Изучение нуклеотидных последовательностей и серологических свойств V 3 петли ВИЧ-I на материале из Санкт-Петербурга и Украины
Диссертация
По современной классификации для эпидемии ВИЧ/СПИД выделяются три стадии ее развития: ранняя (nascent), на которой уровень инфицированности в определенных группах риска составляет менее 5%- концентрированная (concentrated), на которой уровень инфицированности в определенных групп риска составляет более 5%, а уровень. инфицированности среди беременных женщин составляет менее 5% и генерализованная… Читать ещё >
Список литературы
- Козлов А.П., Емельянов A.B?, Веревочкин C.B., Карамов Э. В. Закономерности ранней фазы эпидемии ВИЧ/СПИД // Русский журнал ВИЧ/СПИД и родственные проблемы.-1997.-Т.1, № 1.-С.5−28
- Момот О.Ф., Смольская Т. Т., Ташкинова И. П., Шилова Э. А., Терентьева Ж. В., Лубкина М. О., Райская В.А.: Развитие эпидемии ВИЧ-инфекции среди наркоманов // Русский журнал ВИЧ/СПИД и родственные проблемы.-1997.-Т., № 1-С.125.
- Перевозчиков А.П., Курышев В. Ю., Арредоуани М. И др. Напрвленный перенос гена аполипогпротеина A-I человекаи бактериальных генов-маркеров в печень крысы // Доклады Академии Наук 1997-T.352,N4-C. 571−574.
- Рытик П.Г., Кучеров И. И., Подольская И. А., Коржев М.О.: Эпидемиологические особенности ВИЧ-инфекции в Беларуси на современном этапе // Русский журнал ВИЧ/СПИД и родственные проблемы-1997.-Т.1, № 1-С.126.
- Смольская Т.Т., Коровина Г. И., Новикова В. А., Власов H.H., Сизова Н. В., Бурова Н. В. Изучение генотипов ВИЧ-1, циркулирующих в России (1987−1996 гг.)// Русский журнал ВИЧ/СПИД и родственные проблемы.-1997.-Т1,№ 1- С. 132.
- Ярославцева Н.Г., Щелканов М. Ю., Еремин В. Ф., Рытик П. Г., Титов Л. П., Карамов Э.В.: Серологическая однородность ВИЧ-1 из светлогорского очага эпидемии (1996) в Белоруссии// Русский журнал ВИЧ/СПИД и родственные проблемы.-1997. Т.1,№ 1-С.135.
- A World Bank Policy Report. Confronting AIDS. Public priorities in a global epidemic.-Oxford University Press, Inc., 1997, P. 86−87
- Albert J. and Fenyo E.M. Simple, sensitive, and specific detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in clinical specimens by polymerase chain reaction with nested primers.// J.Clin. Microbiol.-1990.-V.28.-P. 1560−1564.
- Allen J.S., Coligan J.E., Barin F., McLane M.F., Sodorski J.G., Rosen C.A., Haseltine W.A., Lee T.H., Essex N. Major glycoprotein antigens that induses antibodies in AIDS patients are encoded by HTLV-III.//Science.-1985.-V.228.-P.1091−1093.
- Altschul S.F., Gish W., Miller W., Myers E.W., Lipman D.J. Basic local alignment search tool.//J. Mol. Biol.-1990.-V.215.-P.403−410.
- Ayenuine S., Johanson B., Salminen M., Leinikki P., Sonnerborg A., Zewdie D-W., Britton S., Strannegard O. HIV-I in Ephiopia: Phylogenetic divergence from other HIV-1 strains.// Virus Genes.-V5.-N.4.-p.359−366.
- Bebenek K., Abbotts J., Roberts J. D., Wilson S. H., Kunkel T. A. Specificity and mechanism of error-prone replication by human immunodeficiency virus-1 reverse transcriptase // J.Biol.Chem.-1989.- V.264-P. 16 948−16 956.
