«Лексикографический портрет» русицизмов английского языка (на основе онлайн-словарей Merriam-Websterи Oxford Dictionary)

Word/Transcription.

Etymology.

Part ofspeech/Definition.

1. agitprop.

/ag· it·prop/.

/?a-j?t-?prдp/.

Also agit-prop, 1938, from Russian agitatsiya «agitation» (from French agitation; see agitation) +propaganda (see propaganda), which Russiangot fromGerman.

noun.

political (originally communist) propaganda, especially in artor literature.

2. apparatchik.

/ap· pa·rat·chik/.

/д-p?-?rд (t)-chik/.

" Communist agent or spy," 1941, originally in writings ofArthur Koestler, from Russian, fromapparat «politicalorganization» .

noun.

a member of aCommunist Partyapparat

3. arshin (alsoarshine, archin orarchine).

/ar· shin/.

/дr?shзn/.

Russian, of Turkic origin; akinto Turkish arєin, Kazan Tatararљyn, Jagataiarљun.

noun.

a Russian unit oflength equal to 28inches.

4. astrakhan.

/?astr??kan/.

Mid 18th century, fromRussian, named after the city ofAstrakhan, from which the fleeceswere exported.

noun.

the dark curly fleeceof young karakul lambsfrom centralAsia.

5. babushka.

/b??b??k?/.

/?bab???k?/.

1938, from Russianbabushka

" grandmother." .

noun.

• 1. an elderlyRussian woman,
• 2. type of head coveringfor women
• 3. Russiandoll

6. balaclava.

/bal· a·cla·va/.

/?ba-l?-?klд-v?/,-?kla-/.

" Woolen head covering," especially worn by soldiers, evidentlynamed for village near Sebastopol, Russia, site of a battle Oct. 25, 1854, inthe Crimean War. But theterm (originally Balaclava helmet) does not appear before 1881 and seemsto have come into widespread use inthe Boer War. The Britishtroops suffered from the cold in theCrimean War, and the usage might bea remembrance of that conflict. The town name (Balaklava) often issaid to be from Turkish, but isperhaps folk-etymologized from aGreek originalPalakion.

noun.

a knit cap for the headand neck — called alsobalaclava helmet.

7. balalaika.

Stringed instrument with atriangular.

noun.

/bal· a·lai·ka/.

body, 1788, from Russianbalalaika,.

a usually3-stringed.

/?ba-l?-?lо-k?/.

said to be related to balabolit'" to.

instrument ofRussian.

chatter, babble," an imitativeword.

origin with atriangular.

body played by pluckingor.

strumming.

8. beluga.

/be· lu·ga/.

/b?-?lь-g?/.

Late 16th, from Russianbelukha

(from belyi`white').

noun.

• 1. a small whitetoothed whale related tothe narwhal, living inherds mainly in Arcticcoastal waters. Also calledwhitewhale
• 2. a very largesturgeon occurring in the inlandseas and associated riversof centralEurasia.
• 3. caviar obtained fromthe belugasturgeon.

9. blin.

Russian.

noun.

/?blin/.

a thin oftenbuckwheat.

plural: blini, bliny orblinis.

First known use:1889.

pancake usually filled (as.

/?bl?ni//?bli?ni.

with sour cream orcaviar).

andfolded.

10. bogatyr.

Russian bogatyr' hero, athlete,.

noun.

/b?g??ta??r/.

warrior, from Old Russianbogatyri,.

one of thelegendary.

plural: bogatyrs /-rz/or.

of Turkic origin; akinto.

medieval heroes ofRussia.

bogatyri/-irз/.

Turkish baturbrave.

11. Bolshevik (also Bolshevist).

/?b?l??v?k/.

1917, from Russianbol’shiy «greater», comparative ofadjective bol’shoy «big, great» .

noun.

a member of theextremist wing of the RussianSocial Democratic partythat seized power in Russiaby the Revolution of November1917.

12. Bolshevism.

/?bфlSH??viz?m/.

/?bo?l???v?z?m/.

From the Russian bol? shevizm, from.

bol?she `greater' (seeBolshevik).

noun.

the communist formof government adoptedin Russia followingthe Bolshevik revolutionof 1917.

`enthusiastic supportersof Bolshevism'.

13. borscht (alsoborsch).

/?brsh (t)/.

Yiddish borsht & Ukrainian& Russianborshch.

