Влияние уровня экспрессии генов пути биосинтеза L-пролина и генов центральных путей метаболизма на продукцию L-пролина клетками Escherichia coli
Диссертация
Селекцией штаммов на устойчивость к аналогам Pro была получена и в дальнейшем идентифицирована новая мутация в ргоВ — ргоВ*, кодирующем первый фермент специфического пути биосинтеза Pro. Эта новая для Е. coli мутация, ргоВ117, обусловлена заменой А1ац7—"Уа1ц7 в консервативном районе у-глутамилкиназ, сохраняет удельная активность фермента и повышает более чем в 600 раз уровень его устойчивости… Читать ещё >
Список литературы
- Неумывакин JI.B., Кобец Н. С., Пирузян Э. С. 1990. Получение спонтанного мутанта Escherichia coli, способного к сверхсинтезу пролина и устойчивого к повышенной концентрации NaCl. Генетика, т.26, № 8, стр. 1370−1379.
- Маниатис Т., Фрич Э., Сэмбрук Дж. 1984. Методы генетической инженерии. Молекулярное клонирование. М. Мир, 480с.
- Миллер Дж. 1976, Эксперименты в молекулярной генетике. М.: Мир, стр. 136,
- Abelson Р.Н. and Vogel H.J. 1955. Amino acid biosynthesis in Torulopsis utilis and Neurospora crassa. J. Biol. Chem., 213, 355−364.
- Adams, E., and L. Frank. 1980. Metabolism of proline and the hydroxyprolines. Annu. Rev. Biochem.49:1005−1061.
- Ahmad, F., K. Downey, J. Schultz, R.W. Voellmy (eds.) 1984. «Advances in gene technology: Molecular genetics of plants and animals" — Academic Press: NY, NY, pp 273−294.
- Aizenman, E., Engelberg-Kulka, H., and G. Glaser, 1996. An Escherichia coli chromosomal «addiction module» regulated by guanosine 3', 5'-bispyrophosphate: a model for programmed bacterial cell death. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:60 596 063.
- Allen, S. W., A. Senti-Willis, and S. R. Maloy. 1993. DNA sequence of the putA gene from Salmonella typhimurium: a bifiinctional membrane-associated dehydrogenase that binds DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 21:1676.
- Ankri S, Serebrijski I, Reyes O, Leblon G. 1996. Mutations in the Corynebacterium glutamicum proline biosynthetic pathway: a natural bypass of th proA step. J Bacteriol. Aug-178(15):4412−9.
- Archibold, E. R., and L. S. Williams. 1972. Regulation of synthesis of methionyl-, prolyl- and threonyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetases of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 109:1020−1026.
- Bachmann, B. J. 1990. Linkage map of Escherichia coli K-12, edition 8. Microbiol. Rev. 54:130−197.
- Baich, A. 1969. Proline synthesis in Escherichia coli. A proline-inhibitable glutamic acid kinase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 192:462−467.
- Baich, A., and D. J. Pierson. 1965. Control of proline synthesis in Escherichia coli. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 104:39704.
- Becerril, В., F. Valle, E. Merino, L. Riba, and F. Bolivar. 1985. Repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP) sequences in the Escherichia coli gdhA gene. Gene 37:53−62.
- Berg, С. M., and J. J. Rossi. 1974. Proline excretion and indirect suppression in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. J. Bacteriol. 118:928−939.
- Bignell C., Thomas C.M., 2001. The bacterial ParA-ParB partitioning proteins. J Biotechnol. Sep 13−91(1): 1−34.
- Bloom, F., C. J. Smith, J. Jessee, B. Veilleux, and A. H. Deutch. 1983. The use of genetically engineered strains of Escherichia coli for the overproduction of free amino acids: proline as a model system, p.383−394. In K. Downey, R. W. Voellmy, F.
- Bradford M.M. 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem. 1976 May 7−72:248−54.
- Brady, R. A., and L. N. Csonka. 1988. Transcriptional regulation of the proC gene of Salmonella typhimurium. J. Bacteriol. 170:2379−2382.
- Brenchley, J. E., C. A. Baker, and L. G. Patil. 1975. Regulation of the ammonia assimilatory enzymes in Salmonella typhimurium. J. Bacteriol. 124:182 189.
