Транскраниальная сонография в диагностике болезни Паркинсона
Диссертация
Растущий интерес к транскраниальной сонографии обусловлен не только значимостью метода в диагностике болезни Паркинсона, но и перспективами использования метода в дифференциальной диагностике с фенотипически сходными нозологиями. Установление нозологической принадлежности крайне важно на самых начальных стадиях заболевания для правильного построения тактики лечения, а также в связи с появлением… Читать ещё >
Список литературы
- Артемьев Д.В., Обухова А. В. Современные подходы к лечению ранних стадий болезни Паркинсона // Consilium medicum. 2009. — № 2. — С.22−27.
- Загоровская Т.Б., Иванова-Смоленская И.А., Маркова Е. Д. и др. Семейные случаи ювенильного паркинсонизма // Неврол. журн.2001. № 4. — С.13−18.
- Загоровская Т.Б., Иллариошкин С. Н., Сломинский П.А и др. Клинико-генетический анализ ювенильного паркинсонизма в России // Журн. невропатол. и психиатр. 2004. — Т. 104. — № 8. -С.66−72.
- Иванова-Смоленская И.А., Рахмонов Р. А., Иллариошкин С. Н. Эссенциальный тремор. Душанбе. — 2007.
- Иллариошкин С.Н. Конформационные болезни мозга. М.: Янус-К. — 2003.
- Иллариошкин С.Н. Молекулярные основы болезни Паркинсона // В кн. Болезнь Паркинсона и расстройства движений. Руководство для врачей (под ред. С. Н. Иллариошкина, Н.Н.Яхно). М., 2008 -С.8−17
- Иллариошкин С.Н., Сломинский П. А., Шадрина М. И. и др. Гетерогенность спорадической болезни Паркинсона: молекулярный подход к решению проблемы // Анналы клин, и эксперим. неврологии. 2007. — Т. 1. — № 1. — С.23−31.
- Иллариошкин С.Н. Терапия паркинсонизма: возможности и перспективы // Consilium medicum. 2009. — № 1. — С.35−40.
- Иллариошкин С.Н., Загоровская Т. Б., Иванова-Смоленская И.А. и др. Генетические аспекты болезни Паркинсона // Неврол. журн.2002. № 5. — С.47−51.
- Ю.Левин О. С., Федорова Н. В. Болезнь Паркинсона. Москва. — 2006.
- П.Литвиненко И. В., Одинак М. М. Нейровизуализация при паркинсонизме // В кн. Болезнь Паркинсона и расстройства движений. Руководство для врачей (под ред. С. Н. Иллариошкина, Н.Н.Яхно). М., 2008 — С.119−136.
- Семенова Е.В., Шадрина М. И., Сломинский П. А. и др. Анализ изменения дозы гена а-синуклеина при аутосомно-доминантной форме болезни Паркинсона // Генетика. — 2009. Т.45. — № 45. -С.1−3.
- Чечеткин А.О., Реброва О. Ю. Отсутствие височных ультразвуковых окон главное техническое ограничение для проведения транскраниального допплерографического исследования // Ультразвуковая и функциональная диагностика. -2005. — № 3. — С.54−62.
- Экстрапирамидные расстройства: Руководство по диагностике и лечению / Под ред. В. Н. Штока, И.А.Ивановой-Смоленской, О. С. Левина. М.: МЕДпресс-информ. — 2002.
- Яхно Н.Н., Павлова А. И., Роговина Е. Г. Ювенильный паркинсонизм // Неврол. журн. 1996. — № 2. — С.29−33.
- Becker G., Berg D. Neuroimaging in basal ganglia disorders: Perspectives for transcranial ultrasound // Mov. Disord. 2001. -V. 16. — N. 1. — P.23−32.
- Becker G., Seufert J., Bogdahn U. et al. Degeneration of substantia nigra in chronic Parkinson’s disease visualized by transcranial color-coded real-time sonography // Neurology. 1995. — V.45. — P. 182 184.
- Behnke S., Berg D., Becker G. Does ultrasound disclose a vulnerability factor for Parkinson’s disease? // J. Neurol. 2003. -V.250. — S. 1. — P.24−27.
- Behnke S., Berg D., Naumann M. et al. Differentiation of Parkinson’s disease and atypical parkinsonian syndromes by transcranialultrasound // Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2005. — Y.76. — P.423−425.
- Berg D. Disturbance of iron metabolism as a contributing factor to SN hyperechogenicity in Parkinson’s disease: Implications for idiopathic and monogenetic forms // Neurochem. Res. — 2007. — V.32. P. 16 461 654.
- Berg D. Transcranial ultrasound as a risk marker for Parkinson’s disease // Mov. Disord. 2009. — V.24. — S.2. — P.677−683
- Berg D., Becker G., Zeiler B. et al. Vulnerability of the nigrostriatal system as detected by transcranial ultrasound // Neurology. 1999. -V.53(5). — P.1026−1031.
