Влияние терапии нейрогормональными модуляторами на клиническое течение и «качество жизни» больных с хронической сердечной недостаточностью
Диссертация
С нашей точки зрения, сохранение цифр высокой смертности могло быть обусловлено не только тяжестью синдрома ХСН, но и неспособностью ингибиторов АПФ адекватно контролировать активность основных прессорных систем даже в случае их применения в максимальных дозах. (24,56,104,128,185,333). В то же время, длительная гиперактивация САС и РААС в итоге имеет негативное значение и ухудшает течение… Читать ещё >
Список литературы
- Арутюнов Г. П., Розанов A.B., Корсунская М. И., и соавт. Опыт длительного применения Эналаприла, Лозартана и их комбинации у больных с недостаточностью кровообращения в постинфарктном периоде. Кардиология 2000−4:46−52.
- Арутюнов Г. П., Рылова А. К. Клинические эффекты блокады альдостерона. Сердечная недостаточность Том 3, № 5 2002:234−6.
- Агеев Ф.Т. Влияние современных медикаментозных средств на течение заболевания, «качество жизни» и прогноз больных с различными стадиями хронической сердечной недостаточности. Автореферат дисс. доктора мед.наук. Москва. 1997:21−23.
- Беленков Ю.Н. Ремоделирование левого желудочка: комплексный подход. Сердечная недостаточность 2002−3(4):161−3.
- Беленков Ю.Н., Мареев В. Ю. Принципы рационального лечения сердечной недостаточности. М: «Медиа Медика», 2001:18−20.
- Беленков Ю.Н., Мареев В. Ю., Агеев Ф. Т. Медикаментозные пути улучшения прогноза больных хронической сердечной недостаточностью М:Инсайт 1997−69−72.
- Корочкин И.М., Матвеева И. В. Гормональные нарушения и лечение больных с рефрактерными формами застойной сердечной недостаточности. Кардиология 1977−8:36−43.
- Лопатин Ю.М., Иваненко В. В., Рязанцева Н. В., и соавт. Возможности терапии хронической сердечной недостаточности ß--адреноблокатором бисопрололом без традиционной поддержки ингибиторами АПФ. Сердечная недостаточность 2002−3(4): 180−2.
- Ю.Лопатин Ю. М., Рогоза А. Н, Атьков О. Ю., Беленков Ю. Н. Барорефлекторные механизмы регуляции кровообращения при ХСН. Кардиология 1993−8:55−59.
- П.Лопатин Ю. М., Рогоза А. Н., Масенко В. П., и соавт. Влияние ингибиторов АПФ на барорефлекторный контроль кровообращения у больных с хронической сердечной недостаточностью. Клиническая Фармакология и Терапия 1993−4:32−5.
- Мареев В.Ю., Беленков Ю. Н., Агеев Ф. Т. и соавт. Первые результаты Российского эпидемиологического исследования по ХСН (ЭПОХА-ХСН). Сердечная недостаточность 2003−4(1): 17−18.
- Мареев В.Ю., Лопатин Ю. М., Джахангиров Т. Ш. с соавт. Сравнительное исследование применения ингибиторов ангиотензин-превращающего фермента и сердечных гликозидов в лечении сердечной недостаточности. Кардиология 1993−12:23−31.
- Мареев В.Ю. Инотропная стимуляция или разгрузка сердца. Кардиология 1995−12:4−13.
- Мухарлямов Н. М. Мареев В.Ю. Лечение хронической сердечной недостаточности./М.Медицина. 1985. с. 208.
- Нарусов О.Ю., Скворцов A.A., Мареев В. Ю. и соавт. Клинические, гемодинамические и нейрогормональные эффекты дигоксина у больных с ХСН. Сердечная недостаточность, 2000−1:26−30.
- Национальные Рекомендации ВНОК и ОССН по диагностике и лечению ХСН (второй пересмотр, проект). Сердечная недостаточность 2007−8(1):4−41.
- Орлова Я. А, Мареев В. Ю., Синицын В. Е. с соавт. Влияние ингибитора ангиотензин-превращающего фермента эналаприла и сердечного гликозида дигоксина на ремоделирование левого желудочка. Кардиология 1997−2:4−9.
- Рогоза А.Н. Суточное мониторирование АД. Сердце 2002- 5:240−244.
- Рогоза А.Н., Никольский В. П., Ощепкова Е. В. и соавт. Суточное мониторирование артериального давления (Методические вопросы). Под редакцией Г. Г. Арабидзе и О. Ю. Атькова. 1997.
- Сивков И.И., Кукес В. Г. Хроническая недостаточность кровообращения. Москва: Медицина, 1973 -256с.
- Сидоренко Б.А. Диуретики в лечении недостаточности кровообращения. Кардиология 1976−8:140−50.
- Терещенко С.Н., Демидова И. В., Борисов Н. Е. и соавт. Клинико-гемодинамическая эффективность карведилола у больных с застойной сердечной недостаточностью. Кардиология. 1998- 2: 43−46.
- Aggarwal A, Wong J, Campbell DJ. Carvedilol reduces aldosterone release in systolic heart failure. Heart Lung Circ 2006:15(5):306−9.
- Agostini P, Magini A, Andreini D, et al. Spironolactone improves lung diffusion in chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 2005−26:159−164.
- Aliot E, de Chillou C, Sadoul N. Ventricular instability and sudden death in patients, with heart failure: lessons from clinical trials. Eur Heart J 2002- 4 (Suppl. D): D311. D42.
- American Heart Association, American Stroke Association. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2005 Update.
- Anand IS, Fisher LD, Chiang Y-T, et al. Changes in brain natriuretic peptide and norepinephrine over time and mortality and morbidity in the Valsartan Heart failure Trial (Val-HeFT). Circulation 2003−107:1278−83.
- Anand IS, Glazer R, Chiang Y-T, et al. A retrospective analysis of major determinants of heart failure mortality in patients receiving both ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers in Val-HeFT. J Card Fail 2003−9(5 Suppl):S783. Abstract 304.
- Andreka P, Aiyar N, Olson LC. Bucindolol displays intrinsic sympathomimetic activity in human myocardium. Circulation 2002- 105: 2429−2434.
- Aronson D, Burger AJEffect of beta-blockade on heart rate variability in decompensated heart failure. Int J Cardiol. 2001−79(1):31−9.
- Arriza JL, Weinberger C, Cerelli G, et al. Cloning of human mineralocorticoid receptor complementory DNA: structural and functional kinship with the glucocorticoid receptor. Science 1987−237:268−75.
- Australia New Zeland Heart Failure Research Collaborative Groupe/Randomisided placebo-controlled trial of carvedilol in patients with congestive heart failure due to ischemic heart disease. Lancet 1997−349:375—80.
- Azevedo ER, Kubo T, Mak S, et al. Nonselective versus selective beta-adrenergic receptor blockade in congestive heart failure: differential effects on sympathetic activity. Circulation. 2001- 104(18):2194−9.
- Azevedo ER, Newton GE, Floras JS, Parker JD. Reducing cardiac filling pressure lowers norepinephrine spillover in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 2000- 101:2053−9.
- Balcells E, Meng QC, Hageman G, et al. Angiotensin II formation in dog heart is mediated by different pathways in vivo and in vitro. Am J Physiol 1996−271:H417-H421.
- Barki-Harrington L, Luttrell L, Rockman HA. Dual Inhibition of (3-adrenergic and angiotensin II receptors by a single antagonist. A functional role for receptor-receptor interaction in vivo. Circulation 2003- 108:1611−8.
- Barr CS, Lang CC, Hanson J, et al. Effects of adding spironolactone to an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor in chronic congestive heart failure secondary to coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1995−76:1259−65.
- Baruch L, Anand I, Cohen IS, et al- for the Vasodilator Heart Failure Trial (V-HeFT) Study Group. Circulation 1999−99:2658−64.
