°ΠΌΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ — ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½-ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΈ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ «ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ» Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ°ΡΡ Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅. ΠΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΌΡ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ :
«ΠΡΠΆΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠΈΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ, Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠΌ Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌ: ΠΎΠ½Π° Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ, ΠΎΠ½Π° Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ³Π°Π΅Ρ Π½Π° Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΈ Π² ΡΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π°, ΠΎΠ½Π° Π½Π΅ ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Ρ, Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π΅Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎ — ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΠΈΠΌ-ΡΠΎ ΠΊΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌ».
ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡ — ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ΄Π½Π° ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π°: «Π― Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΈΡΡ Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Ρ — ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Π°, ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ Π±Ρ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ½Π΅ Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ. ΠΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°Π»Π°, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½Π° Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»Π° Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ «Ρ ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ». ΠΠΎ «Ρ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ³Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΌΡΠ³ΠΊΠΎΠΉ, ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΈΠ½Ρ». ΠΡΡΠ³Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π°, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌ Π»Π΅Π³ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ Ρ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ-ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ, Ρ.ΠΊ. ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈΠ΄ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡ Ρ ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Ρ Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΈΠ½ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ°ΡΡ Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅.
Many women did not seem to articulate amore complex understanding of the gender-related problems in the workplace. In the Russian work environment where women represent the majority of practitioners in service professions, which are often perceived as unimportant, it may be dangerous and potentially harmful for the field of public relations to be presented as a service profession because it may undermine the importance and seriousness of this profession and has the potential to disempower female professionals who work in the area.
5. Conclusion
This study offered a new perspective on understanding public relations as a service-oriented profession in Russia. Specifically, the results demonstrated that Moscow practitioners described and perceived public relations as a service profession. Such construction of public relations as a service profession contributed to certain negotiating strategies by female practitioners in Russia. This construction should be further investigated in public relations practice outside of Moscow, Russia as well as in other countries. It is especially important to investigate whether the profession is perceived as service-oriented in countries where it is highly developed (such as the USA) to see whether this is a reason why it suffers from continuous negative stereotypes.
Practical implications of this study call for re-examination of understanding the nature of public relations as well as perceptions of the field among professionals in other fields. Practitioners who enter the profession in newly emerging markets need to realize which stereotypes and perceptions exist about the profession so that they can effectively address them. In addition, practitioners need to understand how patriarchal traditions of society can influence the perception of the field. This will allow professionals to either change or reinforce certain predispositions about public relations or any other field that can be perceived as service-oriented.
ΠΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Ρ Π³Π΅Π½Π΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ. Π Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅. ΠΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌ, ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ.
ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ PR ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³. Π ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ PR ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ-ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΏΠΎΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π² Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Ρ . ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠΈΡΡ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ Π² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Ρ , Π³Π΄Π΅ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ (ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π‘Π¨Π), ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡ, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ².
ΠΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ PR, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π° Π²Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ°Ρ , Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ°ΡΡ Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌ Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π·Π³Π»ΡΠ΄Ρ, Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠΈ ΠΎ PR ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³.
Assessment of motion media on believability and credibility:
An exploratory study
Hyunmin Lee
abstract
The radical shift by news audiences away from newspaper to motion media (video stories on TV, web, cell phones, handhelds) prompted the assessment of media modality (text, text + picture, video) and source (public relations, news, user-generated content [UGC]) effects on credibility and more importantly perceived veridicality, a perception of an object as being accurate and believable regardless of the source, as well as impact of messages.
The findings revealed that motion media modality significantly enhances believability judgments and perceived veridicality, which is independent of source cue, in which news source garnered no greater credibility than PR or UGC source.
© 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
ΠΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ: ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅
Π₯. ΠΠΈ
Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
Π Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡ Π³Π°Π·Π΅Ρ ΠΊ ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ (Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π° Π’Π, ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅Ρ, ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ) ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ» ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ (ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ, ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ + ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠ°, Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎ) ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° (ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ, Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ [UGC]), ΠΈΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ.
Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΡ Π‘ΠΠ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΎΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°.
© 2010 Elsevier Inc. ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Ρ.
1. Introduction
As a strategic communicationmanagementfunction, public relations must stay in tune with the dynamics of the surrounding media in order to effectively deliver targeted messages. While recent trends show that Americans first turn to television for breaking news, print-based materials still appear to be the focus for public relations researchers. The radical shift from non-print media to motion media—media based on moving images with audio and interaction functions— and lack of academic research calls for a need to assess how publics evaluate news from this media format. Previous literature concludes that when people perceive the source or medium carrying the message to be highly credible, they will tend to rely on and use the information more often than people who evaluate it to be less credible. However, in this new media landscape, it has become a difficult task to differentiate whether a story is from public relations or news organization. Furthermore, from the perspective of media modality, high modality forms (i.e., motion media) are more appealing and memorable than low modality forms (i.e., print media), suggesting that there may be another dimension explaining publics' cognitive evaluations of media messages.
1. ΠΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
Π―Π²Π»ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° PR Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π‘ΠΠ, Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π₯ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΡΠΌ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ. Π Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΡ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ², Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°: ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ°-ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ?. ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠ°Π·Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, Π² Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ°-ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ PR ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ (Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅) ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΡ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ.
Thus, this exploratory study examines motion media impact through an experiment asking: (RQ1) the relationships between different types of sources and message evaluation (i.e., perceived credibility, attitudes towards the news, intention to share information with others); (RQ2) relationships between different modalities on message evaluation; (RQ3) relationships between different sources on perceived veridicality; and (RQ4) interaction effects between source and modality on message evaluations. Finally, we hypothesize that (H1) high modality format will yield high levels of perceived veridicality; and (H2) increased veridicality predicts higher credibility among participants.
2. Method
A 3 (source: news vs. public relations vs. interested individual)?3 (modality: text vs. text + picture vs. text + video) between-subjects factorial design was used to explore the impact of source type and degree of modality on perceived credibility, perceived veridicality, attitudes, and behavioral intentions. Two hundred and sixty three students from a large Midwestern University participated in this experiment, and were randomly assigned to one of the nine conditions. The news story was about an act to pass a campus smoking ban policy at a Midwestern University.
Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, Π΄Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π° Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²: Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ·Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ (Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌ, ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ); Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ·Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ; Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ·Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ; Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π ΠΈΡΠΎΠ³Π΅, ΠΌΡ Π²ΡΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ, Π²ΠΎ-ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ , ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π²ΠΎ-Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΡ , Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ.
2. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ»ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ 3 ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ, ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ. (ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ: Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, PR, Π·Π°ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ)? 3 (ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ: ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ, ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ + ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠ°, ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ + Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎ). 263 ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Midwestern University ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΊ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΈΠ· Π΄Π΅Π²ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π» ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ» ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΏΡΡΠ° ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°.
Dependent variables for this study were perceived credibility, perceived veridicality, attitudes towards the news story, and intentions to pass the story. Perceived credibility wasmeasured with four items (accuracy, fairness, objectivity, and bias) developed by Kiousis and Dimitrova (2006). Perceived veridicality wasmeasured with two instruments (production aesthetics and degree of interest) developed from Slater and Rouner (1997). Additionally, for this study, believability was operationalized as an index for measuring veridicality. Attitude towards the story wasmeasured by two items for two different attitudes—the people’s rights and quality of life. Behavioral intentions to pass along the story were measured by three items adapted from behavior intentions of Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1991). All items were measured on a on a seven-point Likert scale.
ΠΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π² Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌ Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΠΌ. ΠΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ΅Π² (ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅), ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΠΈΠΎΡΠ·ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ (2006). ΠΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π΄Π²ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ (ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Ρ Π·Π°ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ), ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π‘Π»Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π Π°ΡΠ½Π΄Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌ (1997). ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π² Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π΄Π²ΡΠΌΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π²ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ — ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π’Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ (Ajzen, 1991). ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ°Π»Π΅ ΡΡΠΌΠΌΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ ΠΠ°ΠΉΠΊΠ΅ΡΡΠ°.