- Bobkov A., Cheingsong-Popov R., Selimova L., Ladnaya N., Kazennova E., Kravchenko A., Pokrovsky V., Weber J. HIV type 1 subtype E in Russia // AIDS Res.Hum.Retroviruses.-1997b-V. 13 .-P.725−727.
- Briles, D. E. and Davie, J.M. Clonal nature of the immune response. II. The effect of immunization on clonal commitment // J.Exp.Med.-1980-V.152-P.151−160.
- Bruce C., Clegg C., Featherstone A., Smith J., Oram J. Sequence analysis of the gpl20 of the env gene of Ugandan human immunodeficiency proviruses from a single individual.// AIDS Res.Hum. Retroviruses.-1993.-V.9.-N.4.-p.357−361.
- Cantarero L.A., Butler J.E., Osborne J.W. The adsorptive characteristics of proteins for polystyrene and their significance in solid phase immunoassays // Anal. Biochem.-1980.-V.105-P.375−382.
- Caponi L., Pegoraro S., Di Bartolo V., Rovero P., Revoltella R., Bombardieri S. Autoantibodies directed against ribosomal P proteins: use of a multiple antigen peptide as the coating agent in ELISA // J.Immunol.Methods.-1995.-V.179.-P.193−202.
- Chan D.C., Fass D., Berger J.M., Kim P. S. Core structure of gp41 from the HIV envelope glycoprotein // Cell.-1997.-V.89.-P. 263−273.
- Chassy B. M., Mercenier A., and Flickinger J. Transformation of bacteria by electroporation // Trends in Biotechnology.-1988.-V.6.-P.303−309.
- Cheingson-Popov R., Lister S., Callow D., Kaleebu P., Beddows S., Weber J. Serotyping HIV-I by antibody binding to V3 loop: Relationship to viral genotype.// AIDS Res.Hum.Retroviruses.-1994.-V. 10.-N. 11 .-P. 1379−13 86.
- Clavel F., Hoggan M.D., Willey R.L., Strebel K., Martin M. A., Repaske R. Genetic recombination of human immunodeficiency virus // J. Virol.4989.-V.63.-P. 1455−1459.
- Clerici M. and Berzofsky J.A. Cellular immunity and cytokines in HIV infection // AIDS.-1994.-V.8 P. S175-S182.
- Cochrane A.W., Perkins A., Rosen C. Identification of sequence important in the nucleolar localisation of human immunodeficiency virus rev: Relevance of nucleolar localisation to function // J.Virol.-1990.-V.64, N.2.-P.881−885.
- Coffin J.M. Genetic variation in AIDS viruses // Cell.-1986.-V.46.-Nl.-P.l-4.
- Cohen E.A., Denni G., Sodorski J.G., Haseltine W.A. Human immunodeficiency virus vpr product is a virion-associated regulatory protein // J.Virol.-1990.-V.64, N.6-P.3097−3099.
- Dalgleish A.G., Beverly P.C.L., Clapham P.R., Crawford D.H., Greaves M.F., Weiss R.A. The CD4 (T4) Antigene is an essential component of the receptor for the AIDS retrovirus // Nature.- 1984.-V.312.-P.763−767.
- D’Amelio R., Biselli R., Nisini R., Matricardi P.M., Aiuti A., Mezzaroma I., Pinter E., Pontesilli 0., Aiuti F. Spectrotype of anti-gpl20 remains stable during the course of HIV disease // J.AIDS. -1992-V.5,N.9-P.930−935.
- Delwart E.L., Shpaer E.G., McCutchan F.E., Louwagie J., Grez M., Rubsamen-Waigmann H., Mullins J.I. Genetic relationships determined by a DNA heteroduplex mobility assay: Analysis of HIV-1 env genes // Science.-1993.-V.262.-P.1257−1261.
- Delwart E.L., Sheppard H.W., Walker B.D., Goudsmit J., Mullins J.I. HIV-1 evolution in vivo tracked by DNA heteroduplex mobility assays.// J.Virol.-1994.-V.68.-N.10.-P.6672−6683.