- Bauersachs J, Fraccarollo D, Eril G, et al. Striking increase of natriuresis by low-dose spironolactone in congestive heart failure only in combination with ACE inhibition. Circulation 2000−102:2325−8.
- Beck-da-Silva L, de Bold A, Davies RA, et al. Effect of bisoprolol on right ventricular function and brain natriuretic peptide in patients with heart failure. CHF 2004−10(3):127−32.
- Benitah JP, Perrier E, Gomez AM, Vassort G. Effects of aldosterone on transient outward K+ current density in rat ventricular myocytes. J Physiol2001 -531 (Pt.l): 151−60.
- Bertrami CA, Finato N, Rocco M, et al. Structural basis of end-stage failure in ischemic cardiomyopathy in humans. Circulation 1994−89:151−63.
- Bilchick KC, Fetis B, Djoukend R, et al. Prognostic value of heart rate variability in chronic congestive heart failure (Veterans Affairs' Survival Trial of Antiarrhythmic Therapy in Congestive Heart Failure). Am J Cardiol 2002- 90:24−28.
- Binkley PF, Lewe R, Lima J, Unverferth DV, Leier CV. Neurohumoral profile in congestive heart failure: response to beta-blockade. J Lab Clin Med. 1988-lll (4):393−8.
- Binkley PF, Nunziata E, Haas GJ, et al. Dissociation between ACE activity and autonomic response to ACE inhibition in patients with heart failure. Am Herat J 2000−140:34−42.
- Blais C Jr, Marceau F, Rouleau JL, et al. The kallikrein-kininogen-kinin system: lessons from the quantification of endogenous kinins. Peptides 2000−21:1903−40.
- Borghi C, Boschi S, Ambrosioni E et al. Evidence of a partial escape of renin-angiotensine-aldosterone blocade in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with ACE inhibitors. J Clin Pharmacol 1993−33: 40−45.
- Bove CM, Yang Z, Gilson WD, et al. Nitric oxide mediates benefits of angiotensin II type 2 receptor overexpression during post-infarct remodeling. Hypertension 2004−43:680−7.
- Braunwald E, Bristow MR. Congestive heart failure: fifty years of progress. Circulation 2002- 102:1V14−1V23.
- Braunwald E. ACE inhibitors a cornerstone of the treatment of heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1991−325(5):351−3.
- Brilla CG, Zhou G, Matsubara L, Weber KT. Collagen metabolism in cultured adult rat cardiac fibroblasts: response to angiotensin II and aldosterone. J Moll Cell Cardiol 1994−26:809−820.
- Bristow M. P-adrenergic receptor blockade in chronic heart failure. Circulation 2000−101:558−69.
- Bristow M. Antiadrenergic therapy of chronic heart failure: surprises and new opportunities. Circulation 2003−107(8): 1100−2.
- Bristow M. Mechanism of action of beta-blocking agents in heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1997- 80:26L-40L.
- Bristow M.R., Gilbert E.M., Abraham W.T. et al, for the MOCHA Investigators. Carvedilol produces dose-related improvements in left ventricular function and survival in subjects with chronic heart failure. Circulation 1996−94:11:2807—16.
- Bristow MR, Gilbert EM. Improvement in cardiac myocyte function by biologic effects of medical therapy: a new concept in the treatment of heart failure. Eur Heart J, 1995−16(SuppI F):20−31.
- Bristow MR, Krause-Steinrauf H, Nuzzo R, et al. Effect of baseline or changes in adrenergic activity on clinical outcomes in beta-blocker evaluation of survival trial. Circulation 2004- 110:1437−42.
- Bristow MR, Port JD, Kelly RA. Inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. In: Braunwald E, Libby P, Zipes DD, Zipes DP, eds. Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2001:582−583.
- Brown NJ, Kim KS, Chen YQ, et al. Synergistic effect of adrenal steroids and angiotensin II on plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 production. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000−85:336−44.
- Brown NJ, Ryder D, Gainer JV, Morrow JD, Nadeau J. Differential effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on the vasodepressor and prostacyclin responses to bradykinin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1996−279:703−712.
- Brown NJ. Eplerenone. Cardiovascular protection. Circulation 2003−2512−8.
- Brunner-La Rocca H.P., D. Weilenmann, W. Kiowski et al. Within-patient comparison of effects of different dosages of enalapril on functional capacity and neurohormone levels in patients with chronic heart failure. Am Heart J 1999- 138(4):654−662.
- Brunner-La Rocca HP, Esler MD, Jennings GL, Kaye DM. Effect of cardiac sympathetic nervous activity on mode of death in congestive heart failure. Eur Heart J 2001−22:1136−43.
- Bullinga JR, Alharethi R, Schram MS, Bristow MR, Gilbert EM. Changes in heart rate variability are correlated to hemodynamic improvement with chronic carvedilol therapy in heart failure. J Card Fail 2005- 11(9):693−9.
- Bumpus FM. Angiotensin I and II: some early observations made the Cleveland Clinic Foundation and recent discoveries relative to angiotensin II formation in human heart. Hypertension 1991−18(suppl III):III 122−5.
- Burnett Jr. JC, Granger JP, Opgenorth TJ. Effects of synthetic atrial natriuretic factor on renal function and renin release. Am J Physiol 1984−247:F863−6.
- Buss SJ, Backs J, Kreusser MM, et al. Spironolactone preserves cardiac norepinephrine reuptake in salt-sensitive Dahl rats. Endocrinology 2006- 147:252 634.
- Butler GC, Ando S, Floras JS. Fractal component of variability of heart rate and systolic blood pressure in congestive heart failure. Clin Sci 1997−92(6):543−50.
- Campbell DJ, Aggarwal A, Esler M, Kaye D. Beta-blockers, angiotensin II, and ACE inhibitors in patients with heart failure. Lancet. 2001- 358: 1609−1610.
- Campese VM, Ye S, Zhong H. Downregulation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and interleukin-1 p mediates angiotensin II-dependent stimulation of sympathetic nerve activity. Hypertension 2002−39(part2):519−24.
- Canesin MF, Giorgi D, Oliveira MT, et al. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring of patients with congestive heart failure. A new prognosis marker. Arq Bras Cardiol 2002−78:83−9.
- Captopril Multicenter Research Group. A placebo-controlled trial of captopril in refractory cronic congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1982−2:755—63.
- Caruana MP, Lahiri A, Cashman PM, et al. Effects of chronic congestive heart failure secondary to coronary artery disease on the circadian rhythm of blood pressure and heart rate. Am J Cardiol 1988- 62: 755−9.
- Castellino P, Simonson DC, DeFronzo RA, et al. Adrenergic modulation of potassium metabolism during exercise in normal and diabetic humans. Am J Physiol 1987−252:E68−76.
- Chauhan A, Sridhar G, Clemens B, et al. Role of respiratory function in exercise limitation in chronic heart failure. Chest 2000- 118:53−60.
- Cheng V, Kazanagra R, Garcia A, et al. A rapid bedside test for B-type peptide predicts treatment outcomes in patients admitted for decompensated heart failure: a pilot study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001−37:386−91.
- Chiu AT, Carini DJ, Johnson AL et al. Nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists. II. Pharmacology of S-8308. Eur J Pharmacol 1988- 157:13−21.
- Christensen G, Aksnes G, Ilebekk A, Kill F. Realease of atrial natriuretic factor during selective cardiac a- and (3-adrenergic stimulation, intracoronary Ca infusion, and aortic constriction in pigs. Circ Res 1991−68:638−44.
- CIBIS Investigators and Committees. A randomized trial of beta-blockade in heart failure. The cardiac insufficiency bisoprolol study (CIBIS). Circulation 1994- 90: 1765−1773.
