Эффективность ингаляционных глюкокортикостероидов при нетяжелой бронхиальной астме
Диссертация
В-третьих, в последние годы сформировались представления о стадийности БА и о важной роли в ее прогрессировании структурной перестройки (ремоделирования) дыхательных путей. Со временем структурные изменения в дыхательных путях становятся основой бронхиальной гиперреактивности независимо от выраженности воспаления. Оценить необратимый или медленно обратимый компоненты бронхиальной обструкции… Читать ещё >
Список литературы
- Биличенко Т.Н. Эпидемиология бронхиальной астмы.- В кн.: Бронхиальная астма/ Под ред. А. Г. Чучалина, в 2 томах.- М.: Агар, 1997, Т.2, С.400−423.
- Болевич С., Даниляк И. Г., Коган А. Х. Измерение свободнорадикальных процессов и возможность их коррекции у больных бронхиальной астмой.- Vojnosanit. pregl., 1993, Vol.50, Р.3−18.
- Бронхиальная астма. Глобальная стратегия. Совместный доклад Национального института Сердца, Легких, Крови и Всемирной организации здравоохранения- Пульмонология (приложение), 1996, 165с.
- Владимиров Ю.А., Потапенко, А .Я. Физико-химические основы фотобиологических процессов. «Высшая школа», Москва, 1989, С.5−30.
- Даниляк И.Г., Коган А. Х., Болевич С. и др. Генерация активных форм кислорода альвеолярными макрофагами у больных бронхиальной астмой.- Проблемы туберкулеза, 1993, № 4, С.55−57.
- Емельянов A.B., Щербак И. Г., Абулимити А., Краснощекова О. И. и др. Перекись водорода как маркер воспаления дыхательных путей у больных бронхиальной астмой.- Тер. архив, 2000, № 12,С.27−30.
- Ильченко В.А. Бронхиальная астма.- В кн.: Болезни органов дыхания/ Под ред. Н. Р. Палеева, — М.: Медицина, 2000, С.276−374.
- Калашникова Е.А., Кокаровцева С. Н., Пухальский А. Л. Стимуляция продукции провоспалительных цитокинов мононуклеарамипериферической крови человека под действием глюкокортикостероидов.-Вестник Российской академии медицинских наук, 2000, № 10, С.37−44.
- Kapp Я. Макрофаги. Обзор ультраструктуры и функции. М. Медицина, 1978, 179 с.
- Кетлинский С.А., Калинина Н. М. Цитокины мононуклеарных фагоцитов в регуляции реакций воспаления и иммунитета.- Иммунология, 1995, № 3, С.30−44.А
- Международный консенсус по проблемам диагностики и лечения астмы: Резюме докладов.- СПб- 1992.
- Палеев Н.Р., Ильченко В. А., Голиков П. П. и др. Индивидуальная чувствительность больных к глюкокортикоидам и гормонорезистентность при бронхиальной астме.- Тер. Архив, 1994, № 12, С.56−59.
- Палеев Н.Р., Ильченко В. А., Кольцун С. С. и др. Клиническое значение мониторинга бронхиальной проходимости у больных бронхиальной астмой и хроническим обструктивным бронхитом.- Пособие для врачей, М., 1998, С.9−11.
- Синопальников А.И., Клячкина И. Л. р2-агонисты: их роль и место в лечении бронхиальной астмы.- Русский медицинский журнал, 2002, № 5, С.236−241.
- Смирнов H.A., Смоленов И. В. Бронхиальная астма в Центральной и Восточной Европе: представления больных и реальная клиническая практика (результаты исследования AIR CEE).- Аллергология, 2001, № 4, С.4−10.
- Стоцкая Т.В. Глюкокортикоидные рецепторы альвеолярных макрофагов при бронхиальной астме. Диссертация на соискание ученой степени кандидата медицинских наук. М., 1998, С.66−67.
- Суточникова О.А. Ингаляционные глюкокортикостероиды при лечении больных бронхиальной астмой. В кн.: Бронхиальная астма./ Под ред. А. Г. Чучалина: в 2 томах. Т.2.- М.: Агар, 1997, С.254−258.
- Харитонов С.А., Барис П.Дж., Чучалин А. Г. Окись азота (N0) в выдыхаемом воздухе: новый тест в пульмонологии.- Пульмонология, 1997, № 3,С.7−12.
- Чучалин А.Г. Тяжелая бронхиальная астма.- Российский медицинский журнал, 2000, № 12, С.5−10.
- Шмушкович Б.И. Глюкокортикоидные гормоны в лечении бочьных бронхиальной астмой. В кн.:Бронхиальная астма./Под ред. А. Г. Чучалина: в 2-х томах. Т.2.- М.:Агар, 1997, С.213−223.
- Шмушкович Б.И. Клиническая эффективность и механизмы противовоспалительного действия глюкокортикоидных гормонов в лечении больных бронхиальной астмой. В кн.: Бронхиальная астма./ Под ред. А. Г. Чучалина в 2-х томах. Т.2.- М.:Агар, 1997, С.224−253
- Adams D.O., Hamilton Т.А. The cell biology of macrophage activation.-Annu. Rev. Immunol., 1987, P.283−318.
