Роль тканевого доплеровского исследования в оценке состояния миокарда левого желудочка у больных с артериальной гипертензией
Диссертация
В Российской Федерации артериальная гипертензия (АГ) остается^ одной из самых актуальных проблем кардиологии (26,30). Установлено, что при одинаковом уровне артериального давления (АД) распространенность гипертрофии миокарда левого желудочка (ГЛЖ) выше у пожилых больных, а также у мужчин по сравнению с женщинами: в 61% — у мужчин и в 46% — у женщин в возрасте 30−64 лет, в то время как у пациентов… Читать ещё >
Список литературы
- Алехин М.Н. Тканевой допплер в клинической эхокардиографии. М.2006- -120 с.
- Барсуков A.B., Шустов С. Б. Артериальная гипертензия: клиническое профилирование и выбор терапии. СПб:. ЭЛБИ-СПб. 2004- -248с.
- Берестень Н.Ф. Допплерэхография в комплексной оценке нарушений печеночной и сердечной гемодинамики: Дис. докт. мед. Наук- Росс. мед. акад. последиплом. образования.- М., 2000.- 263 с.
- Берестень Н.Ф., Крутова Т. В., Дробязко О.А и др. Возможности тканевой допплерографии //Эхография 2002, № 4,с.395−402.
- Бокерия Л.А., Бузиашвили Ю. И., Ключникова И. В. Ишемическое ремоделирование левого желудочка. М.: Изд-во НЦССХ им. А. Н. Бакулева РАМН, 2002.
- Васюк Ю.А., Копелева М. В., Хадзегова А. Б., Сергеев B.C.
- Диагностические возможности стресс- Эхо-КГ с использованием тканевой1допплерографии. Журнал Сердечная Недостаточность Том 5 № 6. с 303−307.
- Герасимова Н.И. Функциональное состояние левого и правого желудочков сердца при артериальной гипертензии по данным тканевой допплер-эхокардиографии: Автореф. дис. канд. мед.- ГОУ ВПО ММА им И. М. Сеч. Росздр.-М., 2007.- 25с.
- Глотов МШ., Мазур Н:А., Пшеницин А. И. «Немая» ишемия миокарда: у. больных артериальной гипертонией и влияние на нее антигипертензивных препаратов. Кардиология. 1997- 5, № 9.
- Долабчян З.Л. Гипертрофия миокарда и электромеханическая активностьсердца. М.гМедицина.1973.-213с. /
- Дубнов 11. IO- Обработка статистической информации с помощью SPSS. М.: NT Press.2004. 221с.
- Карпов Ю.А. Европейские рекомендации по артериальной гипертонии — главное событие 2007 г- Русский медицинский журнал. 2007 г, том 15, № 20:1405.
- Маколкин В.И. Сходство патогенеза артериальной гипертензии и ишемической болезни сердца — одно из условий единого подхода к терапии.Артериальнаятипертензия. Том 11. N 2.2005.
- Мазур Hi А., Черевко В. Е. Влияние каптоприла, амлодипина и пропранолола-моделирование левого желудочка у больных, перенесших инфаркт миокарлз мед. журн. 1998. — Т.6, № 14 (74). — С. 919−922.
- Меерсон Ф.З. Гиперфункция. Гипертрофия. Недостаточность сердца. -М.: Медицина, 1968. -388с.
- Национальные Рекомендаций- ВНОК Щ ОССН по диагностике и лечению ХСН (второй пересмотр) —, Журнал- Сердечная Недостаточность.2006 — Том 8 № 2. 34с.
- Никитин Н.П., Клиланд Д. Ф. Применение тканевой миокардиальной допплер-эхокардиографйи в кардиологии^//Кардиология.- 20 021 № 3.- С.66−79.
- Рекомендации по диагностике и лечению артериальной гипертензии. Европейское общество по артериальной гипертензии Европейское общество кардиологов 2003. Артериальная гипертензия. Том 10/N 2/2004.
- Романов С.Н. Изучение контрактильной и, релаксационной способности миокарда у больных ИБС по данным ЭхоКГ: Автореф. дис. к-та мед. наук- Моск. мед. стомт. ин-т. 1989. — 24 с.
- Сахно Ю.Ф., Берестень Н. Ф., Твалавадзе В. В. // Зависимость фазовой структуры сердечного цикла от выраженности НК при ИБС. // Тер архив, с. 15., № 72, п. 275, М., 1987.