- CIBIS-II Investigators and Committees. The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomized trial. Lancet 1999−353:9−13.
- Cicoira M, Zanolla L, Rossi A, et al. Long-term, dose-dependent effects of spironolactone on left ventricular function and exercise tolerance in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002−40:304−10.
- Cleland J.G.F., Dargie H.D., Hodsman G.P. et al. Captopril in heart failure. A double blind controlled study. Br Heart J 1984−52:530−5.
- Cleland JG, Pennell DJ, Ray SG, et al. Myocardial viability as a determinant of the ejection fraction response to carvedilol in patients with heart failure (CHRISTMAS trial): randomized control trial. Lancet 2003−362:14−21.
- Cockroft DW, Gault MH. Prediction of creatinine clearence from serum creatinine. Nephron 1976−16:31−41.
- Cohn JN, Johnson G, Ziesche S, et al. A comparison of enalapril with hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure. N Eng J Med 1991−325:303−10.
- Cohn JN, Levine B, Olivari MT, et al. Plasma norepinephrine as a guide to prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 1984−311:819−23.
- Cohn JN, Pfeffer MA, Rouleau J, et al. Adverse Mortality effect of central sympathetic inhibition with sustained-release moxonidine in patients with heart failure (MOXCON). Eur J Heart Fail 2003−5(5):659−67.
- Cohn JN, Tognoni G, for the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial Investigators. A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2001 -345:1667−75.
- Colucci W.S., Packer M., Bristow M.R., et al. Carvedilol inhibits Clinical progression in patients with mild symptoms of heart failure. Circulation 1996−94:2800−6.
- Cooper HA, Dries DL, Davis CE, et al. Diuretics and risk of arrhythmic death in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 1999−100:1311−5.
- Crozier I, Ikram H, Awan N, et al. Losartan in heart failure. Hemodynamic effects and tolerability. Circulation 1995−91:691−7.
- Dahlstrom U, Karlsson E. Captopril and spironolactone therapy in patients with refractory congestive heart failure. Curr Ther Res 1992−51:235−48.
- Dargie H, McMurray J, Poole-Wilson PA. Managing Heart Failure in Primary Care. London, Blackwell Healthcare Communication, 1997:23−34.
- Davidson MB, Hix JK, Vidt DG, Brotman DJ. Association of impaired diurnal blood pressure variation with a subsequent decline in glomerular filtration rate. Arch Intern Med 2006−166(8):846−52.
- De Angelis N, Fiordaliso F, Latini R, et al. Appraisal of the role of angiotensin II and aldosterone in ventricular myocyte apoptosis in sdult normotensive rat. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2002−34:1655−65.
- De Groote P, Delour P, Lamblin N. Effects of bisoprolol in patients with stable congestive heart failure. Annales de Cardiologies et d’Angiologic 2004- 53: 167−170.
- De Tommasi E, Iacoviello M, Romito R, et al. Comparison of the effect of valsartan and lisinopril on autonomic nervous system activity in chronic heart failure. Am Heart J 2003−146:el7.
- Dickstein K, Chang P, Willenheimer et al. Comparison of effects of losartan and enalapril on clinical status and exersise performance in patients with moderate or severe chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995−26:438−45.
- Dietz JR. Release of natriuretic factor from rat heart-lung preparation by atrial distention. Am J Physiol 1984−247:R1093−6.
- Doughty RN, Whalley GA, Walsh HA, et al, on behalf of the CAPRICORN Echo Substudy Investigators. Effects of Carvedilol on Left Ventricular Remodeling After Acute Myocardial Infarction. The CAPRICORN Echo Substudy. Circulation 2004−109:201−6.
- Doyama K, Fukumoto M, Takemura G et al. Expression and distribution of brain natriuretic peptide in human right atria. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998−32:1832−8.
- Drexler H, Coats AJ. Explaining fatigue in congestive heart failure. Annu Rev Med 1996−47:241−56.
- Drexler H., Banhardt U., Meinertz T. et al. Contrasting peripheral short-term and long-term effect of converting enzyme inhibition in patients with congestive heart failure. A double-blend placebo-controlled trial. Circulation 1989−79:491—502.
- Dyckner T. Relation of cardiovascular disease to potassium and magnesium deficiencies. Am J Cardiol 1990−65:44K-46K.
- Eichorn EJ, Bristow MR. Medical therapy can improve the biological properties of the chronically failing heart: a new era in the treatment of heart failure. Circulation 1996- 94:2285−96.
- Emanueli C, Maestri R, Corradi D, et al. Dilated and failing cardiomyopathy in bradykinin B2 receptor knockout mice. Circulation 1999−100:2359−65.
- Engelmeier RS, O’Connell JB, Walsh R, et al. Improvement in symptoms and exercise tolerance by metoprolol in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Circulation 1985−72:536−546.
- Eshaghian S, Horwich TB, Fonarow GC. Relation of loop diuretic dose to mortality in advanced heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2006−97:1759−64.
- Farguharson CA, Struthers AD. Gradual reactivation over time of vascular tissue angiotensin I to angiotensin II conversion during chronic lisinopril therapy in chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002−39:767−75.
- Farguharson CAJ, Struthers AD. Aldosterone induces acute endothelial dysfunction in vivo in man: evidence for an aldosterone induced vasculopathy. Clin Sci 2002−103:425−31.
- Ferrara R, Mastrorilli F, Pasanisi G, et al. Neurohormonal modulation in chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J Suppl 2002- 4: D3-D11.
- Ferro G, Duilio C, Spinelli L, Spadafora M, Guarnaccia F, Condorelli M. Effects of beta blockade on the relation between heart rate and ventricular diastolic perfusion time during exercise in systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol 1991- 68: 1101−1103
- Flather MD, Shibata MC, Coats AJ. Randomized trial to determine the effect of nebivolol on mortality and cardiovascular hospital admission in elderly patients with heart failure (SENIORS). Eur Heart J 2005- 26: 215−225.
- Fletcher J, Buch AN, Routledge HC, et al. Acute aldosterone antagonism improves cardiac vagal control in human. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004−43:1270−5.
- Floras JS. Clinical aspects of sympathetic activation and parasympathetic withdrawal in heart failure. J Am Coll CArdiol 1993−22:72A-84A.
- Floras JS. Inhibitory effect of atrial natriuretic factor on sympathetic ganglionic neurotransmission in humans. Am J Physiol 1995−269:R406−12.
- Florea VG, Mareyev VY, Achilov AA, et al. Central and peripheral components of chronic heart failure: determinants of exercise tolerance. Int J Cardiol 1999−70(1):51−6.
- Francis GS, Benedict C, Johnstone DE et al. Comparison of neuroendocrine activation in patients with and without congestive heart failure. A substudy of the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD). Circulation 1990- 82:1724.
- Francis J, Weiss RM, Wei SG, et al. Central mineralocorticoid receptor blockade improves volume regulation and reduce sympathetic drive in heart failure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2001−281:H2241−51.
- Fransis GS, Goldsmith SR, Levine TB et al. The neurohormonal axis in congestive heart failure. Ann Intern Med 1984- 101:370−6.
- Frantz RP, Olson LJ, Grill D, et al. Carvedilol therapy is associated with a sustained decline in brain natriuretic peptide levels in patients with congestive heart failure. Am Heart J 2005−149(4):541−7.
- Fratolla A, Parati G, Cuspidi C, et al. Prognostic value of 24-hour pressure variability. J Hypertens 1993−11:1133−37.
- Fung JWH, Yu CM, Yip G, et al. Effect of beta blockade (Carvedilol or Metoprolol) on activation of the rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and natriuretic peptides in chronic heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2003−92:406−10.
- Furukawa Y, Kishimoto S, Nishikawa K. Hypotensive imidasole derivatives. US patent 4,340,598 issued to Taceda Chemical Industries Ltd, Osaka, Japan- 1982.