- Adcock I.M., Lane C.J., Brown S.A., et al. Abnormal glucocorticoid receptor Ap-1 interaction in steroid-resistant asthma.- J. Exp. Med., 1995, Vol.182, РЛ 951−1958.
- Allen R.C. Phagocytic leucocytes oxygenation activities and chemiluminescense: a kinetic approach to analysis.- Methods Enzymol., 1986, Vol.133, P.49−93.
- Amrani Y., Lazaar A.L., Panettieri R.A. Up-regulation of ICAM-1 by cytokines in human tracheal smooth muscle cells involves an NF-kB-dependent signaling pathway that is only partially sensitive to dexamethasone.-J. Immunol., 1999, Vol.163, P.2128−2134.
- Auerbach I. Total population survey of the frequency and severity of asthma in 17 year old boys in an urban area in Israel.- Thorax, 1993, Vol.48, P.139−141.f i
- Azevedo I., de Blic J., Scheinmann P., et al. Enhanced arachidonic acid metabolism in alveolar macrophages from wheezy infants. Modulation by dexamethasone.- Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 1995, Vol.152, P.1208−1214.
- Bai T .R., C ooper J., K oelmeyer T., e t a 1. The e ffect o f age and duration of disease on airway structure in fatal asthma.- Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2000, Vol.162, P.663−669.
- Bancroft G.J., Kelly J.P., Kaye P.M., et al. Pathways of macrophage activation and innate immunity.- Immunol. Lett., 1994, Vol.43, P.67−70.
- Barnes P.J. Glucocorticosteroids/ Asthma: basic mechanisms and clinical management/ Barnes P.J.(ed), Academic Press, 1998, P.730−757.
- Barnes P.J. Inhaled glucocorticoids for asthma.- New Engl. J. Med., 1995, Vol.332, P.868−875.
- Barnes P.J., Adcock I.M. Anti-inflammatory actions of steroids, molecular mechanisms.- Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 1993, Vol.14, P.436−441.
- Baydutt H.N., Holsboer F. Inhibition of macrophage differentiation and function by Cortisol.- Endocrinology, 1990, Vol.127, P. 476−480.
- Beg A.A., Baltimor D. An essential role for NF-kB in preventing TNF-a-induced cell death.- Science, 1996, Vol.274, P.782.
- Bilyk N., Holt P.G. Inhibition of the immunosupressive activity of resident pulmonary alveolar macrophages by granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor.- J. Exp. Med., 1993, Vol.177, P. 1773−1777.
- BilykN., Upham J.W., Holt P.G. Pulmonary macrophages.-Eur. Respir. J., 1994, Vol.7, P.1678- 1689.
- Bilyk N., U pham J .W., H olt P .G. P ulmonary macrophages., i n Kradin R .L., Robinson B.W.S.(eds) Immunopathology of lung disease. Boston, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1996, P.529−540.
- Bloom J.W. Corticosteroids in respiratory allergy. New insights into the molecular basis of glucocorticoid action.- Immunol, and Allergy Clin. North Am., 1999, Vol. 19, P.653−670.
- Bochner B.S., Undem B.J., Lichtenstein L.M. Immunological aspects of allergic asthma.- Annu. Rev. Immunol., 1994, Vol.13, P.501−506.
- Boggs P.B., Wheeler D., Washburne W.F. at al. Peak expiratory flow rate control chart in asthma care: chart conclusion and use in asthma care.- Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol., 1998, Vol.81, P.552−562.
- Borish L., Aarons A., Rumbyrt J., et al. Interleukin-10 regulation in normal subjects and patients with asthma.- J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 1996, Vol.97, P.1288−1296.
- Bonsh L., M ascali J J., D ishuck J. e t a 1. D etection o f a lveolar macrophage-derived Il-lb in asthma.- J.Immunol., 1992, Vol. 149, P.3078−3082
- Borish L., Mascali J.J., Rossenwasser L.J. IgE dependent cytokine production by human monocytes.- J. Immunol., 1991, Vol. 146, P.63−67.
- Bosse' M., Chakir J., Rouabhia M., et al. Serum matrix metalloproteinase-9: tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 ratio correlates with steroid responsiveness in moderate to severe asthma.- Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 1999, Vol.159, P.596−602.
- Bousquet J., Jeffery P.K., Busse W.W., et al. Asthma: from bronchoconstriction to airway inflammation and remodeling.- Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2000, Vol. 161, P.1720−1745.
- Boyum A. Isolation of mononuclear cells and granulocytes from human blood.- Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest., 1968, Suppl. 97, P.77.
- Brattsand R., Linden M. Cytokine modulation by glucocorticoids: mechanism and actions in cellular studies.- Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther., 1996, Vol.10, P.81−90.
- Breslin A.B. New developments in anti-asthma drugs.- Med. J. Aust., 1993, Vol.158, P.779−782.
- British Thoracic Society, National Asthma Campaign and Royal College of Physician o f L ondon i n a ssociation w ith the G eneral P ractitioner in A sthma Group, British Association of Accident and Emergency Medicine, British
- Pediatric Respiratory Society and Royal College of Pediatric and Child Health. The British guidelines on asthma management. 1995 review and position statement.-Thorax, 1996, Vol.52(suppl. 1), P. 1−21.