- Скавронская Т.В. Распространенность гипертонической болезни и ее особенности у работников газовой промышленности в условиях крайнего севера. Автореф. дис. канд. мед. наук.- Москва, 2007.-24с.
- Ткаченко С. Б., Берестень Н. Ф. Тканевое допплеровское исследование миокарда. М.: Реал Тайм, 2006. -176 с.
- Шиллер Н., Осипов MiA. Клиническая эхокардиография.- М.: Практика, 2005.-347 с. Автореф. дис. канд. мед. наук.- Москва, 2005.
- Шляхто Е.В., Конради А. О. Ремоделирование сердца при гипертонической болезни патогенетические факторы и прогностическое значение. Кардиология СНГ.2003., выпуск 1--с13−18.
- Щетинин В: В. Берестень Н. В. Кардиосовместимая допплерография.- М.: Медицина, 2002.-240с.
- Alam M, Wardelle J, et al. Effects of first myocardialon ¦ left ventricular systolic, and diastolic function with the: use- of mitral annular velocity determined- by pulsed wave Doppler tissue.imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2000- 13−342−52:
- Ashikaga H, Criscione JC, Omens JH, Covell JW, Ingcls Jr. NB. Transmural left ventricular mechanics underlying torsional recoil during relaxation Am J- Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004−286:H640-H647.
- Borges M. C, Colombp R. C, Gonqialves JG. F et al: Longitudinal Mitral Annulus Velocities Are Reduced in Hypertensive Subjects With or Without Left Ventricle Hypertrophy. Hypertension 2006', 47 854−860-
- Bruch C, Marin D, Kuntz S, et al: Analysis of mitral annulus excursion with tissue Doppler echocardiography (tissue Doppler echocardiography — TDE). Noninvasive assessment of left- ventricular- diastolic dysfunction. Z Kardiol 1999 May- 88(5):353−62. .
- Brutsaert DL, Sys SU. Relaxation and diastole of the heart Physiol Rev 1989−69:1228−1315.• :¦¦ 138. ¦ ,
- Buckberg GD, Castella, M, Gharib M, Saleh S. Structure/function interface with: sequentialshortening of basal andapicalcomponents, of the myocardial’band
- Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2006−29(Suppl 1):S75-S97. ¦
- Buckberg GD- Castella: M, Gharib M, Saleh S. Active myocyte shortening during -the 'isovolumetric relaxation' phase of diastole is responsible for ventricular suction- 'systolic, ventricular filling'. Eur J Gardiothorac Surg 2006−29:S98-S 106. -
- Buckberg GD. Rethinking the cardiac- helix —a structure/function journey: overview Eur J Cardiothorac Surg2006−29(Suppl 1):S2-S3. -.".
- Chen YT, Kan MN, Lee AY, Chen JS, Chiang BN. Pulmonary venous flow: its relationship to left atrial and' mitral: valve, motion. J- Am- Soc Echocardiogr 1993−6:387−94: .,
- D’hooge J, Heimdal A, Jamal F, — et al.: Regional strain and- strain rate• measurements by cardiac ultrasound: principles, implementation and limitations. Eur J Echocardiography 2000, 1:154−170.
- D’hooge J, Bijnens B, Jamal F et al. High: frame rate, myocardial integrated backscatter. Does this, change our understanding- of this acoustic parameter? Eur J Echocardiogr 2000- 1: 32−41. .
- De Simone G, Palmieri V, Koren M. J et al': Prognostic implications of the compensatory nature of left. ventricular mass in arterial hypertension. Journal of Hypertension 2001, 19:119−125.
- De Simone G, Devereux RB, Daniels SR, Meyer RA. Gender differences in left ventricular growth. Hypertension. 1995−26:979−983.
- Devereux RB, Alonso DR, Lutas EM, Gottlieb GJ, Campo E, Sachs I,. Reichek N. Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular hypertrophy: comparison to necropsy findings. Am J Cardiol 1986- 57^ 450M58-
- Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjelddsen SE et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the LIFE study: a randomized trial. against atenolol.Lancet 2002- 359: 995−1003.
- Dzau V., Braunwald E. Resolved and unresolved issues in the prevention and treatment of coronary artery disease: a workshop consensus-statement. Am. Heart J. 1991- 121(4 Pt 1):1244—1263.
- Emilsson K, Alam M, Wandt B. The relation"between mitral annulus motion and. ejection fraction: a nonlinear function. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2000 0ct-13(10):896−901.