- Dyson H.J., Wright P.E. Antigenic peptides // FASEB J.-1995.-V.9.-P.37−42.
- Emerman M., Malim M.H. HIV-1 regulatory/accessory genes: keys to unraveling viral and host cell biology // Science.-1998.-V.280.-P. 1880−1884.
- Emerman M. HIV-1, Vpr and the cell cycle // Curr. Biol.-1996.-V.6.-P. 1096−1103.
- Felsenstein J. Confidence limits on phylogenesis: An approach using the bootstrap // Evolution.-1985.-V.39.-P.783−791.
- Felsenstein J. PHYLIP Phylogeny Inference Package (Version 3.2) // Cladistics. -1989.-V.5: 164−166.
- Feng, Y., Broder, C.C., Kennedy P.E. and Berger, E.A. HIV-1 entry cofactor: Functional cDNA cloning of a seven-transmembrane G protein coupled receptor // Science.-1996.-V.272.-P. 872−877.
- Fisher A.G., Ensoli B., Looney D., et al. Biologically diverse molecular variants within a single HIV-1 isolate //Nature.-1988.-V.334.-P.444−447.
- Freed E.O., Delwart E.L., Buschacher G.L., Panganiban A.T. A mutation in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmembrane glycoprotein gp41 dominantly interferes with fusion and infectivity// Proc.Nat.Acad.Sci.USA.-1992.-V.89.-P.70−74.
- Galaher W.R. Detection of a fusion peptide sequence in the transmembrane protein of human immunodeficiency virus // Cell.-1987.-V.50.-P.327−328.
- Garcia J.V., Miller A.D. Serine phosphorylation-independent downregulation of cell-surface CD4 by nef // Nature.-1991.- V.350.-P.508−511.
- Geyer H., Holschbach C., Hunsmann G., Schneider J. Carbohydrates of human immunodeficiency virus. Struture of oligosacharides linked to the envelope glycoprotein 120 // J.Biol.Chem.-1988.-V.263.-P.l 1760−11 767.
- Geysen H.M., Barteling S.J., Meloen R.H. Small peptides inlDUce antibodies with a sequence and structural requirement for binding antigen comparable to antibodies against the native protein // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei. USA.-1985.-V.82.-P. 178−182.
- Goh W.C., Rogel M.E., Kinsey C.M., Michael S.F., Fultz P.N., Nowak M.A., Hahn B.H., Emerman M. HIV-1 Vpr increases viral expression by manipulation of the cell cycle: a mechanism for selection of Vpr in vivo //Nature Med.- 1998.-V.4.-P.65−71.
- Gonda M.A., Wong-Staal F., Gallo R.C., Clements J.E., Narayan O., Gilden R.V. Sequence homology and morphologic similarity of HTLV-III and Visna virus, a pathogenic lentivirus // Science.-1985.-V.227.-P. 173−177.
- Goudsmith J., Boucher C.A.B., Meloen R.H., Epstein L.G., Smit, L., van der Hoek L., Bakker M. Human antibody responce to a stain specific HIV-1 gpl20 epitope associated with cell fusion inhibition // AIDS- 1988a.-V.2.-P. 157−164.
- Goudsmit J., Kuiken C.L., Nara P.L. Linear versus conformational domains of HIV-1 during experimental and natural infection // AIDS.-1989.-V.3.-P.5119−5123.
- Goudsmit J., Back N.K.T., Nara P.L. Genomic diversity and anigenic variation of HIV-I: links between pathogenesis, epidemiology, and vaccine development.// FASEB J.-1991.-V.5.-P.2427−2436.
- Groux H., Torpier G., Monte D., Mouton Y., Capron A., Ameisen J.C. Activation-induced death by apoptosis in CD4+ T cells from human immunodeficiency virus-infected asymptomatic individuals // J. Exp. Med.-1992.-V.175.-P.331−340.
- Gurtler L., Eberle J., von Brunn A., Knapp S., Hauser H-P., Zekeng L., Tsague J.M., Selegny E., Kaptue L. A new subtype of human immunodeficiency virus type I (MVP5180) from Cameroon // J.Virol.-1994.-V.68.-p.l581−1585.