- Burney P.G.L Epidemiology of asthma.- Allergy, 1993, Vol.48, P.17−21.
- Carmichael J., Paterson I.C., Diaz P., et al. Corticosteroid resistance in chronic asthma.- Br. Med. J., 1981, Vol.282, P.1419−1422.
- Chanez P., Vignola A.M., Paul-Eugene N., et al. Modulation by interleukin-4 of cytokine release from mononuclear phagocytes in asthma.- J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 1994, Vol.94, P.997−1005.
- Chan-Yeung M., Chang J.H., Manfreda J. et al. Changes in peak flow, symptom score, and the use of medications during acute exacerbation of asthma.- Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 1996, Vol.154, P.889−893.
- Chung K .F. P harmacology o f a irway i nflammation in a sthma.- L ung, 1 990, Vol.168, P.132−141.
- Clark E.A., Ledbetter J.A. How B and T cells talk to each other.- Nature, 1994, Vol.367, P. 425−428.
- Clark S.C., Kamen R. The human haematopoietic colony-stimulating factors. Science, 1987, Vol.236, P.1229−1237.
- Clark T.H.J., Hetzel M.R. Diurnal variation of asthma.- Br. J. Dis. Chest., 1977, Vol.71, P.87−92.
- Cluzel M., D amon M, C hanes P. Enhanced alveolar c ell luminol-dependent chemiluminescence in asthma.- J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 1987, Vol.80, P.195−201.
- Cockroft D.W., McParland C.P., Britto S.A., et al. Regular inhaled salbutamol and airway responsiveness to allergen.- Lancet, 1993, Vol.342, P.833−837.
- Cohan V.L., Undem B.J., Fox C.C., et al. Dexamethasone does not inhibit the release of mediators from human lung mast cells residing in the airway, intestine or skin.- Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 1989, Vol.140, P.951−954.
- Colotta F., Re F., Muzio M., et al. Interleukine-1 type II receptor: a decoy target for IL-1 that is regulated by IL-4.- Science, 1993, Vol.261, P.472−475.
- Corrigan C.J., Brown P.H., Barnes N.C., Tsai J., et al. Peripheral blood T lymphocyte activation and comparison of the T lymphocyte inhibitory effects of glucocorticoids and cyclosporin A.- Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 1994, Vol.144, P. 1026−1032.
- Corrigan C.J., Kay A.B. T-cells and eosinophils in the pathogenesis of asthma.- Immunol. Today, 1992, Vol.13, P.501−506.
- Cote J., Cartier A., Malo J.L., et al. Compliance with peak expiratory flow monitoring in home management of asthma.- Chest, 1998, Vol.113, P.968−972.
- Crane J., Pearce N., Burgess C., Beasley R. Asthma and the b agonist debate.-Thorax, 1995, Vol.50, P.5−10.
- Cross D., Nelson H.S. The role of the peak flow meter in the diagnosis and management of asthma.- J. All. Clin. Immunol., 1991, Vol.87, P. 120−128.
- D’Alonzo G.E., Volker W.S., Keller A. Measurements of morning and evening airflow grossly underestimate the circadian variability of FEVi and peak expiratory flow rate in asthma.- Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med., 1995, Vol.152, P. 1097−1099.
- Dayer J.M. IL-1, TNF and their specific inhibitors.- Eur. Cytokine Netw., 1994, Vol.5, P.563−571.
- De Caterina R., Sicari R., Giannessi D., et al. Macrophage specific eicosanoid synthesis inhibition and lipocortin-1 induction by glucocorticoids.- J. Appl. Physiol., 1993, Vol.75, P. 2368−2375.
- Demoly P., Vachier I., Pene J., et al. IgE produces monocytes superoxide anion release: correlation with CD23 expression.- J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 1994, Vol.93, P. 108−116.
- Denburg J.A., Inman M.D., Leber B., et al. The role of the bone marrow in allergy and asthma.- Allergy, 1996, Vol.51, P. 141−148.
- Dennis K.L. Treatment of steroid-resistant asthma.- Immunol. Allerg. Clin. North Am., 1996, Vol.16, P.777−779.
- Den Otter J.J., Reijnen G.M., van den Bosh W.J. et al. Testing bronchial hyperresponsiveness: provocation or peak expiratory flow variability?- Br. J. Gen. Pract., 1997, Vol.47, P.487−492.
- Djukanovic R., Roche W.R., Wilson J.W. et al. Mucosal inflammation in asthma.- Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 1990, Vol.142, P.434−457.
- Douma W.R., Kerstjens H.A.M., Roos C.M. et al. Changes in peak expiratory flow indices as a proxy for changes in bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Dutch Chronic Non-Specific Lung Disease study group.- Eur.Respir.J., 2000, Vol.16, P.220−225.
- Drazen J.M., Arm J.P., Austen K.F. Sorting out the cytokines of asthma.- J. Exp. Med., 1996, Vol.183, P. l-5.