- Eroglu E, Herbots L, Van' Cleemput J, Droogne W et ah- Ultrasonic strain/strain rate imaging—a new clinical tool to evaluate the transplanted heart. Eur J Echocardiography 2005- 6:5,186 -95.
- Farias CA, Rodriguez L, Garcia MJ, Sun JP, Klein AL, Thomas JD. Assessment of diastolic function by tissue Doppler echocardiography: comparison with standard transmitral and pulmonary venous flow. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1999 Aug-12(8):609−17.
- Firstenberg MS, Greenberg NL, Smedira NG, et ah: The effects of acute coronary occlusion on noninvasive echocardiographically derived systolic and diastolic myocardial strain rates. Curr Surg 2000, 57:466−472.
- Fraser AG, Payne N, Madler CF, Janerot-Sjoberg B, Lind B et all. Feasibility and Reproducibility of Off-line Tissue Doppler Measurement of Regional Myocardial Function During Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography. Eur J Echocardiography 2003- 4: 43−53.
- Foppa-Mi, Duncan B.B., Rohde L.E. Echocardiography-based left ventricular, mass estimation. How should we define hypertrophy? Cardiovascular Ultrasound 2005,3:17
- Gaasch WH. Diastolic dysfunction of the left ventricle: importance to the clinican. Adv Intern Med 1990−35:311−40-
- Ganame J, D’hooge J, Mertens L. Different deformation patterns in intracardiac tumors. Eur J Echocardiography (2005) 6, 461−464.
- Ganame J, Mertens L et all. Regional myocardial deformation in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: morphological andf clinical correlations. European Heart Journal doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehm444.2007- 1−9.
- Ganau A, Devereux RB, Roman MJ, De Simone G, Pickering TG, Saba-PS, Vargiu P, Simongini I, Laragh JH. Patterns of left ventricular hypertrophy and geometric remodeling in essential hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992−19:1550−1558.
- Gilman G, Bijoy et all: Strain Rate and Strain: A Step-by-step Approach to Image and Data Acquisition. Am Soc Echocardiogr 2004- 17:1011−20.
- Goetz WA, Lansac E, Lim HS, Weber PA, Duran CM. Left ventricular endocardial longitudinal and transverse changes during isovolumic contraction and relaxation: a challenge Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005−289:H196-H201.
- Hashimoto I, Li X, Hejmadi Bhat A, Jones M et all. Myocardial strain rate is a superior method for evaluation of left ventricular subendocardial function compared with tissue Doppler imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 Nov 5−42(9): 1574−83.
- Hatle L, Sutherland GR. Regional myocardial function—a new approach. EurHeart J 2000, 21:1337−1357.
- Helak JW, Reichek N. Quantitation of human left ventricular, mass and volume by two- dimensional echocardiography: in vitro anatomic validation. Circulation 981 -63- 1398−1407.
- Heimdal A, Pislaru C, Abraham TP, et al.: Angle dependency of strain rate imaging in an open chest pig. Eur Heart J 2000, 21(Suppl):334.
- Heimdal A, Stoylen A, Torp H, Skjaerpe T. Real-time strain rate imaging of the left ventricle by ultrasound. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1998 Nov-l 1(11):1013−19.
- Hotta S. The sequence of mechanical activation of the left ventricle. Jpn Circ J 31, pp.1568−1572.1972.
- Ingul CB, Stoylen A, SA Slordahl. Time to peak systolic strain rate is not a reliable index of regional myocardial function. Abstract Euroecho (, 7) 3 6/12 2003, Barcelona In: European Journal of Echocardiography 2003, 4 (suppl 1) P373, (S44)
- Isaaz K, Thompson A, Ethevenot G, et al.: Doppler echocardiographic measurement of low velocity motion of the left ventricular posterior wall. Am J Cardiol 1989, 64:66−75.
- Isaaz K, Munoz del Romeral L, Lee E, Schiller NB. Quantification of the motion of the cardiac base in normal subjects by Doppler echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1993−6:166−76.
- Ito T, Suwa M, Tonari S, Okuda N et all.- Regional Postsystolic Shortening in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Its Incidence and Characteristics Assessed by Strain Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2006, 19−987−993.
- Jamal F, Kukulski T, Strotmann J, et al.: Quantification of the spectrum of changes in regional myocardial function during acute ischemia in closed chest pigs: An ultrasonic strain rate and strain study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2001,4:874−884.