First known use:1828.

noun.

a soup made withbeetroot and usually servedwith sour cream, associatedwith the cuisine of easternand central Europe, especially Russia, Poland, and Ukraine.

14. borzoi.

/bor· zoi/.

/?b r-?zi/.

Russian wolfhound, 1887, from Russian borzoy, literally" swift, quick" (compare Czech brzy, SerboCroatian brzo «quickly,» Lithuanian bruzdeti «tohurry»).

noun.

any of a breed oflarge dogs developed inRussia especiallyforpursuingwolves that have along silky usually whitecoat with darker markings— called alsoRussian wolfhound.

15. boyar (alsoboyard).

/bo· yar//bф-?yдr/.

Russianboyarin.

First known use:1555.

noun.

a member of aRussian aristocratic order nextin rank below theruling princes until itsabolition by Peter theGreat.

16. Cheka.

/?t??k?/.

Russian, from `che', `ka', theinitial letters of Chrezvychainayakomissiya `Extraordinary Commission (for combatingCounter-revolution, Sabotage, andSpeculation)'.

noun.

an organization underthe Soviet regime forthe investigation ofcounterrevolutionary activities. It executed many realand alleged enemies ofLenin’s regime from itsformation in 1917 until 1922, whenit was replaced by theOGPU.

17. Chekist.

/?chвk?st/.

Borrowed from Russianиekist, from Иeka (Cheka±ist).

(SeeCheka).

noun.

a member of aCheka.

18. chernozem.

/?cher-n?-?zy m/,/-?zem.

Mid 19th century: fromRussian, from chлrnyi `black' +zemlya `earth'.

noun.

a fertile black soil richin humus, with a lighterlimerich layer beneath. Such soils typically occurin temperate grasslandssuch as the Russian steppesand North Americanprairies.

19. chernozemic.

/?cher-n?-?zymik/,/-?ze;

Mid 19th century: fromRussian chernozem, from chлrnyi `black'+ zemlya`earth'.

adjective constitutingor characteristic ofa chernozem.

20. chervonets.

Russian chervonets, alteration ofOld.

noun.

Russian иervonyi, fromOld.

1. the gold 10-ruble coinof.

(alsochervonetz,.

Polish czerwonygolden.

Soviet Russiaauthorized.

tchervonets ortchervonetz).

by decree in 1922 andfirst.

/cher· vo·nets/.

struck in1923.

/ch?r?v n? ts/.

2. a unit ofvalue.

plural:chervontsi,.

equivalent to onegold.

chervontzi, tchervontsior.

chervonets designated by.

tchervontzi-ntsз.

law of 1924 as thebasic.

monetary unit ofthe.

U.S.S.R. but never suchin.

practice.

3. a currencynote.

representingone.

chervonets.

21. Chukchi.

Russian chukcha (pluralchukchi),.

noun.

/?t??kt?i?/.

probably ultimatelyfrom.

1. a member of aSiberian.

plural Chukchior.

Chukchi иavи? v reindeerbreeder.

people inhabitingthe.

Chukchis.

ChukchiPeninsula.

First known use:1780.

2. the language ofthe.

Chukchipeople.

22. commissar.

/com· mis·sar/.

/?kд-m?-?sдr/.

1918, from Russian komissar, from German kommissar" commissioner," from French, ultimatelyfrom Medieval Latincommissarius.

noun.

an official ofthe CommunistParty, especially in theformer Soviet Union orpresentday China, responsiblefor political educationand organization.

23. cosmonaut.

/cos· mo·naut/.

/?kдz-m?-?n t/,-?nдt/.

1959, Englishing ofRussian kosmonavt, ultimately fromGreek kosmos (see cosmos) +nautes «sailor» (seenaval).

noun.

an astronaut of theSoviet or Russian spaceprogram.

24. Сossack.

/cos· sack/.

/?kд-?sak/,-s?k/.

from Russian kazak fromTurkic, `vagabond, nomad'; laterinfluenced by French Cosaque (seealso Kazakh).

First known use:1589.

noun.

a member of a peopleof Ukraine andsouthern Russia, noted fortheir horsemanship andmilitary skill.

25. czar (also tsar, tzar).

/z??/.

/ts??/.

1550s, from Russian tsar, fromOld Slavic tsesari, from Gothickaisar, from Greek kaisar, fromLatin Caesar. First adopted byRussian emperor Ivan IV, 1547.

noun.

emperor; specifically: the ruler of Russia untilthe 1917revolution.