- Guy B., Riviere Y., Dott K., Regnault A., Kieny M.P. Mutational analysis of the HIV nef protein // Virology.-1990.-V.176.-P.413−425.
- Hahn B.H., Shaw G.M., Arya S.U., Popovic M., Gallo R.C., and Wong-Staal F. Molecular cloning and Characterization of the HTLV-III virus associated with AIDS // Nature.-1984.-V.312.-P.166−169.
- Hahn B.H., Gonda M.A., Shaw G.M., Popovic M., Hoxie J., Gallo R.C., Wong-Staal F. Genomic diversity of the AIDS virus HTLV-III different viruses exhibit greatest divergence in their envelope genes // Proc.Nat.Acad.Sci.USA.-1985.-V.82.-P.4813−4817.
- Haseltine W.A. Molecular biology of the AIDS virus: Ten years of discovery hope for the future // Science Challenging AIDS / Ed. G.Giraldo.-Bazel, Switzerland, 1991.-P.71−106.
- Hizi A., McGill C., Hughes S.H. Expressiobn of soluble, enzymatically active, human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase in Escherichia coli and analysis of mutants // Proc.Nat.Acad.Sci.USA.-1988.-V.85.-P. 1218−1222.
- Ho D.D., NeumannA.U., Perelson A.S., Chen W., Leonard J.M., Markowitz M. Rapid turnover of plasma virions and CD4 lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection // Nature.-1995.-V.373.-P.123−126.
- Hu, W. S., and Temin, H. M. Retroviral recombination and reverse transcription // Science.-1990.-V.250.-P. 1227−1233.
- Javaherian K., Langlois A.J., McDanal C., et al. Principal neutrolizing domain of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope protein // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.-1989,-V.86.-P.6768−6772.
- Kaleebu P., Bobkov A., Cheingson-Popov R., Bieniasz P., Garaev M., Weber J. Identification of subtype G from Uganda.// AIDS Res.Hum. Retroviruses.- 1995.-V11.-N.5.-P.657−659.
- Kalish M.L., Luo C-C., Weniger B.G., Limpakarnjanarat K., Young N., Ou C-Y., Schochetman G. Early HIV type I strains in Thailand were not responsible for the current epidemic.// AIDS Res.Hum.Retr.-1994.-V.10.-N.ll.-P.1573−1575.
- Kimura M. A simple model for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences.// Journal of Molecular Evolution.-1980.-V.16.-P.111−120.
- Klimkait T., Strebel K., Hoggan M.D., Martin M.A., Orenstein J.M. The Human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific protein vpu is required for efficient virus maturation and release // J.Virol.-1990.-V.64, N.2.-P.621−629.
- Kostrikis L.G., Bagdades E., Cao Y., Zhang L., Dimitrou D., Ho D.D. Genetic analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type I strains from patients in Cyprus: Identification of a new subtype designated subtype I // J.Virol.- 1995.-V.69.-P.6122−6130.
- Kowalski M.L., Potz J., Basiripour L., Dorfman T., Gih W.C., Terwilliger E., Dayton A., Rosen C., Haseltine W., Sodorski J. Functional regions of the envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type I.// Science.- 1987.- V.237.-P.1351−1355.
- Kuiken C.L., Lukashov V.V., ?aan E., Dekker J., Leunissen’J.A., Goudsmit J. Evidence for limited within-person evolution of the V3 domain of the HIV-1 envelope in amsterdam population // AIDS.-1996.-V.10.-P.31−37.
- Laure F., Courgnaud V., Rouzioux C., Blanche S., Veber F., Burgard M., Jacomet C., Griscelli C., Brechot C. Detection of HIV-1 DNA in infants and children by means of polymerase chain reaction // Lancet.-1988.-V.2.-P.538−541.