- Eickelberg O., Roth M., Lorx R., et al. Ligand-binding activation of the glucocorticoid receptor by beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonists in primary human lung fibroblasts and vascular smooth muscle cells.- J. Biol. Chem., 1999, Vol.274, P.1005−10 010.
- Ferreri N.R., Howland W.C., Spiegelberg H. Release of leukotrienes C4 and B4 and prostaglandin E2 from human monocytes stimulated with aggregated IgG, IgA and IgE.- J. Immunol., 1986, Vol.136, P.4188−4193.
- Flower R.J., Rothwell N.J. Lipocortin-1: cellular mechanisms and clinical relevance.-Trends Pharmacol. Sei., 1994, Vol. l5, P.71−76.
- Gannon P.F.G., Newton D.T., Pantin C.F.A., Burge P. S. Effect of the number of peak expiratory flow readings per day on the estimation of diurnal variation.- Thorax, 1998, Vol.53, P.790−792.
- Gant V., Cluzel M., Shakoor P., et al. Alveolar macrophage accessory cell function in bronchial asthma.- Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 1992, Vol.146, P.900−904.
- Gibson G.J., Greenacre J.K., Konig P., Conolly M.E., Pride N.B. Use of exercise challenge to investigate possible tolerance to beta-adrenoreceptor stimulation in asthma.- Br. J. Dis. Chest., 1978, Vol.72, P. 199−206.
- Gibson P.G. Monitoring the patient with asthma: an evidence-based approach.-J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2000, Vol.106, P. 17−26.
- Gibson P.G., Wong B.J.O., Hepperle J. et al. A research method to induce and examine a mild exacerbation of asthma.- Clin. Exp. Allergy, 1992, Vol.22, P.525−532.
- Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention.- Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, 1995, (NIH publication No 96−3659A, NHLBI).
- Goldman D.W., Goetzl E.J. Specific binding of leukotriene B4 to receptors in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.- J. Immunol., 1982, Vol.129, P. 16 001 604.
- Gonzalo J-A., Pan Y., Lloyd C.M. et al. Mouse monocyte-derived chemokine is involved in airway hyperreactivity and lung inflammation.- J. Immunol., 1999, Vol.163, P.403−411.
- Gosset P., Tsicopoulos A., Wallaert B., et al. Tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 production by human mononuclear phagocytes from allergic asthmatics after IgE-dependent stimulation.- Am.Rev.Resp.Dis., 1992, Vol.146, P.768−774.
- Hallsworth M.P., Soh C.P., LaneS.J., et al. Selective enhancement of GM-CSF, TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-8 production by monocytes and macrophages of asthmatic subjects.- Eur. Respir. J., 1994, Vol.7, P. 1096−1102.
- Hamid Q.A., Wenzel S.E., Hauk P., et al. Increased glucocorticoid receptor b in airway cells of glucocorticoid-insensitive asthma.- Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care. Med., 1999, Vol.159, P.1600−1604.
- Hansen E.F., Vestbo J., Phanareth K. et al. Peak flow as a predictor of overall mortality in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.- Am J Crit Care Med., 2001, Vol.163, P.690−693.
- Hargreave F.E., Dolovich J., Newhouse M.T. et al. The assessment and treatment of asthma: a conference report.- J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 1990, Vol.85, P.1098−1111.
- Hawrylowicz C.M., Lee T.H. Monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells.-Asthma: basic mechanisms and clinical management/ Barnes P.J.(ed), Academic Press, 1998, P. 127−140.
- Hetzel M.R., Clark T.J. Comparison of normal and asthmatic circadian rhythms in peak expiratory flow rate.- Thorax, 1980, Vol.35, P.732−738.
- Higgins B.G., Britton J.R., Chinn S. at al. Comparison of bronchial reactivity and peak expiratory variability measurements for epidemiologic studies.- Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 1992, Vol. 145, P.588−593.
- Hjemdahl P., Zetterlund A., Larsson K. b2-agonist treatement reduses b2-sensetivity in alveolar macrofages despite corticosteroid treatment.- Amer. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 1996, Vol. 153, P. 576−581.
- Holt P .G., S ly P .D. P revention o f a dult asthma bye arly i ntervention during childhood: potential value of new generation immunomodulatory drugs.-Thorax, 2000, Vol.55, P.700−703.
- Humbert M., Grant J.A., Taborda-Barata L. et al. High-affinity IgE receptor (FceRl)-bearing cells in bronchial biopsies from atopic and nonatopic asthma.-Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med., 1996, Vol.153, P.1931−1937.
- Israel E., Drazen J.M., Liggett S.B., et al. The effect of polymorphysms of the b2-adrenergic receptor on the response to regular use of albuterol in asthma.-Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2000, Vol. l62, P.75−80.
- Jaffuel D., Demoly P., Gougat C., et al. Transcriptional potencies or inhaled glucocorticoids.- Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2000, Vol.162, P.57−63.
- Jantzen H.M., Strahle U., Gloss B., et al., Cooperatively of glucocorticoid response located far upstream of the thyrosine aminotransferase gene.-Cell, 1987, Vol.49, P.29−38.