• 26. czarevitch
• (also czarevich, tsarevitch, tsarevich ortzarevitch)

/?zдr??viCH/.

Russian tsarevich, from tsar' ± evich, patronymicsuffix.

First known use:1710.

noun.

the eldest son ofan emperor ofRussia.

27. czarevna (alsotsarevna).

/zд?revn?/.

Russian tsarevna, from tsar' ± evna (feminine patronymicsuffix).

noun.

• 1. a daughter of aRussian czar
• 2. the wife of aczarevitch

28. czarina (alsotsarina, tzarina).

/zд-?rз-n?/,/(t)sд;

Probably modification ofGerman Zarin, from Zar czar, fromRussian tsar'.

First known use:1717.

noun.

an empress ofRussia before1917.

29. dacha.

/da· cha/.

from Russian dacha, originally «gift,» from Slavic *datja, fromPIE.

*do- «to give» (seedonation).

noun.

a Russian countrycottage used especially inthe summer.

30. Decembrist.

/d??sembr?st/.

/d??s?mbr?st/.

1877, from Russiandekabrнst.

noun.

a member of a groupof Russianrevolutionaries who in December 1825led an unsuccessfulrevolt against Tsar NicholasI. The leaders wereexecuted and later came tobe regarded as martyrs bythe Left.

31. Doukhobor.

/?do ok? bфr/.

/?duk?b?r/.

From Russian Dukhobor, literally `spirit-wrestler'.

noun.

a member of aChristian sect originating inRussia in the 18th century, many members ofwhich migrated to Canada inthe late 19thcentury.

32. droshky (also droshkies ordroskies).

/?dr??ki/.

Early 19th century: fromRussian drozhki, diminutive ofdrogi `wagon', from droga `shaft, carriage pole'.

noun.

a low four-wheeledopen carriage of a kindformerly used inRussia.

33. Duma.

/?du?m?/.

Russian national assembly, 1870(in reference to city councils;the national one was set up in1905), literally «thought,» from aGermanic source (compare Gothicdoms «judgment,» English doom, deem).

noun.

a representative councilin Russia; especially, often capitalized: theprincipal legislative assemblyin Russia from 1906 to1917.

and since1993.

34. glasnost.

/??lazn?st/.

/??l??sn?st/.

1972 (in reference to a letter of1969 by Solzhenitsyn), fromRussian glasnost «openness topublic scrutiny,» literally «publicity, factof being public,» ultimately fromOld Church Slavonic glasu «voice,» from PIE *gal-so-, from root *gal- (2)" to call, shout" (see call (v.)). Firstused in a socio-political sense byLenin; popularized in English afterMikhail Gorbachev used it prominently ina speech of March 11, 1985, accepting the post of general secretary ofthe CPSU.

noun.

a Soviet policypermitting open discussion ofpolitical and social issues andfreer dissemination of newsand information.

35. gley.

/?le?/.

1920s: from Ukrainian glei,`sticky blue clay'; related toclay.

noun.

A sticky waterloggedsoil lacking inoxygen, typically grey to bluein colour.

36. Gulag.

/gu· lag/.

System of prisons and laborcamps, especially for political detainees, in the former Soviet Union;rough acronym from RussianGlavnoe upravlenieispravitel’no-trudovykh lagerei «Chief Administrationof Corrective Labor Camps,» set upin 1931.

noun.

the penal system ofthe.

U.S.S.R. consisting ofa network of laborcamps; also: laborcamp.

37. intelligentsia.

/?n?t?l??d??nts??/.

" The intellectual classcollectively," 1905, from Russianintelligyentsiya, from Latinintelligentia «intelligence». Perhaps viaItalian intelligenzia.

noun.

intellectuals orhighly educated people asa group, especiallywhen regarded aspossessing culture andpolitical influence.

38. isba.

/is ba/ /?z?bд/.

variants: lesscommonly izba.

Russian izba, fromOld Russian istuba bathingroom,.

probably of Germanic origin; akinto Old High German stuba heatedroom.

noun.

a Russian loghut.

39. Kalashnikov.

/k??la?n?k?f/.