- Leder L., Berger C., Bornhauser S., Wendt H., Ackermann F., Jelesarov I., Bosshard H.R. Spectroscopic, calorimetric, and kinetic demonstration of conformational adaptation in peptide-antibody recognition // Biochemistry.-1995.-V.34.-P.16 509−16 518.
- Leitner T. Genetic Subtypes of HIV-1 // Human Retroviruses and AIDS.-Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 1996-P.28−40.
- Letvin N.L. Vaccines against human immunodeficiency virus progress and prospects.// N.Enl.J.Med.-1993.-V.329.-p. 1400−1405.
- Levy J A., Hoffman A.D., Kramer S.M., Lanois J.A., Shimabukruro J.M., Obkiro B.S. Isolation of lymphocytopathic retroviruses from San-Francisco patients with AIDS.// Science. -1984. V.225 .-P. 840−842.
- Li W.-H., Tanimura M., Sharp P.M. Rates and dates of divergence between AIDS virus nucleotide sequences//Mol.Biol.Evol.-1988.-V.5.-P.313−330.
- Louwagie J., Delwart E.L., Mullins J.I., McCutchan F.E., Eddy G., Burke D.S. Genetic analysis of HIV-I isolates from Brasil reveals presence of two distinct genetic subtypes // AIDS Res.Hum.Retr.-1994.-V. 10.-P.561−567.
- Lukashov V., Karamov E., Eremin V., Titov L., Goudsmit J. Extreme founder effect in an HIV type 1 a epidemic among drug users in Svetlogorsk, Belarus.// AIDS Reseach and Human Retroviruses. 1998 (in press).
- Luria S., Chambers I., Berg P. Expression of the type 1 human immunodeficiency virus Nef protein in T cells prevents antigen receptor-mediated induction of interleikin 2 mRNA.//Proc.Nat. Acad. Sci.USA.-1991.-V.88.-P.5326−5330.
- Maddon P.J., Dalgleish A.G., McDougal J.S., Clapham PR., Neiss R A., Axel R. The T4 gene encodes the AIDS virus receptor and is expressed in the immune system and the brain.// Cell.-1986.-V.47.-P.333−348.
- Mann J.M. AIDS The second deade: a global perspective.// J.Inf.Dis.-1992.-V.165.-P.245−250.
- Marx P.A., Munn R.J., Joy K.I. Computer imulation of thin section electron microscopy predicts an envelope-associated icosadeltahedral capsid for human immunodeficiency virus.// Lab.Invest.-1988.-V.58.-P. 112−118.
- Masur H., Michelis M.A., Green J.B. An outbreak of community-acquired Pneumacistis carini pneumonia//New England J. Med.-1981.-V.305.-P.1431−1438.
- McCune J.M., Rabin L.B., Feinberg MB., Lieberman M., Kosek J.C., Reyes G.R., Weissman I.L. Endoproteolytic cleavage of gp 160 is required for the activation of human immunodeficiency virus // Cell.-1988.-V.53.-P.55−67.
- McDougal J.S., Kennedy M.S., Sligh J.M., Cort S.P., Mawle A., Nicholson J.K.A. Binding of HTLV-III/LAV to T4+ T-cells by a complex of the 1 lOkD viral protein and the T4 molecule // Science.-1986.-V.231.-P.382−385.
- Moog C., Fleury H.J., Pellegrin I., Kirn A., Aubertin A.M. Autologous and heterologous neutralizing antibody responses following initial seroconversion in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals.// J. Virol.-1997.-V.71.-P.3734−3741.
- Provisional Public Health Service inter-agency recommendations for screening donated blood and plasma for antibody to the virus causing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.// Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.-1985.-V.34.-P. 1−5.
- Update: trends in AIDS incidence, deaths, and prevalence. United States, 1996 // Morb.Mortal.Wkly Rep.-1997.-V.46.-P. 165−73.
- Murphy G., Belda F.J., Clewly J.P., Parry J.V. Discordances between peptide serotyping and HMA genotyping in distinguishing HIV subtype from non-B // Abstracts of 12th World AIDS Conference, Geneva, Switzerland, June 28- July 3, 1998, Abstract № 11 193
- Myers G., Korber B., Foley B., Jeang K.-T., Mellors J.W., and Wain-Hobson S.: Human Retroviruses and AIDS: A Compilation and Analysis of Nucleic Acid and Amino Acid Sequences // Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 1996.