- Jeffery P.K., Godfrey R.W., Adelroth E., et al. Effect of treatment on airway inflammation and thickening of basement membrane reticular collagen in asthma.- Amer. Rev. Resp. Dis., 1992, Vol. 145, P.890−899.
- Johnston R.B. Monocytes and macrophages.- N. Engl. J. Med., 1988, Vol.318, P.747−752.
- Kamachi A., Munarata M., Nasuhara Y., et al. Enhancement of goblet cell hyperplasia and airway hyperresponsivenes by salbutamol in rat model of atopic asthma.- Thorax, 2001, Vol.56, P. 19−24.
- Kamps A.W.A., Roorda R.J., Brand P.L.P. Peak flow diaries in childhood asthma are unreliable.- Thorax, 2001, Vol.56, P. 180−182.
- Katsumata U., Miura M., Ichinose M., et al. Oxygen radicals produce airway constriction and hyperresponsiveness in anasthetized cats.- Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 1990, Vol.1415, P. l 158−1161.
- Kay A.B. Asthma and inflammation.- J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 1991, Vol.87, P.893−910.
- Kay A.B., Diaz P., Carmichael J, et al. Corticosteroid resistant chronic asthma and monocyte complement receptors.- Clin. Exp. Immunol., 1981, Vol.44, P.576−580.
- Knudsen PJ. Dinarello C.A., Strom T.B. Glucocorticoids inhibit transcriptional and post-transcriptional expression of interleukin 1 in U937 cells.- J. Immunol., 1987, Vol.139, P.4129−4134.
- Korn S.H., Wouters E.F.M. Wesseling et al. Interaction between glucocorticoids and beta-2-agonists: alpha and beta glucocorticoid-receptor mRNA expression in human bronchial epithelial cells.- Biochem. Pharmacol., 1998, Vol.56, P.1561−1569.
- Kraft M., Hamid Q., Crousos G.P., et al. Decreased steroid responsiveness at night in nocturnal asthma. Is the macrophage responsible?- Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med., 2001, Vol.163, P.1219−1225.
- Kuchroo V.K., Das M.P., Brown J.A., et al. B7−1 and B7−2 costimulatory molecules activate differentially the Thl/Th2 developmental pathways: application to autoimmune disease therapy.- Cell, 1995, Vol.80, P.707−718.
- Lahdensuo A., Heahtela T., Herrala J. et al. Randomized comparison of guided self-management and traditional treatment of asthma over one year.- B.M.J., 1996, Vol.312, P.748−752.
- Lamberts S.W.J., Kioper J.W., de Jong F.H. Familial and iatrogenic Cortisol receptor resistance.- J. S teroid B iochem. Molec. Biol., 1 992, Vol.43, P.385−388.
- Lane S.J., Adcock I.M., Richards D., et al. Corticosteroid-resistant bronchial asthma is associated with increased c-fos expression in monocytes and T-lymphocytes.- J. Clin. Invest., 1998, Vol.102, P.2156−2164.
- Lane S.J., Lee T.H. Glucocorticoid receptor characteristics in monocytes of patient with corticosteroid-resistant bronchial asthma.- Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 1991, Vol.143, P.1020−1024.
- Lane S. J, Lee.T.H. Mechanisms of corticosteroid resistance in asthmatic patients.- Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., 1997, Vol.113, P.193−195.
- Lantero S., Sacco O., Scala C., et al. Eosinophil locomotion and the release of IL-3 and IL-5 by allergen-stimulated mononuclear cells are effectivelydownregulated in vitro by budesonide.- Clin. Exp. Allergy, 1996, Vol.26, P.656−664.
- Larche M., Tills J., Haseiden B.M. et al. Costimulation through CD86 is involved in airway antigen-presenting cell and T cell responses to allergen in atopic asthmatics.- J. Immunol., 1998, Vol.161, P.6375−6382.
- Larsen G.L., Holt P.G. The concept of airway inflammation.- Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2000, Vol.162, P.52−56.
- Lassalle P., Gosset P., Delneste Y., et al. Modulation of adhesion molecule expression on endothelial cells during the late asthmatic reaction: the role of macrophage-derived TNFa.- Clin. Exp. Immunol., 1993, Vol.94, P.105−110.
- Ledford D.K. Treatment of steroid-resistant asthma.- Immunol. All. Clin. North Am., 1996, Vol.16, P.777−796.
- Lee G., Foerster J., Lukens J., et al. Mononuclear phagocyte production and kinetics.- Wintrobe’s clinical hematology, 1998,10th ed., P.384−386.
- Lee S .W., Tsou A.P., Chan H., et al. Glucocorticoids selectively inhibit the transcription of the interleukin 1 beta gene and decrease the stability of interleukin 1 beta mRNA.- Proc. Nat. Acad. Sei. USA, 1988, Vol.85, P. 12 041 208.
- Lenschow D.J., Walunas T.L., Bluestone J.A. CD28/B7 system of costimulation.- Ann. Rev. Immunol., 1996, Vol.14, P.233−258.
- Lensmar C., Prieto J., Dahlen B., et al. Airway inflammation and altered alveolar macrophage phenotype pattern after repeated low-dose allergen exposure of atopic asthmatic subjects.- Clin. Exp. Allergy, 1999, Vol 29, P. 1632−1640.