Type of rifle or submachinegun, 1968, from RussianKalashnikov, name of a weapon developed inthe Soviet Union c. 1946 and namedfor Mikhail Kalashnikov, gundesigner and part of the team that built it. In AK-47, the AK stands forAvtomat Kalashnikov.

noun.

a Soviet-designedassault rifle; especially: AK-47.

40. kasha.

/?kд-sh?/.

Russian.

First known use:1808.

noun.

• 1. a porridge madeusually from buckwheatgroats
• 2. kasha grainbefore cooking

41. Kazakh.

/k??zak/.

/?kazak/.

Russian kazakh, from Kazakhkazak.

First Known Use:1832.

noun.

A member of apeople living chieflyin Kazakhstan. Traditionally nomadic, Kazakhsare predominantlySunni Muslims.

42. kefir.

/k??fir/.

Russian.

First known use:1884.

noun.

A sour-tasting drinkmake from cow’s milkfermented with certainbacteria.

43. KGB.

/ke?d?i??bi?/.

National security agency ofthe Soviet Union from 1954 to1991, attested from 1955 inEnglish, initialism (acronym) ofRussian Komitetgosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti «Committee forState Security.» .

abbreviation.

(Soviet) StateSecurity Committee.

44. kibitka.

/k??b?tk?/.

Late 18th century: Russian, from Tatar and Kyrgyz kibit (fromArabic qubbat `dome') + the Russian suffix — ka.

noun.

a type of coveredRussian sledge.

45. kissel.

/?k?s (?)l/.

From Russian kisel?, from abase shared by kislyi`sour'.

noun.

a Russian dessertmade from fruit juice orpuree boiled with sugarand water and thickenedwith potato orcornflour.

46. knout.

/nout/.

/na?t/.

Mid 17thcentury.

Russian knut, of Scandinavianorigin; akin to Old Norse knыtr knot; akinto Old Englishcnotta.

noun.

a whip used forflogging.

47. kolkhoz.

/k?l?k?z/.

/k?l?kфz/.

U.S.S.R. collective farm, 1921, from Russian kolkhoz, contractionof kollektivnoe khozyaistvo" collective farm" .

noun.

a collective farm ofthe formerU.S.S.R.

48. kolkhoznik.

Russian, from kolkhoz + -nik, agent.

noun.

kдl-?kz-nik.

(pluralkolkhozniki.

/kдl-?k z-ni-kз/or.

suffix.

First known use:1944.

a member of akolkhoz.

kolkhozniks).

49. Komsomol.

Russian, fromKom (munisticheskii).

noun.

/?kдm-s?-?m l/,/-?mфl.

So (yuz) Mol (odлzhi)`Communist.

an organizationfor.

League ofYouth'.

communist youth inthe.

First known use:1925.

former SovietUnion.

50. kopeck (alsocopeck).

coin worth one-hundredth part ofa.

noun.

/?ko?p?k/.

ruble, from Russian kopeika, from.

a monetary subunit ofthe.

/?kфpek/.

kop’e «lance» (cognate withGreek.

ruble — see rubleat.

kopis «chopper, cleaver;» seehatchet.

moneytable.

(n.)); so called because thecoin.

showed the czar with lance inhand.

51. koumiss (alsokumiss).

Russian kumys, of Turkic origin;akin.

noun.

/kou· miss/.

to Turkish kэmэzkoumiss.

a beverage offermented.

/kь-?mis/,?/kь-m?s/.

First known use:1607.

mare’s milkmade.

originally by thenomadic.

peoples of centralAsia.

52. Kremlin.

/?kr?ml?n/.

/?kremlin/.

1660s, Cremelena, from OldRussian kremlinu, later kremlin (1796), from kreml' «citadel, fortress,» aword perhaps of Tartar origin. Originally the citadel of any Russian townor city, now especially the onein Moscow (which enclosedthe imperial palace, churches, etc.).Used metonymically for «governmentof the U.S.S.R.» from 1933. The modern form of the word inEnglish might be viaFrench.

noun.

the citadel of aRussian city.

53. kulak.

/ku· lak/.

1877, «relatively well-to-doRussian farmer or trader,» from Russiankulak (plural kulaki) «tight-fistedperson,» literally «fist,» from Turki (Turkish) kul «hand.» In the jargon ofSoviet communism, applied in contemptand derision to those who workedfor their ownprofit.

noun.

a peasant in Russiawealthy enough to own a farmand hire labor. Emergingafter the emancipation of serfsin the 19th century thekulaks resisted Stalin’sforcedcollectivization, but millions werearrested, exiled, orkilled.