- Nahmias A.J., Weiss J., Yao X., Lee F., Kodsi R., Schanfield M., Matthews T., Bolognesi D., Durak D., Motulsky A., Kanki P., Essex M. Evidence for human infection with HTLV-III/LAV-like virus in Central Africa.// Lancet.-1986.-V.8492.-P. 1279−1280.
- Nara P.L., Garrity R.R., Goudsmit J. Neutralization of HIV-I: a paradox of humoral proportions // FASEB J.-1991.-V.5.-P.2437−2455.
- Nara P.I. and Garrity P. Deceptive imprinting: a cosmopolitan strategy for complicated vaccination // Vaccine.-1998. -V. 16.-P. 1780−1787.
- Narayan 0., Clements J.E. Biology and pathogenesis of lentiviruses.// J.Gen.Virology.-1989.-V.70.-P. 1617−1639.
- Nardelli B., Lu Y.A., Shiu DR., Delpierre-Defoort C., Profy A.T., Tam J.P. A chemically defined synthetic vaccine model for HIV-1 // J. Immunol.-1992.-V. 148.-P.914−920.
- Nelson G.W. and Perelson A.S. A mechanism of immune escape by slow- replicating HIV strains //J. of AIDS.-1992.-V.5.-P.82−93.
- Ngeow Y-F. STD and HIV epidemiology in Asia // Abstracts X-th International Conference on AIDS-1994, 7−12 August, Yokohama, Japan.
- Niederman T.M.J., Garcia J.V., Hastings W.R., Luria S., Ratner L. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Nef protein inhibits NF-kB induction in human T cells // J.Virol.-1992.-V.66.-P.6213−6219.
- Novitsky V. A., Montano M.A., Essex M. Molecular epidemiology of an HIV-1 subtype A subclaster among injection drug users in the Southern Ukraine // AIDS Res.Hum. Retroviruses.- 1998.-V.14.-P. 1079−1085.
- Nowak M. HIV mutation rate letter. //Nature.-1990.-V.347.-P.522.
- Nunn A.J., Kamali A., Kengeya-Kayondo J.F. Migration and HIV-1 seroprevalence in rural Ugandan population // Abstracts X-th International Conference on AIDS-1994, 7−12 August, Yokohama, Japan.
- Ohno M., Fornerod M., Mattaj I.W. Nucleocytoplasmic transport: the last 200 nanometers // Cell.-1998.-V.92.-P.327−336.
- Osmanov S., Heyward W.L., Esparza J. The World Health Organization Network for HIV isolation and characterization: Summary of pilot study.// AIDS Res.Hum.Retroviruses-1994.-V.10.-N.il.-P. 1325−1326.
- Ou C.-Y., Kwok S., Mitchell S.W., Mack D.H., Shinsky J.J., Krebs J.W., Feorino P., Warfield D., and Shochetman G. DNA amplification for direct detection of HIV-I in DNA of peripheral blood mononuclear cells // Science.-1988.-V.238.-P295−297.
- Papsidero L.D., Shen M., Ruscetti F.W. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 -neutralizing monoclonal antibodies which react with pi7 core protein: chracterization and epitope mapping // J.Virol.-1989.-V.63.-P.267−272.
- Pau C.P., Lee-Tomas S" Auwanit W., George J.R., Ou C.Y., Parekh B.S., Granade T.C., Holoman D.L., Philips S., Schochetman G., Young N.L., Takebe Y., Gayle H.D., Weniger
- B.G. Highly specific V3 peptide immunoassay for serotyping HIV type I specimens from Thailand // AIDS-1993.-V.7.-P.337−340.
- Perelson S.A., Neumann A.U., Markowitz M., Leonard J.M., Ho D.D. HIV-1 dynamics in vivo: virion clearance rate, infected cell life-span, and viral generation time // Science -1996 -V.271-P.: 1582−1586.