- Leung D.Y.M., Martin R.J., Szefler S.J. et al. Disregulation of interleukin 4, interleukin 5, and interferon gamma gene expression in steroid-resistant asthma.- J. Exp. Med., 1995, Vol.181, P.33−40.
- Le Van T. D, Behr F.D., Adkins K.K., et al. Glucocorticoid receptor signaling in a bronchial epithelial cell line.- Amer. J. Physiol., 1 997, Vol.272, P .838 843.
- Little S.A., Chalmers G.W., MacLeod K. J., et al. Non-invasive markers of airway inflammation as predictors of oral steroid responsiveness in asthma.-Thorax, 2000, Vol.55, P.232−234.
- Liu Z.-G., Hsu D., Goeddel D.V., Karin M. Dissection of TNF receptor I effector functions: JNK activation is not linked to apoptosis while NF-activation prevents cell death.- Cell, 1996, Vol.87, P.565.
- Lohmann-Matthes M.L., Steinmuller C., Franke-Ulman G. Pulmonary macrophages.- Eur. Respir. J., 1994, P. 1678−1689.
- Loms-Ziegler- Heitbrock H.W., Fingerle G., Strobel M., et al. The novel subset of CD14/Cdl6 blood monocytes exhibits features of tissue macrophages.- Eur. J. Immunol., 1993, Vol.23, P.2053−2058.
- Lukacs N.W., Strieter R.M., Chensue S.W., et al. Activation and regulation of chemokines in allergic airway inflammation.- J. Leuckos. Biol., 1996, Vol.59, P. 13−17.
- Mak J.C., Nishikawa M., Barnes P.J. Glucocorticoids increase beta 2-adrenergic receptor transcription in human lung.- Am. J. Physiol., 1995, Vol.268, P.41−46.
- Malo J-L., Cote J., Cartier A. et al. How many times per day should peak expiratory flow rates be assessed when investigating occupational asthma?-Thorax, 1993, Vol.48, P.1211−1217.
- Mattoli S., Mattoso V.L., Soloperto M., et al. Cellular and biochemical events of BAL in symptomatic non-allergic asthma.- J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 1991, Vol.87, P.794−802.
- Maurer D.E., Fiebiger E., Reininger B. Expression of functional high affinity immunoglobulin E receptors (FceRl) on monocytes from atopic individuals.- J. Exp. Med., 1994, Vol.179, P. 745−747.
- Melewicz F.M., Zeiger R.S., Mellon M.H., et al. Increased peripheral blood monocytes with Fc receptors for IgE in patients with severe allergic disorders. -J. Immunol., 1981, Vol.126, P.1592−1595.
- Miesfeld R.L. Molecular genetics of corticosteroid action.- Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 1990, Vol.141, P. l 1−17.
- Miller M.R., Dickinson S.A., Hitchings D.J. The accuracy of portable peak flow meters.- Thorax, 1992, Vol.47, P.904−909.
- Murphy E.P., Conneely O.M. Neuroendocrine regulation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis by the nurrl/nurr77 subfamily of nuclear receptors.- Mol. Endocrinol., 1997, Vol.5, P.1973−1982.
- Nakamura Y., Ozaki T., Kamei T., et al. Increased granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor production by mononuclear cells from peripheral blood of patients with bronchial asthma.- Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 1993, Vol.147, P.87−91.
- Nasser S.M., Lee T.H. Lipid mediators./ in Kay A.B. Allergy and allergic disease, Vol.1, Oxford, Blackwell Science, 1997, P.380−417.
- Nathan C.F. Secretory products of macrophages.- J. Clin. Invest., 1987, Vol.79, P.319−326.
- National Asthma Campaign Australia., Asthma management handbook. Melbourne: National Asthma Campaign, 1998.
- National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma expert panel. Report 2. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, 1997 (NIH publication No 97−4051, NHLBI).
- Nelson P.J., Kim H.T., Manning W.C., et al. Genomic organisation and transcriptional regulation of the RANTES chemokine gene.- J. Immunol., 1993, Vol.151, P.2601−2612.
- Newton R. Molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoid action: what is important?- Thorax, 2000, Vol.55, P.603−613.
- Newton R., Seybold S.- Liu S.F., et al. Alternate COX-2 transcripts is differentially regulated: implications for post-transcriptional control.-Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1997, Vol.234, P.85−89.
- Nicklas R.A. Paradoxical bronchospasm associated with the use of inhaled beta agonists.- J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 1990, Vol. 85, P.97−101.
- Nicklaus T.M., Burgin W.W.Jr., Taylor J.R. Spirometrie tests to diagnose suspected asthma.- Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 1969, Vol.100, P. 153−159.
- Nielson C.P., Hadjokas N.E. Beta-adrenoceptor agonists block corticosteroid inhibition in eosinophils.- Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 1998, Vol.157, P.184−191.
- Oakley R.H., Webster J.C., Sar M., et al. Expression and subcellular distribution of the b-isoform of the human glucocorticoid receptor.-Endocrinology, 1997, Vol.138, P.5028−5038.