- Jamal F, Strotmann J, Weidemann F, et al.: Noninvasive quantification of the contractile reserve of stunned myocardium by ultrasonic strain rate and strain. Circulation 2001,104:1059−1065.
- Kannel WB. Blood pressure as a cardiovascular risk factor. Prevention and treatment. JAMA 1996- 275: 1571−6.
- Katz A. the cardiomyopathy of overload: An unnatural grown response //Eur. Heart J. -1995. -Vol.16(Suppl). P. 110−114.
- Kjaergaard J, Hassager C, Oh JK, Kristensen JH, Berning J, Sogaard P. Measurement of cardiac time intervals by Doppler tissue M-mode imaging of the anterior mitral leaflet J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2005−18:1058−1065.
- Keren G, Sonnenblick EH, LeJemtel TH. Mitral anulus motion. Relation to pulmonary venous and transmitral flows in normal subjects and in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1988−78:621−9.
- Keser N., Yildiz Y., Kurtogly N., Dipar I. Modified TEI Index a prognosing parameter in essential hypertension Echocard. 4, 2005. V.22.P.342−354.
- Koren MJ, Devereux RB, Casale PN, Savage DD, Laragh JH. Relation of left ventricular mass and geometry to- morbidity and" mortality in uncomplicated essential hypertension. Ann Intern Med. 1991−114:345−352.
- Koren MJ, Mensah GA Blake J, Laragh JH, Devereux RB. Comparison of left ventricular mass and geometry in black and white patients with essential hypertension. Am-JHypertens. 1993−6:815−823.
- Kowalski M- Herregods MC, Herbots L, Weidemann Fet all. The feasibility of ultrasonic regional strain and strain rate imaging in quantifying dobutamine stress echocardiography. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2003−4:81−91.
- Kowalski M, Kukulski T, Jamal F, D’hooge J et al. Can natural strain and strain rate quantify regional myocardial deformation? A study in healthy subjects. Ultrasound Med Biol 2001−27:1087−97.
- Levy D, Savage DD, Garrison RJ, Anderson-KM, Kannel WB, Castelli WP. Echocardiographic criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy: the Framingham Heart Study. Am J Cardiol. 1987−59:956−960. doi: 10.1016/0002−9149(87)91133−7.
- Levy D. Echocardiographically detected left ventricular hypertrophy: prevalence and, risk factors. The Framingham Heart Study. Ann Intern Med. 1988−108:7−13.
- Levy D, Anderson KM, Savage DD, Kannel WB, Christiansen JC, Casseli W. Echocardiographically detected^ left ventricular hypertrophy prevalence and risk factor: the Framingham Heart Study. Ann Inter Med 1998- 108:7 13.
- Lind B., Nowak J., Quintana M., Brodin L. Left ventricular isovolumic velocity and duration variables calculated from colour-coded myocardial velocity images in normal individuals. Eur.J.Echocardiography 2004−5:284−293.
- Lip G. Y. H., Felmeden D. C., Li-Saw-Hee F. L., Beevers D. G. Hypertensive heart disease. A complex syndrome or a hypertensive 'cardiomyopathy'? European Heart Journal (2000) 21, 1653—1665.
- Lundback S. Cardiac pumping and function of the ventricular septum. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 1986−550:1−101.
- Mirsky I. Assessment of passive elastic stiffness of cardiac muscle: mathematical concepts, physiologic and clinical considerations, directions of future research. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1976−18:277−308.
- Miyajima Er Harada= S- Yonezawa TI, Hoshi A, et al: Strain rate imaging detects: diastolic- abnormality of the heart without left ventricular hypertrophy. World-Congress of Cardiology2006, Barcelona-Spain, Online Abstract: P5532.
- Mottram P.M., Marwick T. H: Assessment of diastolic function: what the general cardiologist needs to know. Heart 2005−91 -681−695.
- Moreno R, Zamorano J, Almeria C et all.- Isovolumic contraction time by pulsed-wave Doppler tissue imaging in aortic stenosis. Eur J Echocardiogr 2003 4: 279.
- Nagvi T.Z. Diastolic function- assessment incorporating new technigues in Doppler Echocardiography. Rev. in cardiovascular medicine, vol 4, no. 2, 2003, 81−99:
- Nagvi T.Z. Recent advances in echocardiography. Expert. Rev.Cardiovasc. Ther: 2004, 2(1), 89−96. ¦
- Nikitin NP- Witte KKA, Thackray SDR, Clark AL, Cleland JGF: Longitudinal ventricular function: Normal' values of atrioventricular annular, and. myocardial velocities measured with colour tissue Doppler imaging. Eur Heart J 2002−23(abstract suppl):57.