- Berg D., Behnke S., Walter U. Application of transcranial sonography in extrapyramidal disorders: updated recommendations // Ultraschall, in Med. 2006. — V.27.- P. 12−19.
- Berg D., Godau J., Walter U. Transcranial sonography in movement disorders // Lancet Neurol. 2008. — V.7. -P.1044−1055.
- Berg D., Hochstrasser H. Iron metabolism in parkinsonian syndromes //Mov. Disord. -2006. -V.21. P. 1299−1310
- Berg D., Merz B., Reiners K. et al. Five-year follow-up study of hyperechogenicity of the substantia nigra in Parkinson’s disease // Mov. Disord. -2005. -V.20. -N.3. -P.383−385.
- Berg D., Roggendorf W., Schroeder U. et aL Echogenicity of the substantia nigra: Association with increased iron content and marker for susceptibility to nigrostriatal injury // Arch. Neurol. 2002. — V.59. -P.999−1005.
- Berg D., Schweitzer K.J., Leitner P. et al. Type and frequency of mutations in the LRRK2 gene in familial and sporadic Parkinson’s disease // Brain. 2005. — V. 128. — P.3000−3011.
- Berg D., Seppi K., Liepelt I. et al. Enlarged hyperechogenic substantia nigra is related to motor performance and olfaction in the elderly // Mov. Disord. 2010. — V.25. -N.10. — P. 1464−1469.
- Berg D., Siefker C., Becker G. Echogenicity of the substantia nigra in Parkinson’s disease and its relation to clinical findings // J. Neurol. -2001. V.248. — P.684−689.
- Berg D., Siefker C., Ruprecht-Dorfler P. et al. Relationship of substantia nigra echogenicity and motor function in elderly subjects // Neurology. 2001. -V.56. — P.13−17.
- Bjorklund T.5 Kordower J.H. Gene therapy for Parkinson’s disease // Mov. Disord. 2010. — V.25. — S.l. -P.161−173. ,
- Boesveldt S., Verbaan D., Knol D.L. et al. Comparative study of odor identification and odor discrimination deficits in Parkinson’s disease // Mov. Disord. 2008. — V.23. — N.14. — P. 1984−1990.
- Bohnen N.I., Mueller M.L.T.M., Kotagal V. et al. Olfactory dysfunction, central cholinergic integrity and cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease // Brain. 2010. — V. 133. — P. 1747−1754.
- Braak H., Del Tredici K., Rtib U. et al. Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson’s disease // Neurobiol. Aging. 2003. -V.24.-P. 197−211.
- Bras J.M., Singleton A. Genetic susceptibility in. Parkinson's disease // Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 2009. — V. 1792(7). — P.597−603.
- Brundin P., Li J.-Y., Holton, J.L. et al. Research in motion: the enigma of Parkinson’s disease pathology spread // Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2008. — V.9. -P.741−745.
- Chaudhuri K.R., Healy D.G., Schapira A.H.V. Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease: diagnosis and management // Lancet Neurol. -2006. V.5. — P.235−245.
- Chaudhuri K.R., Naidu Y. Early Parkinson’s disease and non-motor issues // J. Neurol. 2008. — V.255. — S.5. — P.33−38.
- Chen-Plotkin A.S., Yuan W., Anderson C. et al. Corticobasal syndrome and primary progressive aphasia as manifestations of LRRK2 gene mutations // Neurology. 2008. — V.70, — P.521−527.
- Cook C., Petrucelli L. A critical evaluation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in Parkinson’s disease // Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 2009. -V. 1792(7).-P.664−675.
- Dawson T.M., Dawson V.L. The role of Parkin in familial and sporadic Parkinson’s disease // Mov. Disord. 2010. — V.25. — S.l. -P.32−39.
- Depboylu C., Matusch A., Tribl F. et al. Glia protects neurons against extracellular human neuromelanin // Neurodegener. Dis. — 2007. V.4. -P.218−226.
- Desplats P., Lee H.-J., Bae E.-J. et al. Inclusion formation and neuronal cell death through neuron-to-neuron transmission of a-synuclein// PNAS. -2009. V.106. -N.31. -P.13 010−13 015.
- Deuschl G., Elble R. Essential tremor neurodegenerative or nondegenerative disease towards a working definition of ET // Mov. Disord. — 2009. — V.24(14). — P.2033−2041.
- Dick F.D., De Palma G., Ahmadi A. et al. Gene-environment interactions in parkinsonism and Parkinson’s disease: the Geoparkinson study // Occup. Environ. Med. 2007. — V.64. — P.673−680.
- Dickson D.W., Braak H., Duda J.E. et al. Neuropathological assessment of Parkinson’s disease: refining the diagnostic criteria // Lancet Neurol. 2009. — V.8. — P. 1150−1157.