- Oga T., Nishimura K., Tsukino M., Hajiro T., at al. A comparison of the individual best versus the predicted peak expiratory flow in patients with chronic asthma.- J. Asthma, 2001, Vol.38, P.33−40.
- Page C., Costello J. Why b-agonists should not be used regularly.- Respiratory Med., 1992, Vol.86, P.477−479.
- Paggiaro P.L., Moscato G., Giannini D. et al. Relationship between peak expiratory flow (PEF) and FEV.- Eur. Respir. J., 1997, Vol.10, P.39−41.
- Peters J.H., Gieseler R., Thiele B., et al. Dendritic cells: from onthogenetic orphans to myelomonocytic descendents.- Immunol. Today, 1996, Vol.17, P. 273−278.
- Position statement. From the American Academy of Allergy and Immunology. Inhailed b2-adrenergic agonists in asthma.- J. All. Clin. Immunol., 1993, Vol.91, P. 1234−1237.
- Poston R.N., Chanez P., Lacoste J.I., et al. Immunohistochemical characterization of the cellular infiltration in asthmatic bronchi.- Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 1992, Vol.145, P.918−921.
- Prieto L., Gutierrez. V., Berto J.M. et al. Relationship between airway responsiveness and peak expiratory flow variability in subjects with allergic rhinitis.- Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol., 1995, Vol.75, P.273−279.
- Proceedings of the ATS Workshop on Refractory asthma. Current Understanding, Recommendations, and Unanswered Questions.- Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med., 2000, Vol.162, P.2341−2351.
- Reddel H.K., Jenkins C., Woolcock A. Diurnal variability time to change asthma guidelines?- B.M.J., 1999- Vol.319, P.45−47.
- Reddel H.K., Salome C.M., Peat J.K., Woolcock A.J. Which index of peak expiratory flow is most useful in the management of stable asthma?- Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med., 1995, Vol.151, P.1320−1325.
- Rivier A., Pene J., Rabesandratana H., et al. Blood monocytes of untreated asthmatics exhibit some features of tissue macrophages.- Clin. Exp. Immunol., 1995, Vol.100., P.314−318.
- Roca-Ferrer J., Mullol J., Lopez E. et al. Effect of topical anti-inflammatory drugs on epithelial cell induced eosinophil survival and GM-CSF secretion.-Eur. Respir. J., 1997, Vol.10, P.1489−1495.
- Rosenstreich D.L., Egglston P., Kattan M., Baker D., et al. The role of cockroach allergy and exposure to cockroach allergen in causing morbidityamong inner-city children with asthma.- N. Engl. J. Med., 1997, Vol.336, P.1356−1363.
- Rosi E., Scano G. Association of sputum parameters with clinical and functional measurements in asthma.- Thorax, 2000, Vol.55, P.235−238.
- Rubinfeld A.R., Pain M.C.F. How mild is mild asthma?- Thorax, 1977, Vol.32, P.177−181.
- Ryan G., Latimer K.M., Dolovich J., Hargreave F.E. Bronchial responsiveness to histamine: relationship to diurnal variation of peak flow rate, improvement after bronhodilator, and airway calibre.- Thorax, 1982, Vol.37, P.423−429.
- Schmidt M., Pauels H.-G., Lugering N. et al. Glucocorticoids induce apoptosis in human monocytes: potential role of IL-l?.- J. Immunol., 1999, Vol.163, P.3484−3490.
- Schwartz L., Lowell F.C., Melby J.C. Steroid-resistance in bronchial asthma.-Am.J.Int.Med., 1996, Vol.69,P.493−499.
- Sears M.R., Taylor D.R., Print C.G., et al. Regular inhaled beta-agonist treatment in bronchial asthma.- Lancet, 1990, Vol.337, P. 1391−1396.
- Shaver J .R., O 'Connor J.J., P ollice M. et a 1. P ulmonary i nflammation a fter segmental ragweed challenge in allergic asthmatic and nonasthmatic subjects.-Amer. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 1995, Voll52, P. l 189−1197.
- Sher I.R., Leung Y.M., Surs W., et al. Steroid-resistant asthma. Cellular mechanisms contributing to inadequate response to glucocorticoid therapy. J.Clin.Invest., 1994, Vol.93, P.33−39.
- Siracusa A., Vechiarelli A., Brugnami G., et al. Changes in interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor production by peripheral blood monocytes after specific bronchoprovocation test in occupational asthma.- Am.Rev.Resp.Dis., 1992, Vol.146, P.408−412.
- Sly P.D., Cahill P., Willet C., Burton P. Accuracy of mini peak flow meters in indicating changes in lung function in children with asthma.- B.M.J., Vol.308, P.572−574.
- Sousa A.R., Lane S.J., Cidlowski J.A. Glucocorticoid resistance in asthma is associated with elevated in vivo expression of the glucocorticoid receptor b-isoform.- J. All. Clin. Immunol., 2000, Vol.105, P.943−950.
- Spengler C.M., Shea S.A. Endogenous circadian rhythm of pulmonary function in healthy humans.- Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2000, Vol.162, P. 1038−1046.
- Spiegelberg H.L. Structure and function of Fc receptors for IgE on lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages.- Adv. Immunol., 1984, Vol.135, P.61−88.