3. Results
A series of one-way ANOVA were used to answer RQ1 through RQ3, and H1.
There were no statistically significant differences found between the different types of sources and different types of modalities on participants' message evaluation and behavioral intentions. H1 examined the main effect of modality on the perceived veridicality of the story. As predicted, a significant difference was found in participants' perceived veridicality of the production value F (2, 260) = 3.400, p < .05 and the believability of the story F (2, 260) = 3.210, p < .05 among different types of modalities. There were no statistically significant differences in terms of the degree of interest according to the modality of the story. Post hoc analysis using Tukey showed that participants in high modality conditions (M= 4.44, SD = 1.49,N= 87) evaluated a story higher in production value than did participants in moderate modality conditions (M= 3.86, SD = 1.57, N= 87). However, there was no significant difference in perceived veridicality between low conditions and moderate conditions. Additionally, participants in high modality conditions (M= 4.90, SD = 1.73, N= 87) perceived a story to be more believable than did participants in moderate modality conditions (M= 4.24, SD = 1.72, N= 87), but they evaluate it as believable as those in low modality conditions (M= 4.46, SD = 1.75, N= 89). As with the case of production value, there was no significant difference in perceived veridicality between low conditions and moderate conditions. Thus, H1 was supported only for the dimensions of production value and believability.
3. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ANOVA. ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ (ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ).
ΠΠΎ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΌ «ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ» ΠΈ «ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ» Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ F (2,260) = 3.400, p <.05 ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° F (2,260) = 3.210, p<.05 ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ. Π‘ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π°, ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ. ΠΠΎΡΡ-Ρ ΠΎΠΊ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠ° Π’ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π», ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ (M = 4.44, SD = 1.49, N = 87) ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π» Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ (M = 3.86, SD = 1.57, N = 87). ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, Π½Π΅Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π² Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ (M = 4.90, SD = 1.73, N = 87) Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π» ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠΉ Π² ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ (M = 4.24, SD = 1.72, N = 87), Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΆΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ (M = 4.46, SD = 1.75, N = 89). ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π² ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ ΡΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π°, Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π² Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΌ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ.
RQ4 addressed the interaction effects between source and modality on perceived credibility, veridicality, attitudes, and behavioral intentions. A series of univariate ANOVAs were adopted to check interaction effects between source and modality on three criterion variables. There were no interaction effects between source and modality on perceived credibility, perceived veridicality, attitudes towards the story in both the smoker’s rights or quality of life, and behavioral intentions.
Finally, H2 addressed whether increased perceived veridicality would predict higher perceived credibility among participants. Using a regression analysis, perceived credibility was regressed on perceived veridicality. The results showed that perceived veridicality of production value (B = .35; SE = .05; p = .000) and believability (B = .18; SE = .04; p = .000) was a significant predictor of perceived credibility (R2 = .28). Thus, H4 was supported.
ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ»ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ANOVA Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ . ΠΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π΅Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ, Π½ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π² ΠΊΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ, Π½ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ.
ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ, Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·, ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° (B = .35; SE = .05; p = .000) ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ (B = .18; SE = .054; p = .000) Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ (R? =.28). Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, Π²ΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅.
4. Discussion
The goal of the current study was to test the influence of source and media modality on message evolution. More importantly, we aimed to shed light on the impact of perceived veridicality on credibility perceptions, proposing that veridicality is the most critical trait in high modality contents such as motion media messages. The results indicated that there are no differences among message evaluations according to different types of sources. This finding echoes the thesis of Kiousis and Dimitrova (2006) that public relations messages are equally credible as news messages. Further, the results show that UGC was considered as equally effective as were messages produced by either public relations or news organizations. Notwithstanding public relations experts' opportunities to directly communicate with key stakeholders, this also presents a greater risk of extreme voices expressed through UGC in the larger public discourse, competing with the relatively institutionalized information by public relations in situations such as a crisis case. A veridical UGC story reporting on the failure of bailout efforts and the legal bankruptcy of General Motors may be accorded widespread believability, inflaming an existing crisis, with neither legal nor career ramifications for the UGC producer. However, the consequences would remain for public relations teams to address in crisis.
4. ΠΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²
Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΡ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ Π½Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ², ΡΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ — ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΎΡ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΈΠΎΡΠ·ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ (2006), ΡΡΠΎ PR ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ½Ρ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ PR ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ PR ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΌΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Ρ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, Π²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π² ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ . ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π», ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΎ Π±Π΅Π·ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π²ΡΠΉΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ· Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ²Π΅ General Motors, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΡ ΡΡ ΡΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π±Π΅Π· ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ -Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ΅Π±Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ. Π’Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅, Π² ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ PR ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΠΌ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊ Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ.
The present study also indicates no effect of modality on perceived credibility while there is a significant difference in the participants' perceived veridicality of the story among different types of modalities. With high modality messages (motion media), participants agreed that the message had better production quality and was considered more believable. Most importantly, the authors found a veridicality effect. If an audience evaluates a story as well produced and believable, they tend to treat the story as credible. It seems that with motion media, the effects of the source cues wash out, leaving people to believe that because it looks and talks like the real thing (veridical), the credibility of the story increased, regardless of the source credibility. Additionally, perceived veridicality is a significant predictor of perceived credibility, suggesting that if an audience evaluates a story as well produced and believable, they tend to treat a story as credible as well.
Public relations professionals today are faced with an exploding array of new communication channels that give endusers increased opportunities to voice their opinion. Consequently, people are becoming savvier of technology and in a sense naive to persuasive messages in that more and more people are relying on cues in motion media messages rather than text-based messages in print media. Based on the results, it seems worthwhile to pay more attention to the concept of veridicality in our present motion media dominant environment. Veridicality has been understudied as a major factor in the credibility of a particular message.
ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, Π² ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. Π ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ Ρ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ (ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π‘ΠΠ), ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠΌ.
ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π°, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π» ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠΉ, ΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ΅. ΠΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ Ρ ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π‘ΠΠ, ΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Ρ.ΠΊ. Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ Π²ΡΠ³Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠΌ, ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ, Π½Π΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°. Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π΅Ρ Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, Ρ.ΠΊ. Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π» ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠΉ, ΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ΅.
Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ PR ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ, Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ, Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡ , ΠΈ Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ, Π² Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΡΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ, Ρ.ΠΊ. Π²ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΡ Π‘ΠΠ, Π° Π½Π΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ , ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡ Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
The trend to amultitude of creators of motion media stories delivered to multifarious platforms raises the distinction between source credibility and story credibility to new heights of importance in theory and in practice. It will become increasingly important to investigate veridicality in the context of public relations campaigns and messages as `apparent reality' becomes the most influential indicator of message evaluation in motion media environment.
In conclusion, the authors propose that this exploratory study is a stepping stone to understanding the dynamics of veridicality and opens a stream of exciting future research of a critical trait of motion media in this ever changing media landscape.
The role of source and the factors audiences rely on in evaluating credibility of health information
Elizabeth Johnson Avery
a b s t r a c t
In the wake of public relations crises of credibility such as FEMA’s staged press conference in response to the California wildfires, source credibility merits increased scholarly and practitioner scrutiny in order to maximize the effectiveness of the information practitioners release, particularly when the objective is to promote action vital to public health and well-being. Through a random national telephone survey (n = 400), this research analyzes
how the source itself moderates credibility as well as the criteria important to audience evaluations of credibility. Results indicate practitioners are perceived as credible sources of health information and that audiences take a rather mindful route in their evaluations of source credibility. © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Π‘ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΡ Π‘ΠΠ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π°. ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ΅ PR ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Ρ.ΠΊ. «ΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ» ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° Π² ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΡ Π‘ΠΠ.