- Garg R, Yusuf S. Overview of randomized trials of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. Collaborative Group on ACE Inhibitor Trials. JAMA. 1995- 273: 1450−1456.
- Genest J, Granger P, De Champlain J. Endocrine factors in congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1968−22:35−41.
- Genth-Zotz S, Zotz RJ, Sigmund M, et al. MIC trial: metoprolol in patients with mild to moderate heart failure: effects on ventricular function and cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Eur J Heart Fail 2000−2:175−81.
- Gibelin P, Spillner E, Bonnan S, Chevallier T. Non-invasive blood pressure variability in chronic heart failure: characteristics and prognostic valure. Arch Mai Coeur Vaiss 2003−96(10):955−62.
- Gilbert E.M., Abraham W.T., Olsen S, et al. Comparative hemodynamic, left ventricular functional, and antiadrenergic effects of chronic treatment with metoprolol versus carvedilol in the failing heart. Circulation 1996−94:2817−2825.
- Gilbert EM, Sandoval A, Larrabee P, Renlund DG, O’Connell JB, Bristow MR. Lisinopril lowers cardiac adrenergic drive and increases p-receptor density in the failing human heart. Circulation 1993−88:472−480.
- Giles TD, Roffidel L, Quiroz A, et al. Circadian variation in blood pressure and heart rate in nonhypertensive congestive heart failure. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1996−28:733−40.
- Goldsmith RL, Bigger T, Bloomfield DM, et al. Long-term earvedilol therapy increases parasympathetic nervous system activity in chronic congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1997−80:1101−1104.
- Golestaneh N, Klein C, Valamanesh F, et al. Mineralocorticoid receptor-mediated signaling regulates the ion gated sodium channel in vascular endothelial cells and requires an intact cytoskeleton. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001−280:1300−6.
- Gomez-Sanchez EP. Central hypertensive effects of aldosterone. Front Neuroendocrinol 1997−18:440−62.
- Goodfriend TL, Elliott M, Atlas SA. Actions of synthetic atrial natriuretic factor on bovine adrenal glomerulosa. Life Sci 1984−35:1675−82.
- Gottlieb SS, Dickstein K, Fleck E, et al. Hemodynamic and neurohumoral effects of the angiotensin II antagonist losartan in patients with congestive heart failure. Circulation 1993- 88(partl): 1602−9.
- Gottlieb SS, Kukin MC, Ahern D et al. Prognostic importance of atrial natriuretic peptide in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989−13:1934−42.
- Granger CB, Bart BA, Held P, et al. Randomized trial of candesartan cilexetil in the treatment of patients with congestive heart failure and a history of intolerance to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (SPICE). Am Herat J 2000−139(4):609−17.
- Grassi G, Cattaneo BM, Seravalle G et al. Effects of chronic ACE inhibition on sympathetic nerve traffic and baroreflex control of circulation in heart failure. Circulation 1997- 96:1173−9.
- Grassi G, Seravalle G, Cattaneo BM, et al. Sympathetic activation and loss of reflex sympathetic control in mild congestive heart failure. Circulation 1995−92:3206−11.
- Groenning BA, Nillson JC, Sondergaard L, et al. Antiremodeling effects on the left ventricle during beta-blockade with metoprolol in the treatment of chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000−36:2072−80.
- Guazzi M, Agostoni P, Guazzi MD. Modulation of alveolar-capillary sodium handling as a mechanism of protection of gas transfer by enalapril, and not by losartan, in chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001−37:398−406.
- Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic heart failure: executive summary (update 2005). The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2005−26:1115−40.
- Gullestad L, Manhenke C, Aarsland T, et al. Effect of metoprolol CR/XL on exercise tolerance in chronic heart failure a substudy to the MERIT-HF trial. Eur J Heart Fail 2001−3:463−8.
- Heart Rate Variability: Standards of Measurement, Physiological Interpretation, and Clinical Use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology the North American Society of Pacing Electrophysiology. Circulation 1996−93:1043−1065.
- Hensen J, Abraham WT, Durr JA, Schrier RW. Aldosterone in congestive heart failure: analysis of determinants and role in sodium retention. Am J Nephrol 1991−11:441−6.
- Heusser K, Vitkovsky J, Schmieder RE, Schobel HP. ATI antagonism by eprosartan lowers heart rate variability and baroreflex gain. Auton Neurosci 2003−107:45−51.
- Hillege HL, Girbes ARJ, de Kam PJ, et al. Renal function, neurohormonal activation, and survival in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 2000−102:203−10.
- Ho KK, Pinsky JL, Kannel WB, Levy D. The epidemiology of heart failure: the Framingham Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993−22(suppl A):6A-13A
- Houghton AR, Harrison M, Cowley AG, Hampton JR. Assessing exercise capacity, quality of life and haemodynamics in heart failure: do the tests tell us the same thing? Eur J Heart Fail 2002−4:289−295.
- Houghton AR, Harrison M, Cowley AG, Hampton JR. Combined treatment with losartan and an ACE inhibitor in mild to moderate heart failure: results of doubleblind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am Heart J 2000−140:791−7.
- Ingelsson I, Bjorklund-Bodegard K, Lind L, et al. Diurnal blood pressure pattern and risk of congestive heart failure. JAMA 2006−295:2859−2866.
- Jansson K, Dahlstrom U, Karlberg BE, et al. The circulating rennin-angiotensin system during treatment with metoprolol or captopril in patients with heart failure due to non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy. J Intern Med 1999- 245 (5):435−443.
- Jeunemaitre X, Chatellier G, Kreft-Jais C, et al. Efficacy and tolerance of spironolactone in essential hypertension. Am J Cardiol 1987−60:820−5.
- Johnson W, Omland T, Hall C, et al. Neurohormonal activation rapidly decreases after intravenous therapy with diuretics and vasodilators for class IV heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002−39:1623−9.
- Jondeau G, Dubourg DJC, Bourdarias JP. Relation of functional improvement in congestive heart failure after quinapril therapy to peripheral limitation. Am J Cardiol 1997−79(5):635−8.
- Jong P, Yusuf S, Rousseau MF, et al. for the XSOLVD Investigators. Effect of enalapril on 12-year survival and life expectancy in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction: a follow-up study. Lancet 2003−361:1843−1848.
- Jorde UP, Ennezat PV, Lisker J, et al. Maximally recommended doses of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors do not completely prevent ACE-mediated formation of angiotensin II in chronic heart failure. Circulation 2000−101:844−6.
- Juurlink DN, Mamdani MM, Lee DS, et al. Rates of hyperkalemia after publication of the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study. N Engl J Med 2004−351:543−51.
- Kasama S, Toyama T, Kamakura H, et al. Effect of spironolactone on cardiac sympathetic nerve activity and left ventricular remodeling in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003−41:574−581.
- Kastrup J, Wroblewski H, Sindrup J, et al. Dirnal blood pressure profile in patients with severe congestive heart failure: dippers and nondippers. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1993−53(6):577−583.
- Kawai K, Hata K, Takaoka H, Kawai H. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide as a novel therapeutic indicator in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy during ?-blocker therapy: a potential of hormone-guided treatment. Am Heart J 2001−141:925−32.
- Kaye DM, Johnston L, Vaddadi G, Brunner-LaRocca H, Jennings GL, Esler MD. Mechanisms of Carvedilol action in human congestive heart failure. Hypertension. 2001 -37(5): 1216−21.
- Keidar S, Garniiel-Lazarovich A, Kaplan M, et al. Mineralocorticoid receptor blocker increases angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 activity in congestive heart failure patients. CircRes 2005−97:946−53.
- Khattar RS, Senior R, Soman P, et al. Regression of left ventricular remodeling in chronic heart failure: Comparative and combined effects of Captopril and Carvedilol. Am Heart J 2001- 142(4):704−13.
- Killian KJ, Mahutte CK, Campbell EJ. Magnitude scaling of externally added loads to breathing. Am Rev Respir Dis 1981−123:12−15.
- Kinugawa T, Ogino K, Kato M, et al. Effects of spironolactone on exercise capacity and neurohormonal factors in patients with heart failure treated with loop diuretics and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. Gen Pharmacol 1998−31:93−9.
- Kinugawa T, Tomikura Y, Ogino K, et al. Relation between neurohormonal activation and enhanced ventilatory response to exercise in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2001−89:604−7.
- Kjekshus J. Heart rate reduction-a mechanism of benefit? Eur Heart J 1987- 8(Suppl. L): 115−122.
- Kjekshus JK. Importance of heart rate in determining beta-blocker efficacy in acute and long-term acute myocardial infarction intervention trials. Am J Cardiol 1986- 57: 43F-49 °F.
- Ko DT, Juurlink DN, Mamdani MM, et al. Appropriateness of spironolactone prescribing in heart failure patients: a population based study. J Card Fail 2006−12(3):205−10.
- Kokkonen JO, Lindstedt KA, Kovanen PT. Role for chymase in heart failure: angiotensin II-dependent or -independent mechanisms? Circulation 2003- 107: 2522−4.
- Konstan MA, Patten RD, Thomas I, et al. Effects of losartan and Captopril on left ventricular volumes in elderly patients with heart failure: results of the ELITE ventricular function substudy. Am Heart J 2000−139:1081−7.
- Krum H, Carson P, Farsang C, et al. Effects of valsartan added to background ACE inhibitor therapy in patients with heart failure: results from Val-HeFT. Eur J Heart Fail 2004−6:937−45.
- Krum H, Gu A, Wilshire-Clement M, et al. Changes in plasma endothelin-1 levels reflect clinical response to ?-blockade in chronic heart failure. Am Heart J 1996−131:337−41.
- Krum H, Mohacsi P, Katus HA, et al. Are ?-blockers needed in patients receiving spironolactone for severe chronic heart failure? An analysis of the COPERNICUS study. Am Heart J 2006- 151:55−61.
- Krum H, Sackner-Bernstein JD, Goldsmith RL, et al. Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of the Long-term Efficacy of Carvedilol in Patients With Severe Chronic Heart Failure. Circulation 1995−92:1499−1506.
- Kubo T, Parker JD, Azevedo ER, Atchison DJ, Newton GE, Picton P, Floras JS. Vagal heart rate responses to chronic beta-blockade in human heart failure relate to cardiac norepinephrine spillover. Eur J Heart Fail. 2005−7(5):878−81.
- Latini R, Masson S, Anand I, et al- for the Val-HeFT Investigators. Effects of valsartan on circulating brain natriuretic peptide and norepinephrine in symptomatic chronic heart failure. Circulation 2002−106:2454−8.
- Law MR, Wald NJ, Morris JK, Jordan RE. Value of low dose combination treatment with blood pressure lowering drugs: analysis of 354 randomised trials. BMJ 2003−326:1427−35.
- Lechat P, Hulot J-S, Escolano S, et al. Heart Rate and Cardiac Rhythm Relationships With Bisoprolol Benefit in Chronic Heart Failure in CIBIS II Trial.
- Circulation. 2001−103:1428−1433.
- Lechat PP, Packer M, Chalon S, et al. Clinical effects of ?-adrenergic blockade in chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis of double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trials. Circulation 1998−98:1184−91.
- Lee AFC, MacFadyen RJ, Struthers AD. Neurohormonal reactivation in heart failure patients on chronic ACE inhibitor therapy: a longitudinal study. Eur J Heart Fail 1999−1:401−6.
- Lee TT, Chen J, Cohen D, Tsao L. The association between blood pressure and mortality in patients with heart failure. Am Heart J 2006−151:76−83.
- LeJemtel TH, Keung E, Frishman WH, Ribner HS. Hemodynamic effects of captopril in patients with severe heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1982−49:1484−1488.
- Levy D, Kenchaiah S, Larson MG, et al. Long-term trends in the incidence of and survival with heart failure. N Engl J Med 2002−347:1397−402.
- Li D, Meinyk P, Feng J, et al. The effects of experimental heart failure on atrial cellular and ionic electrophysiology. Circulation 2000−101:2631−38.
- Liu JL, Zucker IH. Regulation of sympathetic nerve activity in heart failure. A role for nitric oxide and angiotensin II. Circ Res 1999−84:417−23.
- Liu YH, Yang XP, Sharov VG, et al. Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists in rats with heart failure. Role of kinins and angiotensin II type 2 receptors. J Clin Invest 1997−991 926−35.
- Liu YH, Yang XP, Shesely EG, et al. Role of angiotensin 2 type 2 receptors and kinins in the cadioprotective effect of angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists in rat with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004−43:1473−80.
- Lombes M, Alfaidy N, Eugene E, et al. Prerequisite for cardiac aldosterone action, mineralocorticoid receptor and 11 P-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the human heart. Circulation 1995−92:175−82.
- Lowes BD, Gilbert EM, Abraham WT, et al. Myocardial gene expression in dilated cardiomyopathy treated with beta-blocking agents. N Engl J Med. 2002 May 2−346(18):1357−65.
- Luchner A, Burnett JC, Jougasaki M, et al. Augmentation of the cardiac natriuretic peptides by beta-receptor antagonism: evidence from a population-based study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998- 32:1839−44
- MacFadyen RJ, Barr CS, Struthers AD. Aldosterone blockade reduces vascular collagen turnover, improves heart rate variability and reduces early morning rise in heart rate in heart failure patients. Cardiovasc Res 1997−35:30−34.
- MacFadyen RJ, Lee AF, Morton JJ, Pringle SD, Struthers AD. How often are angiotensin II and aldosterone concentrations raised during chronic ACE inhibitor treatment in cardiac failure? Heart. 1999−82(1):57−61.
- Mann DL, Bristow MR. Mechanisms and models in heart failure. The biochemical model and beyond. Circulation 2005- 111:2837−2849.
- Mann DL, McMurray JJV, Packer M, et al. Targeted anticytokine therapy in patients with chronic heart failure. Results of the Randomized Etanercept Worldwide Evaluation (RENEWAL). Circulation 2004−109:1594−1602.
- Marie P-Y, Mertes PM, Hassan-Sebbag N, et al. Exercise release of cardiac natriuretic peptides is markedly enhanced when patients with coronary artery disease are treated medically by beta-blockers.. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004−43:353−9.
- Massie B.M. Exercise tolerance in congestive heart failure: role of cardiac function, peripheral blood flow and muscle metabolism, and effect of treatment. Am J Med 1988−84(Suppl 3A):75—82.
- Mazayev VP, Fomina IG, Kazakov EN, Sulimov VA, et al. Valsarian in heart failure patients previously untreated with an ACE inhibitor. Int J Cardiol. 1998 Aug-65(3):239−46.
- McKelvie RS, Rouleau JL, White M, et al. Comparative impact of enalapril, candesartan or metoprolol alone or in combination on ventricular remodeling in patients with congestive heart failure. Eur Heart J 2003−24:1727−34.
- McKelvie RS, Yusuf S, Pericak D, et al. Comparison of candesartan, enalapril, and their combination in congestive heart failure. Randomized Evaluation of Strategies for Left Ventricular Dysfunction (RESOLVD) Pilot Study. Circulation 1999- 100:105 664.
- McMurray JJ, Stewart S. Epidemiology, aetiology, and prognosis of heart failure. Heart 2000- 83: 596−602.
- MERIT-HF Study Group. Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet 1999,353:2001−7.
- Messerli FH, Mancia G, Conti R et al. Dogma disputed: Can aggressively lowed blood pressure in hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease be dangerous? Ann Intern Med 2006−144:888−893.
- Metra M, Cas LD, Panina G, Visioli O. Exercise hyperventilation in chronic congestive heart failure, and its relation to functional capacity and hemodynamics. Am J Cardiol 1992−70:622−8.
- Metra M, Giubbini R, Nodari S, et al. Differential effect of (3-blockers in patients with heart failure. A prospective, randomized, double-blind comparison of the long-term effects of metoprolol versus carvedilol. Circulation 2000−102:546−51.
- Metra M, Nodari S, Raccagni D, et al. Maximal and submaximal exercise testing in heart failure. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1998−32 Suppl l: S36−45.
- Mizuno Y, Yoshimura M, Yasue H, et al. Aldosterone production is activated in failing ventricle in humans. Circulation 2001−103:72−7.
- Morgan T, Griffiths C, Delbridge L. Low doses of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin type 1 blockers have a synergistic effect but high doses are less than additive. Am J Hypertens 2002−15:1003−5.
- Miiller J. Spironolactone in the management of congestive heart failure: a rewiew. Clin Ther 1986−9:63−76.
- Muller JE, Stone PH, Turi ZG, for the MILLIS Study Group. Circadian variation in the frequency of onset of acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1985−313:1315−22.
- Murakami H, Liu JL, Zucker IH. Blockade of ATI receptors enhances baroreflex control of heart rate in conscious rabbits with heart failure. Am J Physiol 1996−271:R303−9.
- Murdoch DR, McDonagh TA, Farmer R, et al. ADEPT: addition of the AT! receptor antagonist eprosartan to ACE inhibitor therapy in chronic heart failure trial: hemodynamic and neurohormonal effects. Am Heart J 2001−141:800−7.
- Nagatsu M, Spinale FG, Koide M, et al. Bradicardia and the role of P-blocade in the amelioration of left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 2000−101:653−9.
- Nanas JN, Alexopoulos G, Anastasiou-Nana MI, et al. High Enalapril Dose Study Group. Outcome of patients with congestive heart failure treated with standard versus high doses of enalapril: a multicenter study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000−36:2096−7.
- Narang R., Swedberg K., Cleland J.G.F. What is the ideal study desine for evaluation of treatment for heat failure? Insights from trials assessing the effect of ACE inhibitors on exercise capacity. Eur Heart J 1996−17:120—134.
- Newton GE, Parker JD. Acute effects of prselective and nonselective receptor blockade on cardiac sympathetic activity in congestive heart failure. Circulation 1996−94:353−8.
- Nicholls MG, Espiner EA, Ikram H, et al. Angiotensin II is more potent than potassium in regulating aldosterone in cardiac failure: evidence during Captopril therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1981−52:1253−6.
- Nolan J, Batin PD, Andrews R, et al. Prospective study of heart rate variability and mortality in chronic heart failure. Results of the United Kingdom heart failure evaluation and assessment of risk trial (UK-Heart). Circulation 1998−98:1510−16.
- Nuttall SL, Langford NJ, Kendall MJ. Beta-blockers in heart failure. 2. Mode of action. J Clin Pharm Ther 2001- 26: 11.
- Owens P, O’Brien E. Hypotension in patients with coronary disease: can profound hypotensive events cause myocardial ischaemic events? Heart 1999−82:477−81.
- Packer DL, Bardy GH, Workey SJ, et al. Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy: a reversible form of left ventricular dysfunction. Am J Cardiol 1986−57:563−70.
- Packer M, Bristow MR, Cohn JN, Colucci WS, Gilbert EM, Shusterman NIL Effect of Carvedilol on mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. US Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group (USCP). N Engl J Med 1996- 334:1349−55.
- Packer M. The neurohormonal hypothesis. A theory explain the mechanism of disease progression in heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992- 20:248.
- Packer M. Why do the kidneys release renin in patients with congestive heart failure? A nephrocentric view of converting-enzyme inhibition. Eur Heart J 1990−1 l (suppl D):44−52.
- Packer M., Colucci W.S., Sackner-Bernstein J.D. et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of Carvedilol in patients with moderate to severe heart failure. The PRECISE Trial. Circulation 1996−94:2793−9.
- Parati G, Pompidossi O, Albini E, et al. Relationship of 24-hour blood pressure mean and variability and severity of target organ damage in hypertension. J Hypertens 1987−5:93−8.
- Passino C, Poletti R, Bramanti F, et al. Neuro-hormonal activation predicts ventilatory response to exercise and functional capacity in patients with heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2006−8:46−53.
- Persson H, Andreasson K, Kahan T, et al. Neurohumoral activation in heart failure after acute myocardial infarction with beta-receptor antagonists. Eur J Heart Fail 2002−4:73−82.
- Peters KG, Kienzle MG. Severe cardiomyopathy due to chronic rapidly conducted atrial fibrillation: complete recovery after restoration of sinus rhythm. Am J Med 1988- 85: 242−244.
- Petrie MC, Padmanabhan N, McDonald JE, et al. Angiotensin-Converting enzyme (ACE) and non-ACE dependent angiotensin II generation in resistance arteries from patients with heart failure and coronary heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001−37:1056−61.
- Pfeffer MA, Stevenson LW. Beta-adrenergic blockers and survival in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1996−334(21): 1396−7.
- Piccirillo G, Luparini RL, Celli V, et al. Effects of carvedilol on heart rate and blood pressure variability in subjects with chronic heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2000 Dec 15−86(12):1392−5.
- Pierpont GL, Francis GS, Cohn JN. Effect of captopril on renal function in patients with congestive heart failure. Br Heart J 1981−46:522−7.
- Pitt B, Gheorghiade M, Zannad F, et al- On behalf of the EPHESUS Investigators. Evaluation of eplerenone in the subgroup of EPHESUS patients with baseline left ventricular ejection fraction < or =30%. Eur J Heart Fail 2006−8(3):295−301.
- Pitt B, Segal R, Martinez FA, et al- on behalf of the ELITE investigators. Randomised trial of losartan versus captopril in patients over 65 with heart failure (Evaluation of Losartan in the Eldery Study, ELITE). Lancet 1997- 349:747−52.
- Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme W, et al., for the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. N Engl J Med 1999−341:709−17.
- Ponikowski PP, Chua TP, Francis DP, et al. Muscle ergoreceptor overactivity reflects deterioration in clinical status and cardiorespiratory reflex control in chronic heart failure. Circulation 2001−104:2324−30.
- Ponikowski PP, Chua TP, Piepoli M, et al. Augmented peripheral chemosensitivity as a potential input to baroreflex impairment and autonomic imbalance in chronic heart failure. Circulation 1997−96:2586−94.
- Portaluppi F, Montanari L, Firlini M, et al. Consistent changes in the circadian rhythms of blood pressure and atrial natriuretic peptide in congestive heart failure. Chronobiol Int 1991- 8:432−9.
- Pousset F, Copie X, Lechat P, et al. Effects of bisoprolol on heart rate variability in heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1996−77:612−617.
- Radaelli A, Perlangeli A, Cerutti MC, et al. Altered blood pressure variability in patients with congestive heart failure. J Hypertens 1999−17:1905−10.
- Rademaker MT, Charles CJ, Espiner EA, et al. Combined inhibition of angiotensin II and endothelin suppresses the brain natriuretic pepetide response to developing heart failure. Clin Sei 2004−106:569−76.
- Ramires FJA, Mansur A, Coelho O, et al. Effect of spironolactone on ventricular arrhythmias in congestive heart failure secondary to idiopathic dilated or to ischemic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 2000−85:1207−11.
- Remme WJ. Neurohormonal modulation in heart failure: ACE inhibition and beyond. Eur Heart J 1995−16(Suppl N):73−8.
- Richardt G, Richardt D, Adler S, et al. Unique effects of Carvedilol on noradrenaline release in the human heart. Eur J Heart Fail. 2002−4(2): 147−9.
- Roach D, Wilson W, Ritchie D, et al. Dissection of long-range heart rate variability. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004−43:2271−7.
- Rocha R, Rudolph AE, Frierdich GE, et al. Aldosterone induces a vascular inflammatory phenotype in the rat heart. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002−283:H1802−10.
- Roig E, Perez-Villa F, M Morales, et al. Clinical implications of increased plasma angiotensin II despite ACE inhibitor therapy in patients with congestive heart failure. Eur Heart J 2000−21:53−7.
- Rousseau MF, Gurne O, Duprez D, et al. Beneficial neurohormonal profile of spironolactone in severe congestive heart failure. Results from the RALES neurohormonal substudy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002−40:1596−1601.
- Ruffolo R.R., Feuerstin G.Z. Carvedilol: preclinical profile and mechanisms of action in preventing the progression of congestive heart failure. Eur Heart J 1998−19(suppl B):19—24.
- Sanada S, Kitakaze M, Node K, et al. Differential subcellular actions of ACE inhibitors and ATI receptor antagonists on cardiac remodeling induced by chronic inhibition of NO synthesis in rats. Hypertension 2001−38:404−9.
- Sanderson JE, Chan SKW, Yip G, et al. Beta-blockade in heart failure. A comparison of carvedilol with metoprolol. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999−34:1522−8.
- Sato A, Saruta T. Aldosterone escape during angiotensin-converting enzymeinhibitor therapy in essential hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. J Intern Med Res 200l-29:l3−21.
- Saul JP, Rea RF, Eckberg DL, et al. Heart rate and muscle sympathetic nervevariability during reflex changes of autonomic activity. Am J Physiol 1990−258:H713−21.
- Schaefer S, Valente RA, Laslett LJ, et al. Cardiac reflex effects of intracoronary bradykinin in humans. J Invest Med 1996−44:160−7.
- Schepkens H, Vanholder R, Billiouw JM, et al. Life-threatening hyperkalemia during combined therapy with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and spironolactone: an analysis of 25 cases. Am J Med 2001 -110:438−41.
- Serneri GGN, Boddi M, Cecioni I, et al. Cardiac angiotensin II formation in the clinical course of heart failure and its relationship with left ventricular function. Circ Res 2001−88:961−8.
- Shah M, Hasselblad V, Stinnett S, et al. Dissociation between hemodynamic changes and symptom improvement in patients with advanced congestive heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2002−4:297−304.
- Sharpe DN, Coxon RJ. Clinical and haemodynamic effects of low dose captopril in severe chronic heart failure. Br J Clin Phatmacol 1982−14(Suppl 2)161S-7S.
- Sharpe DN, Murphy J, Coxon R, Hannan SF. Enalapril in patients with chronic heart failure: a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind study. Circulation 1984−70:271−278.
- Sigurdsson A, Swedberg K, Ullman B. Effects of ramipril on the neurohormonal response to exercise in patients with mild to moderate congestive heart failure. Eur Pleart J 1994- 15:247−54.
- Sihm I, Schroeder P, Aelkjaer C, et al. The relation between peripheral vascular structure, left ventricular hypertrophy, and ambulatory blood pressure in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1995−8:987−96.
- Simon T, Mary-Krause M, Funck-Brentano C, Lechat P, Jaillon P. Bisoprolol dose-response relationship in patients with congestive heart failure: a subgroup analysis in the cardiac insufficiency bisoprolol study (CIBIS II). Eur Heart J 2003- 24: 552−559.
- Simpson SA, Tait JF, Bush IE. Secretion of a salt-retaining hormone by the mammalian adrenal cortex. Lancet 1952−2:226−8.
- Skvortsov A, Masenko V, Mareev V, Belenkov Yu. Regulatory role of atrial natriuretic peptide in severe congestive heart failure. J Heart Failure 1993 -l:a432.
- Smith AGE. Spironolactone in the long-term management of patients with congestive heart failure. Curr Med Res Opin 1980−7:131−6.
- Solal AC, Jondeau G, Beauvais F, Berdeaux A. Beneficial effects of carvedilol on angiotensin-converting enzyme activity and renin plasma levels in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2004−6(4):463−6.
- Solomon SD, Skali H, Anavekar NS, et al. Changes in ventricular size and function in patients treataed with valsartan, captopril, or both after myocardial infarction. Circulation 2005 -11(25):3411−9.
- Staessen J, Lijnen P, Fagard P et al. Rise in plasma concentration of aldosterone during long-term angiotensin II suppression. J Endocrinol 1981 -91:457−465.
- StarIing EH. Points on pathology of heart disease. Lancet 1897- 1:569.
- Stewart S, Maclntyre K, Hole DJ, Capewell S, McMurray JJ. More 'malignant' than cancer? Five-year survival following a first admission for heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2001−3:315−322.
- Stewart S, Maclntyre K, MacLeod MM, Bailey AE, Capewell S, McMurray JJ. Trends in hospitalization for heart failure in Scotland, 1990−1996. An epidemic that has reached its peak? Eur Heart J. 2001 -22:209−217.
- Struthers AD. Aldosterone-induced vasculopathy: a new reversible cause of cardiac death. J Renin Angiotensin Aldost Sys 2001−2:211−4.
- Su X, Wei CC, Machida N, et al. Differential expression of angiotensin converting enzyme and chymase in dogs with chronic mitral regurgitation. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1999−31:1033−1045.
- Sutsch G, Bertel O, Rickenbacher P, et al. Regulation of aldosterone secretion in patients with chronic congestive heart failure by endothelins. Am J Cardiol 2000−85−973−6.
- Svensson M, Gustafsson F, Galatius S, et al. Hyperkalemia and impaired renal function in patients taking spironolactone for congestive heart failure: retrospective study. BMJ 2003−327:1141−2.
- Swedberg K, Bristow M, Cohn JN, et al. The effects of moxonidine SR animidazoline agonist, on plasma norepinephrine in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 2002- 105:1797−1803.
- Swedberg K, Eneroth P, Kjekshus J, Wilhelmsen L., for the CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. Hormones regulating cardiovascular function in patients with severe congestive heart failure and their relation to mortality. Circulation 1990−82:1730−36.
- Swedberg K, Hjalmarson A, Waagstein F, Wallentin I. Prolongation of survival in congestive cardiomyopathy by beta-receptor blockade. Lancet 1979- 1: 1374−1376.
- Sweet CS, Rucinska EJ. Losartan in heart failure: preclinical experiences and initial clinical outcomes. Eur Heart J 1994 (suppl D): 139−44.
- Tait SA, Tait JF, Coghlan JP. The discovery, isolation and identification of aldosterone: reflections on emerging regulation and function. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2004−217:1−21.
- Tang WH, Vagelos RH, Yee YG, et al. Neurohormonal and clinical responses to high- versus low-doses enalapril therapy in chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002−39:70−8.
- Taylor JA, Carr DL, Myers CW, Eckberg DL. Mechanisms underlying very-low-frequency RR-interval oscillations in humans. Circulation 1998−98:547−55.
- Teerlink JR, Massie BM. The role of beta-blockers in preventing sudden death in heart failure. J Card Fail 2000−6:25−33.
- The Beta-blocker Evaluation of Survival (BEST) Investigators. A trial of the beta-blocker bucindolol in patients with advanced chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2001−344:1659−1667.
- The CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure: results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study. N Engl J Med 1987−316:1429−1435.
- The NETWORK Investigators. Clinical outcome with enalapril in symptomatic chronic heart failure- a dose comparison. Eur Heart J 1998−19:481−9.
- The SOLVD Investigators. Effect of enalapril on mortality and the development of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions. N Engl J Med 1992−327:685−691.
- The SOLVD Investigators. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 1991−325:293−302.
- Timmermans PB, Carini DJ, Chiu AT et al. The discovery of a new class of highly specific nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Am J Hypertes 1991 -4:275−81S.
- Tonkon M, Awan N, Niazi I, et al. A study of the efficacy and safety of irbesartan in combination with conventional therapy, including ACE inhibitors, in heart failure. Int J Clin Pract. 2000−54:11−18.
- Townend JN, West JN, Davies M, Littler WA. Effect of quinapril on blood pressure and heart rate in congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1992−69:1587−90.
- Troughton RW, Frampton CM, Yandle TG, et al. Treatment of heart failure guided by plasma aminoterminal brain natriuretic peptide (N-BNP) concentrations. Lancet 2000−255:1126−30.
- Tsuji H, Venditti FJ, Manders ES, et al. Reduced heart rate variability and mortality risk in an elderly cohort. The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 1994−90:878−93.
- Tsutamoto T, Wada A, Maeda K, et al. Effect of spironolactone on plasma brain natriuretic peptide and left ventricular remodeling in patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001−37:1228−33.
- Tsutamoto T, Wada A, Maeda K, et al. Spironolactone inhibits the transcardiac extraction of aldosterone in patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000−36:838−44.
- Tygesen H, Rundquist B, Waagstein F, Wennerblom B. Heart rate variability measurement correlates with cardiac norepinephrine spillover in congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2001−87:1308−11.
- Udelson JE. Ventricular remodeling in heart failure and the effect of beta-blockade. Am J Cardiol 2004- 93: 43B^18B.
- Urata H, Healy BH, Stewart R et al. Angiotensin II forming pathways in normal and failing human hearts. Circ Res 1990−66:883−890.
- Urata H, Nishimura H, Ganten D. Mechanisms of angiotensin II formation in humans. Eur Heart J 1995−16(Suppl N):79−85.
- Van de Borne P, Montano N, Pagani M, et al. Absence of Low-Frequency Variability of Sympathetic Nerve Activity in Severe Heart Failure.
- Circulation 1997−95:1449−1454.
- Vantrimpont P, Rouleau J, Ciampi A, et al. Two-year time course and significance of neurohumoral activation in the survival and ventricular enlargement (SAVE Study). Eur Heart J 1998−19:1552−63.
- Vantrimpont P, Rouleau JL, Wun CC, et al. Additive beneficial effects of beta-blockers to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in the Survival and Ventricular Enlargement (SAVE) Study. SAVE Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997−29:229−36.
- Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Gatteschi C, et al. Blunted nocturnal fall in blood pressure in hypertensive women with future cardiovascular morbid events. Circulation 1993−88:986−92.
- Vescovo G, Libera LD, Serafini F, et al. Improved exercise tolerance after losartan and enalapril in heart failure. Correlation with changes in skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain composition. Circulation 1998−98:1742−9.
- Waagstein F, Bristow MR, Swedberg K, et al, for thr Metoprolol in Dilated Cardiomyopathy (MDC) Trial Study Group. Beneficial effects of metoprolol in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Lancet 1993- 342:1441−6.
- Waagstein F, Hjalmarson A, Varnauskas E, Wallentin I. Effect of chronic beta-adrenergic receptor blockade in congestive cardiomyopathy. Br Heart J 1975- 37: 1022−1036.
- Wang M, McClaim JM, Zucker IH. Aldosterone reduces baroreceptor discharge in the dog. Hypertension 1992−19:270−7.
- Wang M. Chronic administration of aldosterone depresses baroreceptor reflex function in the dog. Hypertension 1994−24:571−5.
- Weber KT, Brilla CG, Janicki JS. Myocardial fibrosis: functional significance and regulatory factors. Cardiovasc Res 1993−27:341−8.
- Weber KT, Brilla CG. Pathological hypertrophy and cardiac interstitium: fibrosis and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Circulation 1991−83:1849−65.
- Weber KT, Villarreal D. Aldosterone, and antialdosterone therapy in congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1993−71(Suppl A):3A-11A.
- Wei C-C, Meng QC, Palmer R, et al. Evidence for angiotensin-converting enzyme-and chymase-mediated angiotensin II formation in the interstitial fluid space of the dog heart in vivo. Circulation. 1999−99:2583−2589.
- White PC. Aldosterone: direct effects on and production by the heart. J Clin Endocrinology 2003−88:2376−83.
- Willenheimer R, Helmers C, Pantev E, et al- for the Heart Failure Valsartan Exercise capacity Evaluation (HEAVEN) Study Group. Safety and efficacy of valsartan versus enalapril in heart failure patients. Int J Cardiol 2002−85:261−70.
- Williams ES, Miller JM. Results from late-breaking clinical trial sessions at the American College of Cardiology 51st Annual Scientific Session. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002−40:1−18.
- Witherow FN, Dawson P, Ludlam CA, et al. Marked bradykinin-indused tissue plasminogen activator release in patients with heart failure maintained on long-term angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002−40:961−6.
- Witherow FN, Helmy A, Webb DJ, et al. Bradykinin contributes to the vasodilator effects of chronic angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in patients with heart failure. Circulation 2001- 104:2177−81.
- Witte KKA, Thackray SDR, Nikitin NP, Cleland JGF, Clark AL. The effects of a and? blockade on ventilatory responses to exercise in chronic heart failure. Heart 2003−89:1169−73.
- Wong M, Staszaewsky L, Latini R, et al. Severity of left ventricular remodeling defines outcomes and response to therapy in heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004−43:2022−7.
- Wong M, Staszewsky L, Latini R, et al. Valsartan benefits left ventricular structure and function in heart Failure: Val-HeFT echocardiographic study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002−40:970−5.
- Wrenger E, Muller R, Moesenthin M, et al. Interaction of spironolactone with ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers: analysis of 44 cases. BMJ 2003−327:147−9.
- Xiu JC, Wu P, Xu JP, et al. Effects of long-term enalapril and losartan therapy of heart failure on cardiovascular aldosterone. J Endocrinol Invest. 2002−25(5):463−8.
- Yasky J, Ledesma GA, Tutera A, Collia LF. A fixed-dose combination of furosemide and spironolactone in digitalized congestive heart failure patients. Pharmacopherapeutica 1986−4:473−9.
- Yee KM, Pringle SD, Struthers AD. Circadian variation in the effects of aldosterone blockade on heart rate variability and QT dispersion in congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001−37:1800−7.
- Yee KM, Struthers AD. Aldosterone blunts the baroreflex response in man. Clin Sei 1998−95:687−692.
- Yoshizawa A, Yoshikawa T, Nakamura I, et al. Brain natriuretic peptide response is heterogenous during ?-blocker therapy for congestive heart failure. J Card Fail 2004−10(4):310−315.
- Yusuf S, Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, et al- CHARM Investigators and Committees. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved left-ventricular ejection fraction: the CHARM-Preserved Trial. Lancet 2003−362:777−81.
- Zhang Y, Sang Y, Zhu J. Effects of enalapril on heart rate variability in patients with congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1995−76:1045−8.
- Zhu G-Q, Patel KP, Zucker IH, Wang W. Microinjection of ANG II into paraventricular nucleus enhances cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex in rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002−282:H2039−45.
- Zimmerman RS, Edwards BS, Schawb TR et al. Cardiorenal-endocrine dynamics during and following volume expantion. Am J Physiol 1987−252:R336−40.
- Zuanetti G, Mantini L, Hernandez-Bernal F. Relevance of heart rate as a prognostic factor in patients with acute myocardial infarction: insights from the GISSI-2 study. Eur Heart J 1998- 19(Suppl. F): F19-F26.