- Dickson D.W., Rademakers R., Hutton M.L. Progressive supranuclear palsy: pathology and genetics // Brain Pathol. 2007. — V.17. — P.74−82.
- Djaldetti R., Ziv I., Melamed E. The mystery of motor asymmetry in Parkinson’s disease // Lancet Neurol. 2006. — V.5. — P.796−802.
- Doepp F., Plotkin M., Siegel L. et al. Brain parenchyma sonography and 123I-FP-CIT SPECT in Parkinson’s disease and essential tremor // Mov. Disord. 2008. — V.23. — P.405−410.
- Ebentheuer J., Canelo M., Trautmann E. et al. Substantia nigra echogenicity in progressive supranuclear palsy // Mov. Disord. 2010. — V.25. -N.6. -P.773−777.
- Eckert T., Tang C., Eidelberg D. Assessment of the progression of Parkinson’s disease: a metabolic network approach // Lancet Neurol. -2007. V.6. — P.926−932.
- Eller M., Williams D.R. Biological fluid biomarkers in neurodegenerative parkinsonism // Nat. Rev. Neurol. 2009. — V.5. -P.561−570.
- Eriksen J.L., Wszolek Z., Petrucelli L. Molecular Pathogenesis of Parkinson Disease // Arch. Neurol. 2005. — V.62. — P.353−357.
- Evangelou E., Maraganore D.M., Ioannidis J.P.A. Meta-analysis in genome-wide association datasets: strategies, and application in Parkinson disease // PLoS ONE. 2007. -N.2. — el96.
- Fahn S., Sulzer D. Neurodegeneration and Neuroprotection in Parkinson Disease // NeuroRx. 2004. — V. 1. — P. 139−154.
- Fasano M., Bergamasco B., Lopiano L. Modifications of the iron-neuromelanin system in Parkinson’s disease // J. Neurochem. 2006. -V.96. -P.909−916.
- Ferini-Strambi L., Fantini M.L., Zucconi M. et al. REM sleep behaviour disorder //Neurol. Sei. 2005. -V.26. — P. 186−192.
- Ferraris A., Ialongo T., Passali G.C. et al. Olfactory dysfunction in parkinsonism caused by PINK1 mutations // Mov. Disord. 2009. — V.24.-P. 2350−2357.
- Foglieni B., Ferrari F., Goldwurm S. et al. Analysis of ferritin genes in Parkinson disease // Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 2007. — V.45(ll). -P.1450−1456.
- Gaenslen A., Unmuth B., Godau J. et al. The specificity and sensitivity of transcranial ultrasound in the differential diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease: a prospective blinded study // Lancet Neurol. 2008. — V.7. -P.417−424.
- Gaeta A., Hider R.C. The crucial role of metal ions in neurodegeneration: the basis for a promising therapeutic strategy // Br. J. Pharmacol. 2005. — V. 146. — P. 1041−1059.
- Gaig C., Tolosa E. When does Parkinson’s disease begin? // Mov. Disord. 2009. — V.24. — S.2. — P.656−664.
- Galvan A., Wichmann T. Pathophysiology of parkinsonism // Clin. Neurophysiol. 2008. — V. l 19(7). — P. 1459−1474.
- Gama R.L., Tavora D.F.G., Bomfim R.C. et al. Morphometry MRI in the differential diagnosis of parkinsonian syndromes // Arq. Neuropsiquiatr. 2010. — V.68(3). — P.333−338.
- Gan-Or Z., Giladi N., Rozovski U. et al. • Genotype-phenotype correlations between GBA mutations and Parkinson disease // Neurology. 2008. — V.70. — P.2277−2283.
- Goker-Alpan O., Giasson B.I., Eblan M.J. et al. Glucocerebrosidase mutations are an important risk factor for Lewy body disorders // Neurology. 2006. — V.67. — P. 1−3.
- Goker-Alpan O., Lopez G., Vithayathil J. et al. The spectrum of parkinsonian manifestations associated with glucocerebrosidase mutations // Arch. Neurol. 2008. — V.65(10). — P.1353−1357.
- Greggio E. Cookson M.R. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 mutations and Parkinson’s disease: three questions // ASN NEURO. 2009. — V. l (l). — Art: e00002.
- Grinberg L.T., Rueb U.5 di Lorenzo Alho A.T. et al. Brainstem pathology and non-motor symptoms in PD // J. Neurol. Sci. 2010. -Y.289. —P.81−88.
- Haehner A., Hummel T., Hummel C. et al. Olfactory loss may be a first sign of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease // Mov. Disord. 2007. -V.22. — N.6. — P.839−842.
- Hagenah J.M., Koenig I.R., Becker B. et al. Substantia nigra" hyperechogenicity correlates with clinical status and number of Parkin mutated alleles // J. Neurol. 2007. — V.254. — P.1407−1413.
- Harbo H.F., Finsterer J., Baets J. et al. EFNS guidelines on the molecular diagnosis of neurogenetic disorders: general issues, Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and dystonias // Eur. J. Neurol. 2009. — V.16. — P.777−785.
- Hawkes C. Olfaction in neurodegenerative disorder // Mov. Disord. -2003. V.13. -P.364−372.
- Hearing V.J. The expanding role and presence of neuromelanins in the human brain why gray matter is gray // Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. -2009. — V.22(l). -P.10−11.
- Hirsch E.C. Iron transport in Parkinson’s disease // Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. -2009. -V.15. -S.3. -P.209−211.
- Hirsch E.C., Hunot S. Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s disease: a target for neuroprotection? // Lancet Neurol. 2009. V.8. — P.382−397.
- Hoeglinger G.U., Breunig J.J., Depboylu C. et al. The pRb/E2 °F cell-cycle pathway mediates cell death in Parkinson’s disease // PNAS. -2007. V. 104. -N.9. -P.3585−3590.
- Hruska K.S., Goker-Alpan O., Sidransky E. Gaucher disease and the synucleinopathies // J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2006. — Art. ID 78 549. -P. 1−6.
- Hutchinson M., Raff U. Structural changes of substantis nigra in Parkinson’s disease as revealed by MR imaging // Am. J. Neuroradiol. 2000.-V.21.-697−701.
- Illarioshkin S.N., Periquet M., Rawal N. et al. Mutation analysis of the parkin gene in russian families with autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism // Mov. Disord. 2003. — V.18. — N.8. — P.914−919.
- Jankovic J. Parkinson’s disease: clinical features and diagnosis // J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2008. — V.79. — P.368−376.
- Jankovic J., Aguilar L.G. Current approaches' to the treatment of Parkinson’s disease // Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat. 2008. — V.4(4). -P.743−757.
- Jankovic J., Tolosa E. Parkinson’s disease and movement disorders. -Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2007.
- Jesse S., Steinacker P., Lehnert S. et al. Neurochemical approaches in the laboratory diagnosis of Parkinson and Parkinson dementia syndromes: A review // CNS Neurosci. Ther. 2009.-. V.15. — P. 157 182.
- Jimenez-Jimenez F. J.3 Rubio L., Alonso-Navarro H. et al. Impairment of rapid, repetitive finger movements and visual reaction time in patients with essential tremor // Eur. J. Neurol. 2010. — V.17. -P. 152−159.
- Kajimoto Y., Miwa H., Okawa-Izawa M. et al. Transcranial sonography of the substatia nigra and MIBG myocardial scintigraphy: Complementary role in the diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease // Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 2009. — Y.15. — P.270−272.
- Kawase Y., Hasegawa K., Kawashima N. et al. Olfactory dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease: Benefits of quantitative odorant examination // International Journal of General Medicine. 2010. — V.3. — P. 181−185.
- Ke Y., Qian Z.M. Iron misregulation in the brain: a primary cause of neurodegenerative disorders // Lancet Neurology. 2003. — V.2. -P.246−253.
- Kertelge L., Brueggemann N., Schmidt A. et al. Impaired sense of smell and color discrimination in monogenic and idiopathic Parkinson’s disease // Mov. Disord. 2010. — DOI: 10.1002/mds.23 272 (epub ahead of print) .
- Khan N.L., Jain S., Lynch J.M. et al. Mutations in the gene LRRK2 encoding dardarin (PARK8) cause familial Parkinson’s disease: clinical, pathological, olfactory and functional imaging and genetic data // Brain. 2005. — V.128. — P.2786−2796.
- Kivi A., Trottenberg T., Kupsch A. Levodopa-responsive posttraumatic parkinsonism is not associated with changes of echogenicity of the substantia nigra // Mov. Disord. — 2005. V.20. -N.2.-P.25 8−262.
- Klein C., Lohmann-Hedrich K., Rogaeva E. et al. Deciphering the role of heterozygous mutations in genes associated with parkinsonism // Lancet Neurol. 2007. — V.6. — P.652−662.
- Klein C., Schneider S.A., Lang A.E. Hereditary parkinsonism: Parkinson disease look-alikes—An algorithm for clinicians to «PARK» genes and beyond // Mov. Disord. 2009. — V.24. — N.14. -P.2042−2058.
- Krogias C., Eyding J., Postert T. Transcranial sonography in Huntington’s disease // Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 2010. — V.90. — P.237−257.
- Krogias C., Postert T., Eyding J. Transcranial sonography in ataxia //Int. Rev. Neurobiol. -2010. V.90.-P.217−235.
- Kwon D.-Y., Seo W.-K., Yoon H.-K. et al. Transcranial brain sonography in Parkinson’s disease with restless legs syndrome // Mov. Disord. -2010. -V.25. -N. 10. P. 1373−1378
- Lang A.E. Treatment of progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration // Mov. Disord. 2005. — V.20. — S.12. -P.83−91.
- Latourelle J.C., Sun M., Lew M.F. et al. The Gly2019Ser mutation in LRKK2 is not fully penetrant in familial Parkinson’s disease: the GenePD study // BMC Med. 2008. — V.6. — P.32.
- Le W., Chen S., Jankovic J. Etiopathogenesis of Parkinson disease: A new beginning? // Neuroscientist. -2009. V. 15. — P.28−35.
- Lees A.J. The Parkinson chimera // Neurology. 2009. — V.72. -P.2−11.
- Lesage S., Brice A. Parkinson’s disease: from monogenic forms to genetic susceptibility factors // Hum. Mol. Genet. 2009. — V.18. -P.48−59.
- Levy O.A., Malagelada C., Greene L.A. Cell death pathways in Parkinson’s disease: proximal triggers, distal effectors, and final steps //Apoptosis. -2009. V. 14(4). -P.478−500.
- Litvan I. Atypical Parkinsonian Disorders: Clinical and research aspects. New Jersey: Humana Press Inc. — 2005.
- Louis E.D., Frucht S.J. Prevalence of essential tremor in patients with Parkinson’s disease vs. parkinson-plus syndromes // Mov. Disord. -2007. -V.22. -N. 10. P. 1402−1407.
- Ludolph A.C., Kassubek J., Landwehrmeyer B. G. et al. Tauopathies with parkinsonism: clinical spectrum, neuropathologic basis, biological markers and treatment options // Eur. J. Neurol. — 2009. V. 16(3). -P.297−309.
- Malkus K.A., Tsika E., Ischiropoulos H. Oxidative modifications, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired protein degradation in Parkinson’s disease: how neurons are lost in the Bermuda triangle // Mol. Neurodegener. 2009. — V.4. — P.24.
- Marek K., Jennings D. Can we image premotor Parkinson disease? // Neurology. 2009. — V.72. — P.21 -26.
- Martin W. R. W., Wieler M., Gee M. Midbrain iron content in early Parkinson disease: A potential biomarker of disease status // Neurology. -2008. -V.70. P. 1411−1417.
- Mata I.F., Samii A., Schneer S.H. et al. Glucocerebrosidase gene mutations. A risk factor for Lewy body disorders // Arch. Neurol. -2008. V.65(3). — P.379−382.
- McCulloch С.С., Kay D.M., Factor S.A. et al. Exploring geneenvironment interactions in Parkinson’s disease II Hum. Genet. 2008.- V.123. P.257−265.
- Mehnert S., Reuter I., Schepp K. et al. Transcranial sonography for diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease // BMC Neurol. 2010. — V. 10. — P.9
- Michell A.W., Lewis S.J.G., Foltynie T. et al. Biomarkers and Parkinson’s disease // Brain. 2004. — V. 127. — P. 1693−1705.
- Mijajlovic M., Dragasevic N., Stefanova E. et al. Transcranial sonography in spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 // J. Neurol. 2008. -V.255.-P.1164−1167.
- Mills E., Dong X.-P., Wang F. et al. Mechanisms of brain iron transport: insight into neurodegeneration and CNS disorders // Future Med. Chem. 2010. — V.2(l). — P.51.
- Minen M.T., Louis E.D. Emergence of parkinsons disease in essential tremor: A study of the clinical correlates in 53 patients // Mov. Disord. 2008. — V.23(l 1). — P.1602−1605.
- Mizuno Y., Hattori N., Kubo S. et al. Progress in the pathogenesis and genetics of Parkinson’s disease // Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 2008. -V.363.-P.2215−2227.
- Mosharov E.V., Larsen K.E., Kanter E. et al. Interplay between cytosolic dopamine, calcium and a-synuclein causes selective death of substantia nigra neurons // Neuron. 2009. — V.30. — N.62(2). -P.218−229.
- Neumann J., Bras J., Deas E. et al. Glucocerebrosidase mutations in clinical and pathologically proven Parkinson’s disease // Brain. 2009.- V.132. P. l783−1794.
- Nichols W.C., Pankratz N., Marek D.K. et al. Mutations in GBA are associated with familial Parkinson disease susceptibility and age at onset // Neurology. 2009. — V.72. — P.310−316.
- Oakley A.E., Collingwood J.F., Dobson J. et al. Individual dopaminergic neurons show raised iron levels in Parkinson disease // Neurology. -2007. -V.68. P. 1820−1825.
- Olanow C.W., Prusiner S.B. Is Parkinson’s disease a prion disorder? // PNAS. 2009. — V. 106. — N.31. — P. 12 571−12 572.
- Pankratz N., Wilk J.B., Latourelle J.C. et al. Genomewide association study for susceptibility genes contributing to familial Parkinson disease // Hum. Genet. 2009. — V. 124(6). — P.593−605.
- Pavese N., Brooks D.J. Imaging neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease // Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 2009. — V. 1792(7). — P.722−729.
- Pavese N., Khan N.L., Scherfler C. et al. Nigrostriatal dysfunction in homozygous and heterozygous Parkin gene carriers: An 18F-Dopa PET progression study // Mov. Disord. 2009. — V.24. — N.15. -P.2260−2266.
- Perry V.H., Nicoll J.A.R., Holmes C. Microglia in neurodegenerative disease // Nat. Rev. Neurol. 2010. — V.6. — P. 193 201.
- Pienaar I.S., Daniels W.M.U., Gotz J. Neuroproteomics as a promising tool in Parkinson’s disease // J. Neural. Transm. 2008. -V.l 15(10).-P.1413−1430.
- Ponsen M.M., Stoffers D.> Booij J. et al. Idiopathic Hyposmia as a preclinical sign of Parkinson’s disease // Ann. Neurol. 2004. — V.56. -P.173−181.
- Ponsen M.M., Stoffers D., Twisk J.W.R. et al. Hyposmia and executive dysfunction as predictors of future Parkinson’s disease: Aprospective study // Mov. disord. 2009. — V.24. — N.7. — P. 10 601 065.
- Poston K.L., Eidelberg D. Network biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of movement disorders // Neurobiol. Dis. 2009. -V.35(2). — P. 141−147.
- Postuma R.B., Montplaisir J. Predicting Parkinson’s disease why, when and how? // Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. — 2009. — V.15. — S.3. -P.105−109.
- Price S., Paviour D., Scahill R. et al. Voxel-based morphometry detects patterns of atrophy that help differentiate progressive supranuclear palsy and Parkinson’s disease // Neurolmage. 2004. -V.23. — P.663−669.
- Przedborski S. Inflammation and Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis // Mov. Disord. 2010. — V.25. — S. 1. — P.55−57.
- Puis I., Berg D., Maeurer M. et al. Transcranial sonography of the brain parenchyma: Comparison of B-mode imaging and tissue harmonic imaging // Ultrasound. Med. Biol. 2000. — V.26. — N.2. -P.189−194.
- Quattrone A., Bagnato A., Annesi G. et al. Myocardial123
- Metaiodobenzylguanidine uptake in genetic Parkinson’s disease // Mov. Disord. 2008. — V.23. -N.l. — P.21−27.
- Rabinovici G.D., Miller B.L. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management // CNS Drugs. 2010. — V.24. — N.5. — P.375−398.
- Rachakonda V., Pan T.H., Le W.D. Biomarkers of neurodegenerative disorders: How good are they? // Cell Res. 2004. — V. 14(5). — P.349−360.1 n
- Rascol O., Schelosky L. I-Metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy in Parkinson’s disease and related disorders // Mov. Disord. 2009. -V.24. — S.2. -P.732−741.
- Reetz K., Gaser C., Klein C. et al. Structural findings in the basal ganglia in genetically determined and idiopathic Parkinson’s disease // Mov. Disord. 2009. — V.24. -N.l. — P.99−103.
- Rhodes S.L., Ritz B. Genetics of iron regulation and the possible role of iron in Parkinson’s disease // Neurobiol. Dis. 2008. — V.32. -P.183−195.
- Rocca W.A., Bower J.H., Ahlskog J.E. et al. Increased risk of essential tremor in first-degree relatives of patients with Parkinson’s disease // Mov. Disord. 2007. — V.22. — N. 11. — P. 1607−1614.
- Rodriguez-Oroz M.C., Jahanshahi M., Krack P. et al. Initial clinical manifestations of Parkinson’s disease: features and pathophysiological mechanisms // Lancet Neurol. 2009. — V.8. — P. 1128−1139.
- Rothfuss O., Fischer H., Hasegawa T. et al. Parkin protect mitochondrial genome integrity and support mitochondrial DNA repair // Hum. Mol. Genet. 2009. — V.18. — N.20. — P.3832−3850.
- Ruprecht-Doerfler P., Berg D., Tucha O. et al. Echogenicity of the substantia nigra in relatives of patients with sporadic Parkinson’s disease //Neurolmage. 2003. — V.18. — P.41622.
- Sambrook J., Russel D.W. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual, j3 ed. (3 vol.).- New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. -2001.
- Santpere G., Ferrer I. LRRK2 and neurodegeneration // Acta Neuropathol. 2009. — V. 117. — P.227−246.
- Sato C., Morgan A., Lang A.E. et al. Analysis of the glucocerebrosidase gene in Parkinson’s disease // Mov. Disord. -2005. V.20. -N.3. — P.367−370.
- Scaravilli T., Tolosa E., Ferrer I. Progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration: lumping versus splitting // Mov. Disord. 2005. — V.20. — S.12. — P.21−28.
- Schapira A.H.V. Mitochondria in the aetiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease I I Lancet Neurol. 2008. — V.7. — P.97−109.
- Scherzer C.R., Eklund A.C., Morse L.J. et al. Molecular markers of early Parkinson’s disease based on gene expression in blood // PNAS.- 2007. V.104. — N.3. — P.955−960.
- Schuff N. Potential role of high-field MRI for studies in Parkinson’s disease // Mov. Disord. 2009. — V.24. — S.2. — P.684−690.
- Schweitzer K.J., Bruessel T., Leitner P. et al. Transcranial ultrasound in different monogenetic subtypes of Parkinson’s disease // J. Neurol. 2007. — V.254. — P.613−616.
- Schweitzer K.J., Hilker R., Walter U. et al. Substantia nigra hyperechogenicity as a marker of predisposition and slower progression in Parkinson’s disease // Mov. Disord. 2006. — V.21. -N.l. -P.94−98.
- Shadrina M.I., Semenova E.V., Slominsky P.A. et al. Effective quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of the parkin gene (PARK2) exon 1−12 dosage // BMC Med. Genet. 2007. — V.8. -P.6.
- Shahed J., Jankovic J. Exploring the relationship between essential tremor and Parkinson’s disease // Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 2007.- V.13. P.67−76.
- Sidransky E., Nails M.A., Aasly J.O. et al. Multicenter analysis of glucocerebrosidase mutations in Parkinson’s Disease // N. Engl. J. Med. -2009. V.361. -P.1651−1661.
- Simon-Sanchez J., Schulte C., Bras J.M. et al. Genome-wide association study reveals genetic risk underlying Parkinson’s disease // Nat. Genet. 2009. — V.41(12). — P. 1308−1312.
- Sommer U., Hummel T., Cormann K. et al. Detection of presymptomatic Parkinson’s disease: combining smell tests, transcranial sonography, and SPECT // Mov. Disord. 2004. — V.19. -N.10.-P.1196−1202.
- Spanaki C., Plaitakis A. Essential tremor in Parkinson’s disease kindreds from a population of similar genetic background // Mov. Disord. 2009. — V.24. — N. 11. — P. 1662−1668.
- Spiegel J., Hellwig D., Moellers M.-O. et al. Transcranial sonography and 123I. FP-CIT SPECT disclose complementary aspects of Parkinson’s disease // Brain. 2006. — V. 129. — P. 1188−1193.
- Stankiewicz J., Panter S.S., Neema M. et al. Iron in chronic brain disorders: Imaging and neurotherapeutic implications // Neurotherapeutics. 2007. — V.4(3). — P.371−386.
- Stankiewicz J.M., Brass S.D. Role of iron in neurotoxicity: a cause for concern in the elderly? // Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care. -2009. V.12. -P.22−29.
- Stefanova N., Bucke P., Duerr S. et al. Multiple system atrophy: an update // Lancet Neurol. 2009. — V.8. — P. 1172−1178.
- Stephenson R., Siderowf A., Stern M.B. Premotor Parkinson’s disease: clinical features and detection strategies // Mov. Disord. -2009. V.24. — S.2. — P.665−670.
- Stern M.B., Siderowf A. Parkinson’s at risk syndrome: Can Parkinson’s disease be predicted? // Mov. Disord. 2010. — V.25. -S.l. -P.89−93.
- Stockner H., Sojer M., Seppi K. et al. Midbrain sonography in patients with essential tremor // Mov. Disord. 2007. — V.22. — N.3. -P.414−417.
- Stockner H., Wurster I. Transcranial sonography in essential tremor // Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 2010. — V.90. — P. 189−197.
- Stoffers D., Bosboom J.L.W., Deijen J. B. et al. Slowing of-* oscillatory brain activity is a stable characteristic of Parkinson’s disease without dementia // Brain. 2007. — V.130. — P. 1847−1860.
- Sulzer D. Multiple hit hypotheses for dopamine neuron loss in Parkinson’s disease // TRENDS Neurosci. 2007. — V.30. — N.5. -P.244−250.
- Tai H.-C., Schuman E.M. Ubiquitin, the proteasome and protein degradation in neuronal function and dysfunction // Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2008. — V.9. — P.826−838.
- Tang C.C., Poston K.L., Eckert T. et al. Differential diagnosis of parkinsonism: a metabolic imaging study using pattern analysis // Lancet Neurol. 2010. — V.9. — P.149−158.
- Tanner C.M. Advances in environmental epidemiology // Mov. Disord. 2010. — V.25. — S. l — P.58−62.
- Thomas B., Beal M.F. Parkinson’s disease // Hum. Mol. Genet. -2007. V.16. — P.183−194.
- Tolosa E., Wenning G., Poewe W. The diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease // Lancet Neurol. 2006. — V.5. — P.75−86.
- Vlaar A.M.M., Bouwmans A., Mess W.H. 'et al. Transcranial duplex in the differential diagnosis of parkinsonian syndromes // J. Neurol. 2009. — V.256. — P.530−538.