- Brown, E. D., and J. M. Wood. 1992. Redesigned purification yields a fully functional putA protein dimer from Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 267:1 308 613 092.
- Buck D., Spencer M.E., Guest J.R. 1986. Cloning and expression of the succinyl-CoA synthetase genes of Escherichia coli К12. J Gen Microbiol. Jun- 132(6): 1753−62.
- Busiello, V., M. Di Girolamo, С. Cini, and C. De Marco. 1980. b-Selenaproline as competitive inhibitor of proline activation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 606:347−352.
- Camarena L., Poggio S., Garcia N., Osorio A. 1998. Transcriptional repression of gdhA in Escherichia coli is mediated by the Nac protein. FEMS Microbiol Lett. Oct l-167(l):51−6.
- Cairney, J., I. R. Booth, and C. F. Higgins. 1985. Salmonella typhimurium proP gene encodes a transport system for the osmoprotectant betaine. J. Bacterid. 164:1218−1223.
- Cairney, J., I. R. Booth, and C. F. Higgins. 1985. Osmoregulation of gene expression in Salmonella typhimurium: proU encodes an osmotically induced betaine transport system. J. Bacteriol. 164:1224−1232.
- Chao YP, Liao JC. 1993. Alteration of growth yield by overexpression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol. Dec-59(12):4261−5.
- Chen, С. C., and Т. H. Wilson. 1986. Solubilization and functional reconstitution of the proline transport system of Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 261:2599−2604.
- Chou C.F., Chen C.W. 1992. argJmutations are highly inducible by ethidium bromide in proB strains of Streptomyces lividans: implication of pathway interactions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. Dec 15−189(2):1101−9.
- Christensen S.K., Mikkelsen M., Pedersen K., Gerdes K. 2001. RelE, a global inhibitor of translation, is activated during nutritional stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Dec 4−98(25): 14 328−33. Epub 2001 Nov 20.
- Christian, J. H. B. 1955. The influence of nutrition on the water relations of Salmonella oranienburg. Austr. J. Biol. Sci. 8:75−82.
- Clarke, L., and J. Carbon. 1976. A colony bank containing synthetic ColEl hybrid plasmids representative of the entire E. coli genome. Cell 9:91−99.
- Condamine, H. 1971. Sur la regulation de la production de proline chez E. coli K12. Ann. Inst. Pasteur 120:126−143.
- Coulton, J. W., and M. Kapoor. 1973. Studies on the kinetics and regulation of glutamate dehydrogenase of Salmonella typhimurium. Can. J. Microbiol. 19:427 438.
- Csonka, L. N. 1981. Proline over-production results in enhanced osmotolerance in Salmonella typhimurium. Mol. Gen. Genet. 182:82−86.
- Csonka, L. N. 1982. A third L-proline permease in Salmonella typhimurium which functions in media of elevated osmotic strength. J. Bacteriol. 151:14 331 443.
- Csonka, L. N. 1989. Physiological and genetic responses of bacteria to osmotic stress. Microbiol Rev. Mar-53(l):121−47.
- Csonka, L. N., and A. Baich. 1983. Proline biosynthesis, p. 35−41. In К. M. Herrmann and R. L. Somerville (ed.), Amino Acids: Biosynthesis and Regulation. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass.
- Csonka L.N., Ikeda T.P., Fletcher S.A., Kustu S. 1994. The accumulation of glutamate is necessary for optimal growth of Salmonella typhimurium in media of high osmolality but not induction of the proU operon. J Bacteriol. Oct- 176(20):6324−33.
- Csonka, L. N., and A. D. Hanson. 1991. Prokaryotic osmoregulation: genetics and physiology. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 45:569−606.
- Cunningham L, Guest JR. 1998. Transcription and transcript processing in the sdhCDAB-sucABCD operon of Escherichia coli. Microbiology. Aug- 144 (Pt 8):2113−23.
- Dandekar, A.M., and Uratsu S.L. 1988. A single base pair change in proline biosynthesis genes causes osmotic stress tolerance. J. Bacteriol. 170:5943−5945.
- Datta A.R., Ostroff R., MacQuillan A.M. 1987. Genetic and physical characterization of proBA genes of the marine bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Appl Environ Microbiol. Dec-53(12):2733−8.
- De Biase D., Tramonti A., Bossa F., Visca P.1999.The response to stationary-phase stress conditions in Escherichia coli: role and regulation of the glutamic acid decarboxylase system. Mol Microbiol. Jun-32(6):l 198−211.
- Deutch, A. H., К. E. Rushlow, and C. J. Smith. 1984. Analysis of the Escherichia coli proBA locus by DNA and protein sequencing. Nucleic Acids Res. 12:6337−6355.
- Deutch, A. H., C. J. Smith, К. E. Rushlow, and P. J. Kretschmer. 1982. Escherichia coli Al-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase: gene sequence, protein overproduction and purification. Nucleic Acids Res. 10:7701−7714.
- Dunlap, V. J., and L. N. Csonka. 1985. Osmotic regulation of L-proline transport in Salmonella typhimurium. J. Bacteriol. 163:296−304.
- Eckhardt, Т., and T. Leisinger. 1975. Isolation and characterization of mutants with a feedback resistant N-acetylglutamate synthase in Escherichia coli К12. Mol. Gen. Genet. 138:225−232.
- Engelberg-Kulka, H., and G. Glaser, 1999. Addiction modules and programmed cell death and antideah in bacterial cultures. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 53:43−70.
- Ekena, K., and S. Maloy. 1990. Regulation of proline utilization in Salmonella typhimurium: how do cells avoid a futile cycle? Mol. Gen. Genet. 220:492−494.
- Fujita T, Maggio A, Garcia-Rios M, Stauffacher C, Bressan RA, Csonka LN. 2003. Identification of regions of the tomato gamma-glutamyl kinase that are involved in allosteric regulation by proline. J Biol Chem. Apr 18−278(16): 1 420 310.
- Fujiwara Т., Kawabata S., Hamada S. 1992. Molecular characterization and expression of the cell-associated glucosyltransferase gene from Streptococcus mutans. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. Sep 30- 187(3): 1432−8.
- Garcia J. L, Gonzalez de Buitrago G, Barbero J.L. 1985. Hyperproduction of L-proline in Escherichia coli. Microbiologia. Sep- 1(1 -2):43−51.
- Gerdes, K. 2000. Toxin-antitoxin modules may regulate synthesis of macromolecules during nutritional stress. J. Bacteriol. 182:561−572.
- Gokarn R.R., Eiteman M.A., Altman E. 2000. Metabolic analysis of Escherichia coli in the presence and absence of the carboxylating enzymes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and pyruvate carboxylase. Appl Environ Microbiol. May-66(5): 1844−50.
- Gowrishankar, J. 1989. Nucleotide sequence of the osmoregulatory proU operon. J. Bacteriol. 171:1923−1931. (Erratum, 172:1165, 1990.)
- Groisman E.A., Casadaban M.J. 1987. Cloning of genes from members of the family Enterobacteriaceae with mini-Mu bacteriophage containing plasmid replicons. J Bacteriol. Feb-169(2):687−93.
- Grant, M. M., A. S. Brown, L. M. Corwin, R. F. Troxler, and C. Franzblau. 1975. Effect of L-azetidine 2-carboxylic acid on growth and proline metabolism in Escherichia coli. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 404:180−187.
- Hadley, R. G., H. Ming, M. Timmons, K. Yun, and R. C. Deonier. 1983. A partial restriction map of the proA-purE region of the Escherichia coli K-12 chromosome. Gene 22:281−287.
- Halpern, Y. S., and H. E. Umbarger. 1960. Conversion of ammonia to amino groups in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 80:285−288.
- Hansen AM, Qiu Y, Yeh N, Blattner FR, Durfee T, Jin DJ. 2005. SspA is required for acid resistance in stationary phase by downregulation of H-NS in Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol. May-56(3):719−34.
- Hayzer, D. J .1983. Sub-cloning of the wild-type proAB region of the Escherichia coli genome. J Gen Microbiol. Oct-129(10):3215−25.
- Hayzer, D. J., and T. Leisinger. 1980. The gene-enzyme relationships of proline biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. J. Gen. Microbiol. 118:287−293.
- Hayzer, D. J., and T. Leisinger. 1981. Proline biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. Stoichiometry and end-product identification of the reaction catalysed by glutamate semialdehyde dehydrogenase. Biochem. J. 197:269−274.
- Hayzer, D. J., and T. Leisinger. 1982. Proline biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. Purification and characterization of glutamate semialdehyde dehydrogenase. Eur. J. Biochem. 121:561−565.
- Hayzer, D. J., and T. Leisinger. 1983. Proline biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. Kinetic and mechanistic properties of glutamate semialdehyde dehydrogenase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 742:391−398.
- Hayzer, D. J., and V. Moses. 1978. The enzymes of proline biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. Their molecular weights and the problem of enzyme aggregation. Biochem. J. 173:219−228.
- Hediger, M. A., D. F. Johnson, D. P. Nierlich, and I. Zabin. 1985. DNA sequence of the lactose operon: the lacA gene and the transcriptional termination region. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:6414−6418.
- Helling R.B. 2002. Speed versus efficiency in microbial growth and the role of parallel pathways. J Bacteriol. Feb-184(4):1041−5.
- Helling R.B. 1998. Pathway choice in glutamate synthesis in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. Sep-180(17):4571−5.
- Helling R.B. 1997. Why does Escherichia coli have two primary pathways for synthesis of glutamate? J Bacteriol. 1994 Aug-176(15):4664−8. Erratum in: J Bacteriol Jul-179(13):4455.
- Hernandez, P. E., J. A. Ordonez, and B. S. Perez. 1983. Use of the Mud (Ap, lac) bacteriophage to study the regulation of L-proline biosynthetic genes in Escherichia coli K-12. Curr. Microbiol. 9:31−35.
- Higgins, Ch.F., Cairrei, J., Stinling, D.A., et al. 1987. Osmotic regulation of gene expression: ionic strength as an intracellular signal? TIBS, V12, 9: 339−344.
- Ни, С.А. A., A. J. Delauney, and D. P. S. Verma. 1992. A bifunctional enzyme (Dl-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase) catalyzes the first two steps in proline biosynthesis in plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:9354−9358.
- Jakowec, M. W., L. T. Smith, and A. M. Dandekar. 1985. Recombinant plasmid conferring proline overproduction and osmotic tolerance. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 50:441−446.
- Janes BK, Pomposiello PJ, Perez-Matos A, Najarian DJ, Goss TJ, Bender RA. 2001. Growth inhibition caused by overexpression of the structural gene for glutamate dehydrogenase (gdhA) from Klebsiella aerogenes. J Bacteriol. Apr-183(8):2709−14.
- Kosuge, Т., and Hoshino, T. Construction of proline-producing mutant of the extremely thermophilic eubacterium Thermus thermophilic HB27. Appl. Eviron. Microbiol. 64 (1998) 4328−4332.
- Krishna, R. V., P. Beilstein, and T. Leisinger. 1979. Biosynthesis of proline in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Properties of y-glutamylphosphate reductase and 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase. Biochem. J. 181:223−230.
- Krishna, R. V., and T. Leisinger. 1979. Biosynthesis of proline in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Partial purification and characterization of y-glutamyl kinase. Biochem. J. 181:215−222.
- Kuo, Т. Т., and B. A. D. Stocker. 1969. Suppression of proline requirement of proA and proAB deletion mutants in Salmonella typhimurium by mutation to arginine requirement. J. Bacteriol. 98:593−598.
- Le Rudulier, D., A. R. Strom, A. M. Dandekar, L. T. Smith, and R. C. Valentine. 1984. Molecular biology of osmoregulation. Science 224:1064−1068.
- Massarelli, I., Forlani, G., Ricca, E., De Felice, M. 2000. Enchanced and feedback-resistant y-glutamyl kinase activity of an Escherichia coli transformant carrying a mutated proB gene of Streptococcus thermophilus. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 182 143−147.
- Merino, E., B. Becerril, F. Valle, and F. Bolivar. 1987. Deletion of a repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP) sequence downstream from the structural gene of
- Escherichia coli glutamate dehydrogenase affects the stability of its mRNA. Gene 58:305−309.
- Menzel, R., and J. Roth. 1981. Purification of the putA gene product. J. Biol. Chem. 256:9755−9761.
- Miller, K., and S. Maloy. 1990. DNA sequence of the putP gene from Salmonella typhimurium and predicted structure of proline permease. Nucleic Acids Res. 18:3057.
- Morita Y., Nakamori S. and Takagi H. 2003. L-proline accumulation and freeze tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are caused by a mutation in the PROl gene encoding gamma-glutamyl kinase. Appl Environ Microbiol. Jan-69(l):212−9.
- Murphy КС, Campellone KG, Poteete AR. PCR-mediated gene replacement in Escherichia coli. Gene. 2000 Apr 4−246(l-2):321−30.
- Nakao, Т., I. Yamato, and Y. Anraku. 1987. Nucleotide sequence of putP, the proline carrier gene of Escherichia coli K12. Mol. Gen. Genet. 208:70−75.
- Nakamori S., Morioka H., Yoshinaga F. and Yamanaka S. 1981. Fermentative production of L-proline by DL-3,4-Dehydroproline resistant mutants of L-glutamate producing bacteria. Agric. Biol. Chem., 46 (2), 487−491
- Omori, K., S.-I. Suzuki, Y. Imai, and S. Komatsubara. 1991. Analysis of the Serratia marcescens proBA operon and feedback control of proline biosynthesis. J. Gen. Microbiol. 137:509−517.
- Omori, K., S.I. Suzuki, Y. Imai, and S. Komatsubara. 1992. Analysis of the mutant proBA operon from a proline-producing strain of Serratia marcescens. J. Gen. Microbiol. 138:693−699.
- Orser C.S., Goodner B.W., Johnston M., Gelvin S.B., Csonka L.N. 1988. The Escherichia coliproB gene corrects the proline auxotrophy of Saccharomyces cerevisiaeprol mutants. Mol Gen Genet. Apr-212(l):124−8.
- Ostrovsky de Spicer, P., and S. Maloy. 1993. PutA protein, a membrane-associated flavin dehydrogenase, acts as a redox-dependent transcriptional regulator. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:4295−4298.
- Pedersen, K., Christensen S.K., and K. Gerdes. 2002. Rapid induction and reversal of a bacteriolstatic condition by controlled expression of toxins and antitoxins. Mol. Microbiol. 45:501−510.
- Picard F.J., Dillon J.R. 1989. Biochemical and genetic studies with arginine and proline auxotrophs of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Can J Microbiol. Dec- 35(12):1069−75.
- Riba, L., B. Becerril, L. Servin-Gonzalez, F. Valle, and F. Bolivar. 1988. Identification of a functional promoter for the Escherichia coli gdhA gene and its regulation. Gene 71:233−246.
- Rossi, J. J., and С. M. Berg. 1971. Differential recovery of auxotrophs after penicillin enrichment in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 106:297−300.
- Rossi, J. J., J. Vender, С. M. Berg, and W. H. Coleman. 1977. Partial purification and some properties of Al-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase from Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 129:108−114.
- Rowland, I., and H. Tristram. 1975. Specificity of the Escherichia coli proline transport system. J. Bacteriol. 123:871−877.
- Rushlow, К. E., A. H. Deutch, and C. J. Smith. 1984. Identification of a mutation that relieves gamma-glutamyl kinase from allosteric feedback inhibition by proline. Gene 39:109−112.
- Saier M.H. Jr., and Chin A.M. 1990. Energetics of the bacterial phosphotrnsferase system in sugar transport and regulation of carbon metabolism, p.273−294. In T.A. Krulwich (ed.), The bacteria, vol.XII. Bacterial energetics. Academic press. New-York.
- Sanderson, К. E., and J. R. Roth. 1988. Linkage map of Salmonella typhimurium, edition VII. Microbiol. Rev. 52:485−532.
- Sanger F., Nicklen S., Coulson A.R. 1977. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. Dec-74 (12):5463−7.
- Savioz, A., D. J. Jeenes, H. P. Kocher, and D. Haas. 1990. Comparison of proC and other housekeeping genes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with their counterparts in Escherichia coli. Gene 86:107−111.
- Seddon, A. P., K. Y. Zhao, and A. Meister. 1989. Activation of glutamate by g-glutamate kinase: formation of y-cis-cycloglutamyl phosphate, an analog of y-glutamyl phosphate. J. Biol. Chem. 264:11 326−11 335.
- Serebrijski I, Wojcik F, Reyes O, Leblon G. 1995. Multicopy suppression by asd gene and osmotic stress-dependent complementation by heterologous proA in proA mutants. J Bacteriol. Dec-177(24):7255−60.
- Schobert B, Tschesche H. 1978. Unusual solution properties of proline and its interaction with proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta. Jun 15−541(2):270−7.
- Schwacha, A., and R. A. Bender. 1993. The product of the Klebsiella aerogenes nac (nitrogen assimilation control) gene is sufficient for activation of the hut operons and repression of the gdh operon. J. Bacteriol. 175:2116−2124.
- Sleator, R.D., Gahan, C.G., Hill. 2001. Identification and disruption of the proBA locus in Listeria monocytogenes: role of proline biosynthesis in salt tolerance and murine infection. Appl Environ Microbiol. Jun-67(6):2571−7.
- Sleator, R.D., Gahan, C.G., Hill, C. 2001. Mutations in the Listerial proB gene leading to proline overproduction: effects on salt tolerance and murine infection. Applied and environmental microbiology, 67(10):4560−4565.
- Smith, C.J., Deutch, A.H., Rushlow, K.E. 1984. Purification and characteristics of a y-glutamyl kinase involved in Escherichia coli proline biosynthesis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:2692−2698.
- Smith D.K., Kassam Т., Singh В., Elliott J.F. 1992. Escherichia coli has two homologous glutamate decarboxylase genes that map to distinct loci. J Bacteriol. September- 174 (18): 5820−5826.
- Stein D.C., Silver L.E., Clark V.L., Young F.E. 1984. Cloning genes for proline biosynthesis from Neisseria gonorrhoeae: identification by interspecific complementation of Escherichia coli mutants. J Bacteriol. May-158(2):696−700.
- Stamm L.V., Barnes N.Y. 1997. Nucleotide sequences of the proA and proB genes of Treponema pallidum, the syphilis agent. DNA Seq.-8(l-2):63−70.
- Strecker, H. J. 1957. The interconversion of glutamic acid and proline. I. The formation of Д 1 pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid from glutamic acid in Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 225:825−834.
- Sugiura M, Kisumi M. Proline-hyperproducing strains of Serratia marcescens: enhancement of proline analog-mediated growth inhibition by increasing osmotic stress. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1985 Apr-49(4):782−6.
- Sugiura, M., T. Takagi, and M. Kisumi. 1985. Proline production by regulatory mutants of Serratia marcescens. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 21:213— 219.
- Tombras Smith, L. 1985. Characterization of a y-glutamyl kinase from Escherichia coli that confers proline overproduction and osmotic tolerance. J. Bacteriol. 164:1088−1093.
- Tristram, H. 1972. Some aspects of the regulation of amino acid biosynthesis in bacteria. Annu. Proc. Phytochem. Soc. 9:21−48.
- Tsuchida Т., Kubota K. and Yoshinaga F. 1986. Improvement of L-proline production by sulfoguanidine resistant mutants derived from L-glutamic acid-producing bacteria. Agric. Biol. Chem., 50 (9), 2201−2207.
- US patent 5,573,945. 1996.
- US patent 5,908,768. 1999.
- Vogel, H. J., and В. D. Davis. 1952. Glutamic y-semialdehyde and Д1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid, intermediates in the biosynthesis of proline. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 74:109−112.
- Vogel, R. H., and M. J. Kopac. 1959. Glutamic y-semialdehyde in arginine and proline synthesis of Neurospora: a mutant-tracer analysis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 36:505−510.
- Vogel HJ. and Bonner D.M. 1954. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U. S., 40, 688
- Williams, I., and L. Frank. 1975. Improved chemical synthesis and enzymatic assay of Al-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid. Anal. Biochem.64:85−97.
- Yoshinaga F., Konishi S., Okumura S. and Katsuya N. 1966. Studies on the fermentation production of L-proline. Production of L-proline by an isoleucine auxotrophic mutant of Brevibacterium flavum 2247. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol., 12, 219.
- Yoshinaga F., Yoshihara Y., Okumura S. and Katsuya N. 1967. Studies on the fermentation production of L-proline. Conditions for L-proline production by Brevibacterium flavum 2247. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol., 13,25−37.
- Yoshinaga F. 1969. Studies on thefermentative production of L-proline. Mechanism of L-proline production by Brevibacterium flavum 22A1 No. 14−5. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol., 15, 387−398.
- Zelenkiewicz, U. and P. Ceglowski. 2001. Mechanisms of plasmid stable maintenance with special focus on plasmid addiction systems. Acta Biochim. Pol. 48:1003−1023.