54. kvass.

/?kvдs/.

Russian fermented drink madefrom rye or barley, 1550s, fromRussian kvas, said to mean literally" leaven," from Old Church Slavonickvasu «yeast,» cognate with Latincaseus «cheese» .

noun.

a fermented drink, lowin alcohol, made fromrye flour or bread withmalt.

55. Leninism.

/?le-n?-?ni-z?m/.

Pseudonym or alias chosen c.1902 (for publishing clandestinepolitical works in exile) byRussian revolutionary VladimirIl’ich Ulyanov (1870−1924).Related:

Leninist (1917); Leninism (1918). Leningrad was the name ofRussian St. Petersburg from 1924 to1991.

noun.

the political, economic, and social principlesand policies advocatedby Lenin; especially: the theory and practiceof communism developedby or associated withLenin.

56. Lubyanka (alsoLubianka).

/lu??bja?k?/.

From RussianLubyanka.

noun.

A building inMoscow used as a prison and asthe headquarters of theKGB and other Russiansecret police organizationssince the Russian Revolution.

57. mahorka (alsomakhorka, makharka).

/m??h??k?/.

Mid 19th century; earliest usefound in George A. Sala (1828−1895), journalist. From Russian maxorkathe plant Nicotiana rustica or thetobacco obtained fromthis.

noun.

a low-grade varietyof coarse tobacco smokedin Russia andneighbouring countries.

58. mammoth.

/mam· moth/.

/?ma-m?th/.

Early 18th century: fromRussian mamo (n)t, probably ofSiberian origin.

noun.

• 1. any of agenus (Mammuthus) ofextinct Pleistocene mammalsof the elephantfamily distinguished fromrecent elephants by highlyridged molars, usually largesize, very long tusks thatcurve upward, andwelldeveloped bodyhair;
• 2. something immenseof its kind (the company isa mammoth of theindustry);
• 3. something of verygreat size, huge.

59. matryoshka (also matryoshkadoll, matrioshka).

/?matrз?дSHk?/.

1940s: from Russianmatrлshka.

noun.

Each of a set ofbrightly painted hollowwooden dolls of varyingsizes, designed to nest insideone another.

Also called Russiandoll.

60. mead.

/?mзd/.

Middle English mede, fromOld English medu; akin to OldHigh German metu mead, Greekmethy wine.

First known use: before 12thcentury.

noun.

a fermented beveragemade of water and honey, malt, andyeast.

61. Menshevik (alsoMenshevist).

/Men· she·vik/.

1907, from Russian men’shevik, from men’she «lesser» (comparativeof malo «little,» from PIE root *mei-(2) «small;» see minus) + -evik «onethat is.» So called by Lenin becausethey were a minority in the party. Earlier used in reference to theminority faction of theSocial-Democratic Party, when it split in 1903. Asa noun from 1917. Russianplural mensheviki occasionally was usedin English.

noun.

a member of a wing ofthe Russian SocialDemocratic party before and duringthe RussianRevolution believing in thegradual achievement ofsocialism byparliamentarymethodsin opposition to the Bolsheviks.

62. MGB.

1950s; earliest use found in Webster’s NewInternational Dictionary of the EnglishLanguage. From Russian MGB, initialismfrom Ministerstvogosudarstvennoj bezopasnosti.

noun abbreviation.

(In the SovietUnion) Ministry of StateSecurity, replaced by the K.G.B.in 1954.

63. MiG.

/m??/.

1940s: from the initial letters ofthe surnames of A. I. M ikoyan and M.I. G urevich (Soviet aircraftdesigners), linked by Russian i`and'.

noun.

a Russian fighteraircraft madebythe MiGcompany.

`aMiG-15'.

64. Mir.

/?mir/.

late 20c. space station, fromRussian, literally «peace, world,» also" village, community," from OldChurch Slavonic miru «peace,» fromProtoSlavic *miru «commune, joy, peace» («possibly borrowed fromIranian» [Watkins]), from PIE root *mei-(4) «to bind, tie» (see mitre). OldChurch Slavonic miru was «used inChristian terminology as acollective 'community of peace' «[Buck], translating Greek kosmos. Hence, «theknownworld, mankind.» .

noun.

a village communityin czarist Russia inwhich land was owned jointlybut cultivated byindividual families.