- Nikolay P, et al. Application of Tissue Doppler Imaging in Cardiology. Cardiology 2004- 101:170−184.
- Notomi Y, Setser RM, Shiota T et all. Assessment of left ventricular torsional deformation by Doppler tissue imaging. Validation study with tagged magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 2005- 111:1141−1147.
- Oki T. The Role of Tissue Doppler Imaging as a New Diagnostic Option in. Evaluating Left Ventricular Function. J Echocardiogr 2003 .Vol. 1 ,№ 1, 29−42.
- Onose Y, Oki T, Tabata, T, Yamada H, Ito S. Assessment of the temporal relationship-between left ventricular relaxation and filling during early diastole using pulsed Doppler echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging. Jpn Circ J 1999−63:209−15.
- Pai RG, Bodenheimer MM, Pai SM, et al: Usefulness of systolic excursion of the mitral annulus as an index of left ventricular systolic function. Am J Cardiol 1991−67: 222−224.
- Palka P, Lange A, Nihoyannopoulos P: The effect of long-term training on age related left ventricular changes by Doppler myocardial velocity gradient. Am J Cardiol 1999, 84:1061−1067.
- Park CH, Chow WH, Gibson DG. Phase differences between left ventricular wall motion and transmitral flow in man: evidence for involvement of ventricular restoring forces in normal rapid filling. Int J Cardiol 1989−24:347−54.
- Pavlyukova E. Left ventricular longitudinal function: in hypertensive patients with- left ventricular, hypertrophy regression- World- Congress of Cardiology 2006, Barcelona-Spain, Online Abstract: P5549.
- Pislaru C, Abraham TP, Belohlavek M. Strain and strain rate echocardiography. Curr Opin Cardiol2002- 17:443−54.
- Ramanathan C, Jia P, Ghanem R, Ryu K, Rudy Y. Activation and repolarization of the normal human heart under complete physiological conditions Proc Natl Acad’Sci USA 2006−103:6309−6314.
- Recommendations for Chamber Quantification: A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography’s Guidelines and Standards Committee and the- Chamber Quantification Writing Group, Developed in Conjunction with the
- European Association of Echocardiography, a Branch of the European Society of Cardiology. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2005−18: 1440−1463.
- Reichek N, Devereux RB- Left ventricular hypertrophy: relationship of anatomic, echocardiography and electrocardiographic findings. Circulation 1981- 63: 1391−1398.
- Reisner SA, Lysyansky P, Agmon Y, Mutlak D, Lessick J, Friedman Z. Global longitudinal strain: a novel index of left ventricular systolic function. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2004 Jun-17(6):630−3.
- Rushmer RF. Initial phase of ventricular systole: asynchronous contraction .Am J Physiol 184: 188−194, 1956.
- Saghir M, Areces M, Makan M. Strain Rate Imaging Differentiates Hypertensive Cardiac Hypertrophy from Physiologic Cardiac Hypertrophy (Athlete's Heart). J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2007−20:151−157.
- Savage DD, Garrison RJ, Kannel WB, Levy D, Anderson SJ, Stokes J III, Feinleib M, Castelli WP. The spectrum of left ventricular hypertrophy in a general population sample: the Framingham Study. Circulation. 1987−75:126−133.
- Shan K, Bick RJ, Poindexter BJ, et al: Relation of tissue Doppler derived myocardial velocities to myocardial structure and beta-adrenergic receptor density in humans. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000 36:891−896.
- Sengupta P, Khandheria B, Korinek J, et al: Biphasic tissue Doppler waveforms during isovolumic phases are associated with asynchronous deformation of subendocardial and subepicardial layers. J Appl Physiol 99:11 041 111,2005.
- Sengupta P, Khandheria B, Korinek J, et al: Apex-to-Base Dispersion in Regional Timing of Left Ventricular Shortening and Lengthening. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006−47:163−72.
- Semafuko WE, Bowie WC. Papillary muscle dynamics: in situ function and responses of the papillary muscle Am J Physiol 1975−228:1800−1807.
- Serri K, Reant P, Lafitte M, et al. Global and regional myocardial, function^ quantification by two-dimensional strain: application in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy J Am Coll Cardiol, 2006−47:1175−1181.