- Pestano G., Prince A., Guyden J., Ntambi J.M., Atkin A., Boto W.M.O. Independent divergences in the CD4 binding site and V3 loop encoded in two seroprevalent Ugandan HIV-I clinical isolates // AIDS.- 1993.-V.6.-P.872−880.
- Popovic M., Sarandgandharan M.G., Read E., Gallo R.C. Detection, isolation, and continious production of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV-III) from patient with AIDS and pre-AIDS // Science.-1984.-V.224.-P.497−500.
- Posnett D.N., McGrath H., Tam J.P. A novel method for producing anti-peptide antibodies. Production of site-specific antibodies to the T cell antigen receptor beta-chain // J.Biol.Chem.-1988.-V.263.-P. 1719−1725.
- Profy A.T., Salinas P.A., Eckler L.I., IDUnlop N.M., Nara P.L., Putney S. Epitopes recognized by the neutralizing antibodies of an HIV-I infected indivIDUal.// J.Immun.-1990.-V.144.-P.4641−4648.
- Ramlingaswami V. Perspectives on AIDS in Asia // Ann.Natl. Acad.Med.Sci.(India).-1989.-V.25, Nl.-P.3−8.
- Reitz M.S., Wilson C., Gallo R.C. Generation of neutralization resistant variants of HIV-I is due to selection for a point mutation in the envelope gene // Cell. -1988.-V. 54,-P.57−63.
- Ricchetti M. and Buc H. Reverse transcriptases and genomic variability: the accuracy of DNA replication is enzyme specific and sequence depedent // EMBO J.-1990.-V.9.-P. 15 831 593.
- Rizzuto C.D. and Sodroski J.G. Contribution of virion ICAM-1 to human immunodeficiency virus infectivity and sensitivity to neutralization.// J.Virol.-1997.-V.71.-P. 4847−4851.
- Robert-Guroff M., Brown M., Gallo R.C. HTLV-III neutralizing antibodies in patients with AIDS and AIDS- related complex // Nature.-1985.-V.316.-p.72−74.
- Roberts, J. D., Bebenek, K., and Kunkel, T. A. The accuracy of reverse transcriptase from HIV-1// Science.-1988.-V.242.-P. 1171−1173.
- Saag M.S., Hahn B.H., Gibbons J., Li Y., Parks E.S., Parks W.P., Shaw G.M. Extensive variation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in vivo// Nature.-1988, — V.334.-P.313−330.
- Saiki R.K., Scharf S., Faloona F., Mullis K.B., Horn G.T., Erlich H.A., Arnheim N. Enzimatic amplification of b-globin genomic sequences and restriction site analysis for diagnosis of side cell anemia.// Science-1985.-V.230.-P. 1350−1354.
- Sharp P.M., Robertson D.L., Feng G., and Hahn B.H. Origins and diversity of human immunodeficiency viruses //AIDS.-1994.-V.8 (suppl. 1).-P. S27-S42.
- Shaw G.M., Hahn B.H., Arya S.K., Groopman J.E., Gallo R.C., Wong-Stall F. Molecular characterization of Human T-cell leUKRemia (lymphotropic) virus type III in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome.// Science.-1984.-V.226.-P. 1165−1171.
- Sherefa K., Sallberg M., Sonnerborg A. Evidence of no change in V3 loop antybody recognition pattern in HIV type I- infected ethiopians between 1988 and 1993// AIDS Res.Hum. Retroviruses.-V.10.-N.ll.-P.1551−1556.
- Simon H.M. and Malim M.H. The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vif protein modulates the postpenetration stability of viral nucleoprotein complexes.// J.Virol.-1996,-V. 70.-P. 5297−5305.
- Siwka W., Schwinn A., Baczko K., Pardowitz I., Mhalu F., Shao J., Rethwilm A, ter Meulen V. vpu and env sequence variability of HIV-I from Tanzania // AIDS Res.Hum. Retroviruses.- 1994.- V.10.-N.12.-P. 1753−1754.
- Smith T.F., Srinivasan A., Schochetmann G., Marcus M., Myers G. The phylogenetic history of immunodeficiency viruses // Nature.-1988.-V. 333.-P. 573−575.
- Strebel K., Daugherty D., Clouse K., Cohen D., Folks T., Martin M. The HIV «AH (sor) gene product is essential for virus infectivity//Nature.-1987.-V.328.-P.728−730.
- Takebe Y., Sato H., Oka S., Miyakuni T., Imai M., Pau C.-P., Ou C.-Y., Weinger B.G., Kimura S., Shimada K. Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 infections in Asia.// Abstracts X-th International Conference on AIDS-1994, 7−12 August, Yokohama, Japan.
- Tam J.P. and Zavala F. Multiple antigen peptide. A novel approach to increase detection sensitivity of synthetic peptides in solid-phase immunoassays // J.Immunol.Methods.-1989.-V.124.-P.53−61.
- Tang X.L., Tregear G.W., White D.O., Jackson D.C. Minimum requirements for immunogenic and antigenic activities of homologues of a synthetic peptide of influenza virus hemagglutinine // J.Virol.-1988.-V.62.-P.4745−4551.
- Tarlinton D.M., Smith K.G. Apoptosis and the B cell response to antigen.// Int. Rev. Immunol.-1997.-V. 15.-P.53−71.
- Tsujimoto H., Hasegava A., Maki N. Sequence of the novel Simian Immunodeficiency Vims from wild- caught African mandrill //Nature.-1989.-V.341.-P.539−541.
- Report on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic UNAIDS and WHO. June 1998. Geneva: 1998
- Vartanian J.P., Meyerhans A., Asjo B., Wain-Hobson S. Selection, recombination and G—>A hypermutation of HIV-1 genomes.// J.Virol.-1991.-V.65.-P.1779−1788.
- Verdoliva A, Cassani G, Fassina G. Affinity purification of polyclonal antibodies using immobilized multimeric peptides // J.Chromatogr.B. Biomed. Appl.-1995.-V.664.-P.175−183.
- Vogel T, Kurth R, Norley S. The majority of neutralizing Abs in HIV-1-infected patients recognize linear V3 loop sequences. Studies using HIV-1MN multiple antigenic peptides // J.Immunol.-1994.-V.153.-P. 1895−1904.
- Wain-Hobson S., Sonigo P., Danos O., Cole S., Alizon M. Nucleotide sequence of the AIDS vims, LAV// Cell.-1985.-V.40.-P.9−17.
- Wain-Hobson S. Retroviral G-A hypermutation.// Human Retrovimses and AIDS. Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 1996.
- Weiss R.A., Clapham P.R., Cheiningsong- Popov R., Dalgleish A.G., Carne C.A., Weller I.V.D., Tedder R.S. Neutralization of Human T- lymphotropic vims type III by sera of AIDS and AIDS- risk patients //Nature.-1985.-V.316.-P.69−72.
- Wong-Staal F., Shaw G.M., Hahn B.H., Salahuddin S. Z, Popovic M., Markham P.D., Redfield R., Gallo R.C. Genomic diversity of human T-lymphotropic virus type III // Science.-1985.-V.229-P.759−762.
- Wood R., Dong H., Katzenstein D.A., Merigan T. Quantification and comparison of HIV-1 proviral load in periferal blood mononuclear cells and isolated CD4+T cells // AIDS.-1993.-V.6.-N2.-P.237−240.
- Wu, L., Gerard, N.P., Wiatt, R., et al. CD4-inIDUced interaction of primary HIV-1 gpl20 glycoprotein with chemokine receptor CCR5 // Nature.-1996.-V.384.-P. 179−183.
- Zazzi M., Romano L., Brassini A., Valensin P.E. Nested polymerase chain reaction for detection of human immunodeficiency virus type I in clinical specipens // J.Med.Virol-1992.-V.38.-P. 172−174.