- Spitzer W.O., Suissa S., Ernst P. The use of b-agonists and the risk of death and near death from asthma.- New Engl. J. Med., 1992, Vol.326, P.501−506.
- Spoelstra J.M., Kauffman H.F., Hovenga H., et al. Effects of budesonide and formoterol on eosinophil activation induced by human lung fibroblasts.- Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2000, Vol.162, P.1229−1234.
- Targonski P.V., Persky V.W., Ramekrishnan V. Effect of environmental molds on risk of death from asthma during the pollen season.- J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 1995, Vol.95, P.955−961.
- Taylor D.R., Sears M.R., Cockroft D.W. The beta-agonist controversy.- Med. Clin. North Am., 1996, Vol.80, P.719−748.
- Taylor D.R., Hancox R.J. Interaction between corticosteroids and b-agonists.-Thorax, 2000, Vol.55, P.595−602.
- Taylor I.K., Shaw R.J. The mechanism of action of corticosteroids in asthma.-Respir. Med., 1993, Vol.87, P.261−277.
- Tiddens H., Silverman M., Bush A. The role of inflammation in airway disease: Remodeling.- Am. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2000, Vol.162, P. S7-S10.
- Trigg C.J., Manolitsas N.D., Wang J. et al. Placebo-controlled immunopathologic study of four months of inhaled corticosteroids in asthma.-Amer. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 1994, Vol.150, P. 17−22.
- Turner-Warwick M. On observing patterns of airflow obstruction in chronic asthma.- Br. J. Dis. Chest, 1977, Vol.71, P.73−86.
- Vachier J., Damon M., Le Doucen C. et al. Increased oxygen species generation in blood monocytes of asthmatic patients.- Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 1992, Vol.145, P.1161−1166.
- Vanucker N.J., Palmans E., Kips J.C., Pauwels R.A. Fluticason inhibits but does not reverse allergen- induced structural airway changes.- Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2001, Vol.163, P.674−679.
- Vassalli P. The pathophysiology of TNF.- Ann. Rev. Immunol., 1992, Vol.10, P.105−110.
- Vathenen A.S., Knox A.J., Higgins B.G., et al. Rebound increase in bronchial responsiveness after treatment with inhaled terbutaline.- Lancet, 1988, Voll, P. 554−557.
- Vaughan T.R., Weber R.W., Tipton W.R., Nelson H.S. Comparison of PEFR and FEVi in patient with varying degrees of airway obstruction. Effect of modest altitude.- Chest, 1989, Vol.95, P.558−562.
- Vechiarelli A., Siracusa A., Cenci E., et al. Effect of glucocorticoid treatment on interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor secretion by monocytes from subjects with asthma.- Clin. Exp. Allergy., 1992, Vol.22, P.365−370.
- Vignola A.M., Chanez P., Campbell A.M., et al. Airway inflammation in mild intermittent and persistent asthma.- Amer. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 1998, Vol. 157, P.403−409.
- Wang S-Y. Malk H.L., Chen L.Y., at al. Heterogeneity of human blood monocytes: two subpopulations with different sizes, phenotypes and functions.- Immunology, 1992, Vol.77, P.298−303.
- Webb L.M.C., Feldmann M. Critical role of CD28/B7 costimulation in the developmentof human Th2 cytokine producing cells.- Blood, 1995, Vol.86, P. 3479−3486.
- Weiss K.B. Breathing better or wheezing worse? The changing epidemiology of asthma morbidity and mortality.- Annu. Rev. Publ. Health, 1993, Vol.14, P.491−513.
- Weissler J.C. Syndromes of severe asthma.- Am. J. Med. Sei., 2000, Vol.319, P. 166−176.
- Wensley D.C., Silverman M. The quality of home spirometry in school children with asthma.- Thorax 2001, Vol.56, P. 183−185.
- Wenzel S.E. Asthma as an inflammatory disease.- Ann. Allergy, 1994, Vol.72, P.261−271.
- Wiggs B.R., Bosken C., Pare' P.D., et al. A model of airway narrowing in asthma and in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.- Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 1992, Vol.145, P.1251−1258.
- Wilkinson J.R., Lane S.J., Lee T.H. Effects of corticosteroids on cytokine generation and expression of activation antigens by monocytes in bronchial asthma.- Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol., 1991, Vol.94, P.220−221.
- Unanue E.R. Cellular studies on antigen presentation by MHC class II molecules.- Curr. Opin. Immunol., 1992, Vol.4, P.63−69.
- Yamada G., Makino S. Glucocorticosteroid therapy in bronchial asthma.-Nippon Rinsho., 1994, Vol. 52, P.747−753.
- Yao X.L., Cowan M.J., Gladwin M.T., et al. Dexamethasone alters arachidonate release from human epithelial cells by induction of pll protein synthesis and inhibition of phospholipase A2 activity.- J. Biol. Chem., 1999, Vol.274, P. 17 202−17 208.
- Yates D.H. Effect of an inhailed glucocorticosteroid on mast cell and smooth muscle beta 2 adrenergic tolerance in mild asthma.- Thorax, 1998, Vol.53, P.110−113.