- Vlaar A.M.M., Bouwmans A.E.P., van Kroonenburgh M.J.P.G. et al. Protocol of a prospective study on the diagnostic value of transcranial duplex scanning of the substantia nigra in patients with parkinsonian symptoms // BMC Neurol. 2007. — V.7. — P.28.
- Vlaar A.M.M., de Nijs T., Kessels A.G.H. et al. Diagnostic value of I-Ioflupane and I-Iodobenzamide SPECT scans in 248 patientswith parkinsonian syndromes // Eur. Neurol. 2008. — V.59. — P.258−266.
- Vlaar A.M.M., de Nijs T., van Kroonenburgh M.J.P.G. et al. The predictive value of transcranial duplex sonography for the clinical diagnosis in undiagnosed parkinsonian syndromes: comparison with SPECT scans // BMC Neurol. 2008. — V.8 — P.42.
- Wadia P.M., Lang A.E. The many faces of corticobasal degeneration // Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 2007. — V.13. — P.336−340.
- Wakabayashi K., Takahashi H. Pathological heterogeneity in progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration // Neuropathology. 2004. — V.24. — P.79−86.
- Walter U., Behnke S.5 Eyding J. et al. Transcranial brain parenchyma sonography in movement disorders: State of the art // Ultrasound. Med. Biol. -2007. V.33. -N.l. — P. 15−25
- Walter U., Dressier D., Lindemann C. et al. Transcranial sonography findings in welding-related parkinsonism in comparison to Parkinson’s disease // Mov. Disord. 2008. — V.23. — N.l. — P.141−145.
- Walter U., Dressier D., Probst T. et al. Transcranial brain sonography findings in discriminating between parkinsonism and idiopathic Parkinson disease // Arch. Neurol. 2007. — V.64(ll). -P.1635−1640.
- Walter U., Dressier D., Wolters A. et al. Sonographic discrimination of corticobasal degeneration vs progressive supranuclear palsy // Neurology. 2004. — V.63. — P.504−509.
- Walter U., Hoeppner J., Prudente-Morrissey L. et al. Parkinson’s disease-like midbrain sonography abnormalities are frequent in depressive disorders // Brain. 2007. — V.130. — P.1799−1807.
- Walter U., Klein C., Hilker R. et al. Brain parenchyma sonography detects preclinical parkinsonism // Mov. Disord. — 2004. V.19. -N.12. — P.1445−1449.
- Walter U., Niehaus L., Probst T. et al. Brain parenchyma sonography discriminates Parkinson’s disease and atypical parkinsonian syndromes // Neurology. 2003. — V.60. — P.74−77.1. V
- Walter U., Skoloudik D., Berg D. Transcranial sonography findings related to non-motor features of Parkinson’s disease // J. Neurol. Sci. -2010. V.289. — P.123−127.
- Walter U., Wittstock M., Benecke R. et al. Substantia nigra echogenicity is normal in non-extrapyramidal cerebral disorders but increased in Parkinson’s disease // J. Neural. Transm. 2002. — V.109. -P.191−196.
- Waters C.H. Diagnosis and management of Parkinson’s disease. -Professional Communications, Inc. 2008.
- Weisman D., McKeith I. Dementia with Lewy bodies // Semin. Neurol. 2007. — V.27. — P.42−47 i
- Wenning G.K., Stefanova N. Recent developments in multiple system atrophy // J. Neurol. 2009. — V. 256. — P.1791−1808.
- Wild E.J., Fox N.C. Serial Volumetric MRI in parkinsonian disorders // Mov. Disord. 2009. — V.24. — S.2. — P.691−698.
- Williams D.R., Lees A.J. Progressive supranuclear palsy: clinicopathological concepts and diagnostic challenges // Lancet Neurol. 2009. — V.8. — P.270−279.
- Yang Y.X., Wood N.W., Latchmana D.S. Molecular basis of Parkinson’s disease // NeuroReport. 2009. — V.20. — P. 150−156.
- Yoshikawa K., Nakata Y., Yamada K. et al. Early pathological changes in the parkinsonian brain demonstrated by diffusion tensor MRI // J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2004. — V.75. — P.481−484.
- Zecca L., Berg D., Arzberger T. et al. In vivo detection of iron and neuromelanin by transcranial sonography: A new approach for early detection of substantia nigra damage // Mov. Disord. — 2005. V.20. -P.1278−1285.
- Zecca L., Stroppolo A., Gatti A. et al. The role of iron and copper molecules in the neuronal vulnerability of locus coeruleus and substantia nigra during aging // PNAS. 2004. — V.101. — N.26. -P.9843−9848.
- Zecca L., Tampellini D., Gerlach M. et al. Substantia nigra neuromelanin: structure, synthesis, and molecular, behavior // J. Clin. Pathol.: Mol. Pathol. 2001. — V.54. — 414118.