- Sohn DW, Ghai IH, Lee DJ- Kim HC et all. Assessment of mitral annulus velocity by Doppler tissue imaging in the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function. J Am «Coll Cardiol. 1997 Aug-30(2):474−80.
- Stelzer JE, Larsson L, Fitzsimons DP^ Moss RL. Activation dependence of stretch activation in mouse skinned myocardium: implications for ventricular function J Gen Physiol 2006−127:95−107.
- Stollberger C, Hollander I, Dimitrov L, Slany J. Influence of measurement inaccuracies on determination of left ventricular mass by M mode echocardiography. Heart. 1996−75:312−313.
- Strauer BE. Left ventricular hypertrophy, myocardial blood flow and coronary flow reserve. Cardiology 1992−81:274−82.
- Stoylen A, Strain rate Imaging: of the left ventricle by ultrasound- Feasibility,. clinical validation and physiological aspects. NTNU 2001.
- Sutherland GR, Stewart MJ, Groundstroem KV, et al.: Color Doppler myocardial’imaging: a new technique-.for the assessment ofmyocardial function. J- Am Soc Echocardiogr 1994, 7:441−458.,
- Sukmawan R, Watanabe1 N, Toyota E, et al- Application? of' novel echocardiographic two-dimensional tracking system to define regional' heterogeneity of radial and longitudinal myocardial- strain and strain-rate (abstr) Circulation 2005- 112:2561.
- Taber LA, Yang M, Podszus WW. Mechanics of ventricular torsion J Biomech 1996−29:745−752.
- The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension and of the European Society of- Cardiolody. 2007 Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens 2007- 25: 1105−1187.: •. -
- Urheim S, Edvardsen T, Torp H, et. al.: Myocardial strain by Doppler echocardiography: validation of a new method to quantify regional myocardial function. Circulation 2000, 102:1158−1164.
- Vakili B. Prognostik implications of left ventricular hypertrophy/ B. Vakili, P. Okin, R. Devereux// Am. Heart J. 2001. — № 141. — P. 334−341
- Verdecchia P., Angeli F., Borgioni G. et al. Changes in cardiovascular risk by reduction of left ventricular mass in hypertension: a meta-analysis // Amer. J-. Hypertension.-2003.-Vol. 16.-P. 11.
- Voigt JU, Lindenmeier G, Exner B et all. Incidence and characteristics of segmental postsystolic longitudinal shortening in normal, acutely ischemic, and scarred myocardium. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2003 May- 16(5):415−23.
- Wandt B, Bojo L, Tolagen K, Wranne B: Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction in left ventricular hypertrophy. Heart 1999- 82:192 198.
- Wandt B. Long-Axis Contraction of the Ventricles: A Modern Approach, but Described Already by Leonardo da Vinci. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2000- 13:699 706.
- Wang M- Yip, Gabriel WK- Wang, Angela YM, et al: Tissue Doppler imaging provides incremental prognostic value in patients with systemic hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. Journal of Hypertension. 23(1): 183 191, January 2005.
- Weidemann F, Eyskens B, Jamal F, et al.: Quantification of regional left and right ventricular radial and longitudinal function in healthy children using ultrasound based strain rate and strain imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2002, 15:20−28.
- Weidemann F, Jamal F, Sutherland GR et all. Myocardial function defined by strain rate and strain during alterations in inotropic states and heart rate. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2002 Aug- 283(2):H792−9.
- Weidemann F, Kowalski M, D’hooge J, et al.: Doppler myocardial imaging. A new tool to assess regional inhomogeneity in cardiac function. Basic Res Cardiol 2001,96:595−605.
- Weidemann F, Niemann M, Herrmann S, Kung M et all. Non-ischemic fibrosis can be reliably detected by a typical «Double peak sign» extracted from regional myocardial deformation curves. 2006- Euroecho 10. Online Abstract. P739.
- Yamada H, Oki T, Tabata T, et al: Assessment of left ventricular systolic wall motion velocity with pulsed tissue Doppler imaging: Comparison with peak dP/dt of the left ventricular pressure curve. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1998- 11:442−449.
- Yuda S., Short L., Leano R., Marwick T. H: Myocardial abnormalities in hypertensive patients with normal and abnormal left ventricular filling: a study of ultrasound tissue characterization and strain. Clinical Science (2002) 103, 283−293.