Π Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π‘ΠΠ.
Π ΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ.
ΠΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°Π±Π΅Ρ ΠΠΆΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎΠ½ ΠΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈ
Π° Π½ Π½ ΠΎ Ρ, Π° Ρ ΠΈ Ρ
ΠΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡ ΠΊ PR, Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ±Π΅ Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ (FEMA) ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡ-ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Ρ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡΡ Π² ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ° (n=400), Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π° Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈ PR Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π°, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ ΠΊ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ, ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°. © 2009 Elsevier Inc. ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Ρ.
Recent public relations crises such as FEMA’s staged press conference in response to the California wildfires compromise the credibility of public relations sources, thus making enhancing perceived source credibility an increasingly important effort for practitioners. Particularly when releasing information critical to public health and safety, establishing source trust is critical to motivate audiences to follow important directives, as trust determines message acceptance. Despite vast literature on the factors that moderate credibility, little is known about how perceived credibility differs by nature of the source of health information. In the source-journalist relationship, the credibility of the source of information subsidies has been well-established as one of the most important determinants in whether or not a journalist will use the information the practitioner provides. Credibility may likewise determine whether or not publics heed the medical advice and directives issued by health practitioners.
Perhaps attributable to credibility, Dunleavy, Crandall, and Metsch (2005) found that access to expert medical sources of information such as physicians and pharmacists significantly predicted perceived access to primary health care among low-income drug users. Thus, perceived source credibility may be a strong predictor of motivation to seek, attend to, and follow public health directives. Beyond the professional title of the source, factors such as perceived expertise, transparency, and source familiarity may be central to evaluations of source credibility. The following research questions are asked to explore differences in perceived credibility of various source types and in the importance of criteria used to evaluate credibility:
ΠΠ΅Π΄Π°Π²Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ³ΡΠΎΠ·Ρ Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ PR-ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ, ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ. Π ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π²ΡΠ΄Π°Π²Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ± ΡΠ³ΡΠΎΠ·Π΅ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΡΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΡ Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Ρ.ΠΊ. Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ, ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ-ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ Π»ΠΈ ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ (ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²). Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ, Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ².
Dunleavy, Crandall, and Metsch (2005) ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏ ΠΊ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ (Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ ΠΈ Ρ. ΠΏ.) Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏ ΠΊ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ Ρ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ. Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΡ Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°. ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ° Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ: ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ:
RQ1: What differences emerge between perceived credibility of sources of health information?
RQ2: What source factors are most important to audience evaluations of the credibility of sources of health information?
1. Methods
A random national sample of 400 adults, selected by random digit dialing, participated in telephone survey interviews for this study. Prior to the administration of the interviews, two waves of pilot testing were conducted to generate the interview guide. Age ranged from 18 to 90, and gender was balanced between males and females (55% and 45%, respectively). All 50 states plus the District of Columbia are represented by the sample. With regard to reported ethnicity, 83% of the respondents were Caucasian, 8% African-American, 4% Hispanic, and the remaining 5% of Asian, Native American, or bi-racial ethnicity.
Overall, the sample of respondents was fairly representative with regard to age, gender, geography, and race.
1. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ?
2. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ?
1.ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°, ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ· 400 Π²Π·ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΡ , ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»Π° ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π² Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄, Π΄Π²Π° ΠΏΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. Π ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π·ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΅ Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ Π² Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡ 18 Π΄ΠΎ 90 Π»Π΅Ρ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΈΠ½Ρ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ (ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ 55% ΠΈ 45%). ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅ 50 ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ³ ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΠΌΠ±ΠΈΡ. Π§ΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π°, ΡΠΎ 83% ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ, 8% - Π°ΡΡΠΎ-Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΡ, 4% - ΠΈΡΠΏΠ°Π½ΡΡ, ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ 5% - Π°Π·ΠΈΠ°ΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΠΌΡΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ. Π ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ, Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π² Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°, Π³Π΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ².