Клинико-лабораторная характеристика поражений почек у ВИЧ-инфицированных пациентов
Диссертация
Выраженность протеинурии у ВИЧ-инфицированных пациентов сопровождалась нарушением функции почек, артериальной гипертензией и более частым сочетанием с гематурией и анемией. Установлена обратная пропорциональная связь между уровнем протеинурии и скоростью клубочковой фильтрации. Выраженность протеинурии и тяжесть нарушения функции почек не зависели от пола, возраста, пути инфицирования ВИЧ. При… Читать ещё >
Список литературы
- Бююль A. SPSS: искусство обработки информации. Анализ статистических данных и восстановление скрытых закономерностей: Пер с нем./ А. Бююль, П. Цёфель- СПб: ООО «ДиаСофтЮП», 2005. -608 с.
- Покровский В.В. ВИЧ-инфекция. Клиника, диагностика и лечение / В. В. Покровский, Т. Н. Ермак, В. В. Беляева, О. Г. Юрин М.: Гэотар — Мед, 2003. -488с.
- Покровский В.В. ВИЧ-инфекция: Информационный бюллетень № 35/ В. В. Покровский, Н. Н. Ладная, Е. В. Соколова, Е. В. Буравцова М.: ФНМЦ ПБ СПИД Роспотребнадзора, 2011. — 51с.
- Шилов Е.М. Нефрология/ Е. М. Шилов М.: ГЭОТАР — Медиа, 2008. — 696с.
- ЮНЭЙДС: Доклад о глобальной эпидемии СПИДа.- 2010 online.
- Ahmed, S. HIV associated thrombotic microangiopathy / S. Ahmed, R.K. Siddiqui, A.K. Siddiqui, et al. // Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2002. — № 78. -P. 520−524.
- Ahuja, T.S. Is the prevalence of HtV-associated nephropathy decreasing?/ T.S. Ahuja, M. Borucki, M. Funtanilla, et al. // Am J Nephrol. 1999. -№ 19 (6).-P. 655−659.
- Ahuja, T.S. Changing trends in the survival of dialysis patients with human immunodeficiency virus in the United States / T.S. Ahuja, J. Grady, S. Khan // J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002. — № 13 (7). — P. 1889−1893.
- Anderson, P.L. Atazanavir-containing renal calculi in an HIV-infected patient / P.L. Anderson, K.A. Lichtenstein, N.E.Gerig, J.J. Kiser, L. Bushman // AIDS. 2007. — № 21. — P. 1060−1062.
- Angel-Moreno-Maroto, A. Severe efavirenz-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (not-DRESS) with acute renal failure / A. Angel-Moreno-Maroto, L.
- Suarez-Castellano, M. Hernandez-Cabrera, et al. // J Infect. 2006. — № 52. — P. 3940.
- Arnlov, J. Low-grade albuminuria and incidence of cardiovascular disease events in nonhypertensive and nondiabetic individuals: the Framingham Heart Study / J. Arnlov, J.C. Evans, J.B. Meigs, et al. // Circulation. 2005. — № 112 (7).-P. 969−975.
- Atta, M.G. Sonography as a predictor of human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy / M.G. Atta, J.C. Longenecker, D.M. Fine, et al. // J Ultrasound Med. 2004. — № 23 (5). — P. 603−610.
- Atta, M.G. Nephrotic range proteinuria and CD4 count as noninvasive indicators of HIV-associated nephropathy / M.G. Atta, M.J. Choi, J.C. Longenecker, et al. // Am J Med. 2005. — № 118 (11). — P. 1288−1291.
- Atta, M.G. Antiretroviral therapy in the treatment of HIV-associated nephropathy / M.G. Atta, J.E. Gallant, M.H. Rahman, et al. // Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006. — № 21 (10). — P. 2809−2813.
- Bachmeyer, C. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic uremic syndrome in HIV-infected patients / C. Bachmeyer, P. Blanche, D. Sereni, et al.//AIDS. 1995.-№ 9.-P. 532−533.
- Beaufils, H. HIV-associated IgA nephropathy: a post-mortem study / H. Beaufils, C. Jouanneau, C. Katlama, et al. // Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1995. — № 10. -P. 35−38.
- Berliner, A.R. Observations on a cohort of HIV-infected patients undergoing native renal biopsy / A.R. Berliner, D.M. Fine, G.M. Lucas, et al. // Am J Nephrol. 2008. — № 28 (3). — P. 478−486.
- Boccia, R.V. A hemolytic uremic syndrome with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome / R.V. Boccia, E.P. Gelman, C.C. Baker, et al. // Ann Intern Med. 1984.-№ 101.-P. 716−717.r
- Boffa, J.J. Stenose atheromateuse de lTfartere renale chez le jeune patient VIH / J.J. Boffa // Nephrol Ther. 2007. — № 5. — P. 303.
- Brewster, U.C. Acute interstitial nephritis associated with atazanavir, a new protease inhibitor / U.C. Brewster, M.A. Perazella // Am J Kidney Dis. 2004. -№ 44.-P. 81−84.
- Brown, T.T. Antiretroviral therapy and the prevalence and incidence of diabetes mellitus in the multicenter AIDS cohort study / T.T. Brown, et al. // Arch Intern Med. 2005. — № 165. — P. 1179−1180.
- Bruggeman, L.A. Nephropathy in human immunodeficiency virus-1 transgenic mice is due to renal transgene expression / L.A. Bruggeman, S. Dikman, C. Meng, et al. // J Clin Invest. 1997. — № 100 (1) — P. 84−92.
- Casanova, S. Pattern of glomerular involvement in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: an Italian study / S. Casanova, G. Mazzucco, G. Barbiano di Belgiojoso, et al. // Am J Kidney Dis. 1995. — № 26 (3). -p. 446−453.
- Castro, J.G. Rhabdomyolysis with acute renal failure probably related to the interaction of atorvastatin and delavirdine / J.G. Castro, L. Gutierrez // Am J Med. -2002.-№ 112.-P. 505.
- Cattelan, A.M. Indinavir and systemic hypertension / A.M. Cattelan, M. Trevenzoli, L. Sasset, L. Rinaldi, V. Balasso, P. Cadrobbi // AIDS. 2001. -№ 15. -P. 805−807.
- Chan-Tack, K.M. Atazanavirassociated nephrolithiasis: cases from the US Food and Drug Administration’s Adverse Event Reporting System / K.M. ChanTack, M.M. Truffa, K.A. Struble, et al. // AIDS. 2007. — № 21 (9). — P. 1215−1218.
- Cheng, J.T. Hepatitis C virus-associated glomerular disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus coinfection / J.T.Cheng, Jr. H.L. Anderson, G.S. Markowitz, et al. // J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999. — № 10 (7). — P. 1566−1574.
- Cheung, C.Y. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Chinese HIV-infected patients / C.Y. Cheung, K.M. Wong, M.P. Lee, Y.L. Liu, H. Kwok, R. Chung, K.F. Chau, C.K. Li, C.S. Li // Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007. — № 22. — P. 3186−3190.
- Choi, A. Low rates of antiretroviral therapy in chronic kidney disease / A. Choi, R. Rodriguez, P. Bacchetti, et al. // Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2007. -№ 45.-P. 1633−1639.
- Chuck, S.K. Risk-benefit of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in the treatment of HIV protease inhibitor-related hyperlipidaemia / S.K. Chuck, S.R. Penzak // Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2002. — № 1 (1). — P. 5−17.
- Cosgrove, C.J. Observations on HIV-associated renal disease in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy / C.J. Cosgrove, A.K. Abu-Alfa, M.A. Perazella // Am J Med Sci. 2002. — № 323 (2). — P. 102−106.
- Crane H.M., Kestenbaum B., Harrngton R.D. et al. Amprenavir and didanosine are associated with declining kidney function among patients receiving tenofovir / H.M.Crane, B. Kestenbaum, R.D.Harrngton, et al. // AIDS 2007- 21(11): 1431−1439.
- Crowley, S.T. Prevalence of persistant asymptomatic proteinuria in HIV-infected outpatients and lack of correlation with viral load / S.T. Crowley, B. Cantwell, A. Abu-Alfa, M.O. Rigsby // Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006. — № 1(4). — P. 655−667.
- D’Agati, V. HIV infection and the kidney / V. D’Agati, G.B. Appel // J Am Soc Nephrol. 1997. — № 8 (1). — P. 138−152.
- Estrella, M. HIV type 1 RNA level as a clinical indicator of renal pathology in HIV-infected patients / M. Estrella, D.M. Fine, J.E. Gallant, et al. // Clin Infect Dis. 2006. — № 43 (3). — P. 377−380.
- Eustace, J.A. Cohort study of the treatment of severe HIV-associated nephropathy with corticosteroids / J.A.Eustace, E. Nuermberger, M. Choi, et al. // Kidney Int. -2000. № 58 (3). — P. 1253−1260.
- Fine, D.M. Risk factors for renal failure among 72 consecutive patients with rhabdomyolysis related to illicit drug use / D.M. Fine, A.C. Gelber, M.L. Melamed, et al.//Am J Med. 2004. — № 117 (8).-P. 607−610.
- Fine, D.M. Cocaine use and hypertensive renal changes in HIV-infected individuals / D.M. Fine, N. Garg, M. Haas, et al. // Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007. -№ 2 (6).-P. 1125−1530.
- Fine, D. Renal disease in patients with HIV infection: epidemiology, pathogenesis and management / D. Fine, M. Perazella, G. Lucas, et al. // Drugs. -2008. № 68 (7). — P. 963−980.
- Fox, C.S. Predictors of new-onset kidney disease in a community-based population / C.S. Fox, M.G. Larson, E.P. Leip, et al. // JAMA. 2004. — № 291 (7). -P. 844−850.
- Franceschini, N. Incidence and etiology of acute renal failure among ambulatory HIV-infected patients / N. Franceschini, S. Napravnik, Jr. J.J. Eron, et al. //Kidney Int. 2005.- № 67 (4). — P. 1526−1531.
- Fry, A.C. Management of acute renal failure / A.C. Fry, K. Farrington // Postgrad Med J. 2006. — № 82(964). — P. 106−116.
- Gagnon, R.F. Prospective study of urinalysis abnormalities in HIVpositive individuals treated with indinavir / R.F. Gagnon, S.N. Tecimer, A.K. Watters, et al. // Am J Kidney Dis. 2000. — № 36. — P. 507−515.
- Gallant, J.E. Efficacy and safety of tenofovir DF vs stavudine in combination therapy in antiretro viral-naive patients: a 3-year randomized trial / J.E.
- Gallant, S. Staszewski, A.L. Pozniak, et al. // JAMA. 2004. — № 292 (2). — P. 191 201.
- Gardner, L.I. Rates and risk factors for condition-specific hospitalizations in HIV-infected and uninfected women / L.I. Gardner, R.S. Klein, L.A. Szczech, et al. // AIDS. 2003. — № 34 (3). — P. 320−330.
- Gazzaruso, C. Hypertension among HIV patients: prevalence and relationships to insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome / C. Gazzaruso, R. Bruno, A. Garzaniti, et al. // J Hypertens. 2003. — № 21. — P. 1377−1382.
- Gerntholtz, T.E. HIV-related nephropathy: a South African perspective / T.E. Gerntholtz, S.J. Goetsch, I. Katz // Kidney Int. 2006. — № 69 (10). — P. 18 851 891.
- Gervasoni, C. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic uremic syndrome in HIV-infected patients / C. Gervasoni, A.L. Ridolfo, T. Binl, et al. //AIDS.-1996.-P. 1299.
- Ginsberg, J.M. Use of single voided urine samples to estimate quantitative proteinuria / J.M.Ginsberg, B.S. Chang, R.A. Matarese, et al. // N Engl J Med. 1983. — № 309 (25). — P. 1543−1546.
- Gupta, S.K. Prevalence of proteinuria and the development of chronic kidney disease in HIV-infected patients / S.K. Gupta, B.W. Mamlin, C.S. Johnson, et al. // Clin Nephrol. 2004. — № 61. — P. 1−6.
- Haas, M. HIV-associated immune complex glomerulonephritis with «lupus-like» features: a clinicopathologic study of 14 cases / M. Haas, S. Kaul, J.A. Eustace // Kidney Int. 2005. — № 67 (4). — P. 1381−1390.
- Han, T.M. A cross-sectional study of HIV-seropositive patients with varying degrees of proteinuria in South Africa / T.M. Han, S. Naicker, P.K. Ramdial, et al. // Kidney Int. 2006. — № 69 (12). — P. 2243−2250.
- Harris M. Nephrotoxicity associated with antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients / M. Harris // Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2008. — № 7. — P. 389−400.
- Hillege, H.L. Urinary albumin excretion predicts cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality in general population / H.L. Hillege, V. Fidler, G.F. Diercks, et al. // Circulation. 2002. — № 106 (14). — P. 1777−1782.
- Hortin, G.L. Detection of indinavir crystals in urine: dependence on method of analysis / G.L. Hortin, C. King, K.D. Miller, et al. // Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2000. — № 124. — P. 246−250.
- Horvath, J. Clinical aspects of the interactions between human immunodeficiency virus and the hepatotropic viruses / J. Horvath, S. P. Raffanti // Clin Infect Dis. 1994. — № 18(3). — P. 339−347.
- Hymes, K.B. Human immunodeficiency virus infection and thrombotic microangiopathy / K.B. Hymes, S. Karpatkin // Semin Hematol. 1997. — № 34. — P. 117−125.
- Izzedine, H. The nephrotoxic effects of HAART / H. Izzedine, M. Harris, M.A. Perazella // Nat Rev Nephrol. 2009. — № 5. — P. 563−573.
- Jaffe, J.A. Chronic nephropathies of cocaine and heroin abuse: a critical review / J.A. Jaffe, P.L. Kimmel // Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006. — № 1 (4). — P. 655−667.
- Janakiraman, H. Correlation of CD4 counts with renal disease in HIV positive patients / H. Janakiraman, G. Abraham, M. Matthew, S. Kuruvilla, V. Panikar, S. Solomon, S.V. Seshan, N.S. Lesley // J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2008. -№ 19(4).-P. 603−607.
- Jeffrey, S.B. Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy and the Kidney: An Update on Antiretroviral Medications for Nephrologists /S.B. Jeffrey, N. Kasbekar // Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006. — № 1. — P. 117−129.
- Johnson, R.J. Comprehensive clinical nephrology/ R.J. Johnson, J. Feehally // 2nd ed., St Louis (MO): Mosby, 2000. P. 2−33.
- Joshi, M.K. Acute rhabdomyolysis and renal failure in HIV-infected patients: risk factors, presentation, and pathophysiology / M.K. Joshi, H.H. Liu // AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2000. — № 14. — P. 541−548.
- Kimmel, P.L. Brief report: idiotypic IgA nephropathy in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection / P.L. Kimmel, T.M. Phillips, A. Ferreira-Centeno, et al. // N Engl J Med. 1992. — № 327 (10). — P. 702−706.
- Kimmel, P.L. HIV- associated immune-mediated renal disease / P.L. Kimmel, T.M. Phillips, A. Ferreira-Centeno, et al. // Kidney Int. 1993. — № 44 (6). -P. 1327−1340.
- Kopp, J.B. Crystalluria and urinary tract abnormalities associated with indinavir / J.B. Kopp, K.D. Miller, J.A. Mican, et al. // Ann Intern Med. 1997. -№ 127.-P. 119−125.
- Koster, J.C. HIV protease inhibitors acutely impair glucose-stimulated insulin release / J.C. Koster, M.S. Remedi, H. Qiu, et al. // Diabetes. 2003. — № 52. -P. 1695−1700.
- Krishnan, M. Acute renal failure in an HIV-positive 50-year-old man / M. Krishnan, R. Nair, M. Haas, et al. // Am J Kidney Dis. 2000. — № 36. — P. 10 751 078.
- Lau, B. Risk of non-AIDS-related mortality may exceed risk of AIDS-related mortality among individuals enrolling into care with CD4+ counts greater than 200 cells/mm3 / B. Lau, S.J. Gange, R.D. Moore // AIDS. 2007. — № 44 (2). -P. 179−187.
- Levey, A.S. Serum creatinine and renal function / A.S. Levey, R.D. Perrone, N.E. Madias // Annu Rev Med. 1988. — № 39. — P. 465−490.
- Lucas, G.M. Highly active antiretroviral therapy and the incidence of HIV-1-associated nephropathy: a 12-year cohort study / G.M. Lucas, J.A. Eustace, S. Sozio, et al. // AIDS. 2004. — № 18 (3). — P. 541−546.
- Madrigal-Jimenez, H.M. High levels of HIV-1 RNA Associated with Early-onset Glomerulopathy in patients with HIV Infection / H.M. Madrigal-Jimenez, L. Flores-Flores, F. Carrillo Estrada, M.A. Zuniga-Silva // Mayo Clin Proc. 2007. -№ 82 (9).-P. 1103−1116.
- Mocroft, A. Chronic renal failure among HIV-1-infected patients / A. Mocroft, O. Kirk, J. Gatell, P. Reiss, P. Gargalianos, K. Zilmer, M. Beniowski, J.P. Viard, S. Staszewski, J.D. Lundgren // AIDS. 2007. — № 21. — P. 1119−1127.
- Monahan, M. HIV-associated nephropathy: an urban epidemic / M. Monahan, N. Tanji, P.E. Klotman // Semin Nephrol. 2001. — № 21 (4). — P. 394−402.
- Nash, K. Hospital-acquired renal insufficiency / K. Nash, A. Hafeez, S. Hou // Am J Kidney Dis. 2002. — № 39 (5). — P. 930−936.
- National Kidney Foundation (NKF). K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. NKF online. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002. — № 39. — P. 51−266.
- Nochy, D. Renal disease associated with HIV infection: a multicentric study of 60 patients from Paris hospitals / D. Nochy, D. Glotz, P. Dosquet, et al. // Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1993. — № 8 (1). — P. 11−19.
- Orth, S.R. Smoking and the kidney / S.R. Orth, H. Ogata, E. Ritz // Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2000. — № 15 (10). — P. 1509−1511.
- Pardo, V. Glomerular lesions in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome / V. Pardo, M. Aldana, R.M. Colton, et al. // Ann Intern Med. 1984. -№ 101 (4).-P. 429−434.
- Pardo, V. AIDS-related glomerulopathy: occurrence in specific risk groups / V. Pardo, R. Meneses, L. Ossa, et al. // Kidney Int. 1987. — № 31 (5). — P. 1167−1173.
- Rao, T.K. Associated focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome / T.K. Rao, E.J. Filippone, A.D. Nicastri, et al. //N Engl J Med. 1984. — № 310 (11). — P. 669−673.
- Rao, T.K. The types of renal disease in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome / T.K. Rao, E.A. Friedman, A.D. Nicastri // N Engl J Med. 1987. — № 316 (17).-P. 1062−1068.
- Rastegar, D. A patient with primary human immunodeficiency virus infection who presented with acute rhabdomyolysis / D. Rastegar, C. Claiborne, A. Fleisher, et al. // Clin Infect Dis. 2001. — № 32 (3). — P. 502−504.
- Rho, M. Nephrotoxicity associated with antiretroviral therapy in HIV infected patients / M. Rho, M.A. Perazella // Curr Drug Saf. 2007. — № 2. — P. 147 154.
- Ripamonti, D. Prevalence of thrombotic microangiopathy in a cohort of HIV-infected patients / D. Ripamonti, G. Gregis, S. Casari, et al. // AIDS. 1996. -P. 1286.
- Roland, M.E. Solid organ transplantation is a reality for patients with HIV infection / M.E. Roland, P.G. Stock // Curr HIV/AIDS. 2006. — № 3 (3). — P. 132−138.
- Ross, M.J. HIV-associated nephropathy: case study and review of the literature / M.J. Ross, P.E. Klotman, J.A. Winston // AIDS Patient Care STDS. -2000. № 14 (12). — P. 637−645.
- Ross, M.J. Microcyst formation and HIV-1 gene expression occur in multiple nephron segments in HIV-associated nephropathy / M.J. Ross, L.A. Bruggeman, P.D.Wilson, et al. // J Am Soc Nephrol. 2001. — № 12 (12). — P. 26 452 651.
- Ross, M.D. Recent progress in HIV-associated nephropathy / M.J. Ross, P.E. Klotman // J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002. — № 13 (12). — P. 2997−3004.
- Ross, M.J. HIV-associated nephropathy / M.D. Ross, P.E. Klotman // AIDS. 2004. — № 18. — P. 1089−1099.
- Ross, M.J. HIV-1 infection initiates an inflammatory cascade in human renal tubular epithelial cells / M.J. Ross, C. Fan, M.D. Ross, et al. // AIDS. 2006. -№ 42(1).-P. 1−11.
- Salem, G. Human immunodeficiency virus associated with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: successful treatment with zidovudine / G. Salem, H. Terebelo, S. Raman // South Med J. 1991. — № 84. — P. 493−495.
- Schetz, M. Drug-induced acute renal failure / M. Schetz, J. Dasta, S. Goldstein, T. Golper // Curr Opin Crit Care. 2005. — № 11(6). — P. 555−565.
- Scialla, J.J. Relapse of HIV-associated nephropathy after discontinuing highly active antiretroviral therapy / J.J. Scialla, M.G. Atta, D.M. Fine // AIDS. -2007. № 21 (2). — P. 263−264.
- Selik, R.M. Trends in diseases reported on U.S. death certificates that mentioned HIV infection, 1987−1999 / R.M. Selik, Jr. R.H. Byers, M.S. Dworkin //AIDS. 2002. — № 29 (4). — P. 378−387.
- Shemesh, O. Limitations of creatinine as a filtration marker in glomerulopathic patients / O. Shemesh, H. Golbetz, J.P. Kriss, et al. // Kidney Int. -1985. № 28 (5). — P. 830−838.
- Shi, B. Apoptosis induced by HIV-1 infection of the central nervous system / B. Shi, U. De Girolami, J. He, et al. // J Clin Invest. 1996. — № 98. — P. 1979−1990.
- Siedner, M.J. Poor validity of urine dipstick as a screening tool for proteinuria in HIV-positive patients / M.J. Siedner, M.G. Atta, G.M. Lucas, et al. // AIDS. 2008. — № 47 (2). — P. 261−263.
- Smith, M.C. Prednisone improves renal function and proteinuria in human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy / M.C.Smith, J.L. Austen, J.T. Carey, et al. // Am J Med. 1996. — № 101 (1). — P. 41−48.
- Stevens, L.A. Assessing kidney function: measured and estimated glomerular filtration rate / L.A. Stevens, J. Coresh, T. Greene, et al. // N Engl J Med. 2006. — № 354 (23). — P. 2473−2483.
- Stock, P.G. Evolving clinical strategies for transplantation in the HIVpositive recipient / P.G. Stock, M.E. Roland // Transplantation. 2007. — № 84 (5). -P. 563−571.
- Stokes, M.B. Immune complex glomerulonephritis in patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus / M.B. Stokes, H. Chawla, R.I. Brody, et al. // Am J Kidney Dis. 1997. — № 29 (4). — P. 514−525.
- Sutor, G.C. Thrombotic microangiopathies and HIV infection: report of two typical cases, features of HUS and TTP, and review of literature / G.C. Sutor, R.E. Schmidt, H. Albrecht // Infection. 1999. — № 27. — P. 12−15.
- Szczech, L.A. Association between renal disease and outcomes among HIV-infected women receiving or not receiving antiretroviral therapy / L.A. Szczech, D.R. Hoover, J.G. Feldman, et al. // Clin Infect Dis. 2004. — № 39 (8). — P. 11 991 206.
- Szczech, L.A. Microalbuminuria in HIV infection / L.A. Szczech, C. Grunfeld, R. Scherzer, et al. // AIDS. 2007. — № 21 (8). — P. 1003−1009.
- UN AIDS: AIDS epidemic update. 2009. online.,
- Verhelst, D. Fanconi syndrome and renal failure induced by tenofovir: a first case report / D. Verhelst, M. Monge, J.L. Meynard, et al. // Am J Kidney Dis. -2002. -№ 40 (6).-P. 1331−1133.
- Wali, R.K. HIV-1-associated nephropathy and response to highly-active antiretroviral therapy / R.K. Wali, C.I. Drachenberg, J.C. Papadimitriou, et al. // Lancet. 1998. — № 352 (9130). — P. 783−784.
- Winston, J.A. Are we missing an epidemic of HIV-associated nephropathy? / J.A. Winston, P.E. Klotman // J Am Soc Nephrol. 1996. -№ 7(1).-P. 1−7.
- Winston, J. A. Nephropathy and establishment of a renal reservoir of HIV type 1 during primary infection / J.A. Winston, L.A. Bruggeman, M.D. Ross, et al. // N Engl J Med. 2001. — № 344 (26). — P. 1979−1984.
- Winston, J. Kidney Disease in Patients with HIV Infection and AIDS / J. Winston, G. Deray, T. Hawkins, L. Szczech, C. Wyatt, B. Young // Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2008. — № 47. — P. 1449−1457.
- Wyatt, C.M. Acute renal failure in hospitalized patients with HIV: risk factors and impact on inhospital mortality / C.M. Wyatt, R.R. Arons, P.E. Klotman, et al. // AIDS. 2006. — № 20 (4). — P. 561−565.
- Wyatt, C.M. Chronic kidney disease in HIV infection: an urban epidemic / C.M. Wyatt, J.A. Winston, C.D. Malvestutto, et al. // AIDS.- 2007. № 21 (15). — P. 2101−2103.
- Zimmermann, A.E. Tenofovir associated acute and chronic kidney disease: a case of multiple drug interactions / A.E. Zimmermann, T. Pizzoferrato, J. Bedford, et al. // Clin Infect Dis. 2006. — № 42 (2). — P. 283−290.