65. Molotovcocktail.

/?m?l??t?f?k?k?te?l/.

From the name ofVyacheslav Molotov (see Molotov, Vyacheslav), who led the Soviet campaignagainst Finland in 1939;40, whensuch weapons were used by theFinns.

noun.

a crude incendiarydevice typically consisting ofa bottle filledwith flammable liquid andwith a means of ignition.The.

production ofsimilar grenades was organizedby VyacheslavMolotov during World WarII.

66. mors (alsomorse).

/m??s/.

From Russian mors. Firstmentioned in the16th centuryin «theDomostroy» with instructionsabout how to make it, but has likelybeen aroundlonger.

noun.

is anon-carbonated Russian fruitdrink prepared fromberries.

67. moujik (alsomuzhik).

/mu· zhik/.

Russian.

First known use:1587.

noun.

a Russianpeasant.

68. MVD.

Abbreviation of RussianMinisterstvo vnutrennikhdel.

noun abbreviation.

The Ministry ofInternal Affairs in theformer Soviet Union and nowin Russia.

69. narod.

/na?r?d/.

1930s; earliest use found in American Journal ofSociology. From Russian narod people, nation.

noun.

In Russia and (formerly) the Soviet Union: the people, thenation; (specifically inRussian and Sovietpolitical ideology) thecommon people viewed as the bearers of nationalculture.

70. Narodnik.

/n??r?dn?k/.

Late 19th century. FromRussian.

narodnikfrom narod people ±nik.

noun.

Russian History.

A supporter of a type of socialismoriginating amongst theRussian intelligentsia in thelate 19th cent. andwhich looked on the peasantsand intellectualsas revolutionary forces;a Russian populist. In extended use: a personwho tries to politicizea community of ruralor urban poor whilesharing their livingconditions.

71. Narodnikism.

/n??r?dn?k?z (?)m/ (=Narodnism.

/na?r?dn?z (?)m/).

1930s; earliest use found inMax Eastman (1883−1969). From Narodnik + -ism, after Russian narodniиestvo.

noun.

the doctrine of the Narodniks; Russian populism.

72. narodnost.

/n??r?dn?st/.

1940s. From Russiannarodnost? nationality, essential quality ofthe (common) people, group ofpeople sharing national identity fromnarod.

+ -nost?, suffixcorresponding approximately in use to-ness.

noun.

In Russia and (formerly) the Soviet Union: asense of belonging to anation, national characteror quality; theessential quality of the (common) people. Also as acount noun: a group ofpeople sharing a nationalidentity, but lacking someattribute or attributes essential toa people ornation.

73. nihilism.

/ni· hil·ism/.

1817, «the doctrine of negation» (in reference to religion or morals), from German nihilismus, from Latinnihil «nothing at all» (see nil), coinedby German philosopherFriedrich Heinrich Jacobi (1743−1819).In philosophy, an extreme formof skepticism (1836). Thepolitical sense was first used byGerman journalist Joseph von Gцrres (1776- 1848). Turgenev used theRussian form of the word (nigilizm) in «Fathers and Children» (1862)and claimed to have invented it. Witha capital N-, it refers to theRussian revolutionary anarchism of theperiod 1860−1917, supposedly socalled because «nothing» that thenexisted found favor in theireyes.

noun.

• 1. a viewpointthat traditional valuesand beliefs are unfoundedand that existence issenseless anduseless
• 2. the program of a19th centuryRussian partyadvocatingrevolutionary reform and usingterrorism andassassination

74. NKVD.

Abbreviation of Russian Narodnyi komissariat vnutrennikh del`People's Commissariat of InternalAffairs'.

noun abbreviation.

The secret police agencyin the former SovietUnion which absorbedthe functions of theformer OGPU in 1934. Itmerged with the MVD in1946.

• 75. OGPU
• (also Ogpu orGPU)

Acronym fromRussian Ob? edinлnnoegosudarstvennoe politicheskoe upravlenie`United State PoliticalDirectorate'.

noun.

an organizationfor investigatingand combatingcounterrevolutionary activitiesin the former SovietUnion, existing from 1922(1922; 3 as the GPU) to 1934and replacing the Cheka. Itwas absorbed into the NKVDin 1934.

76. osetr (alsoosetra).

/???s?t?®/.

/???s?tr?/.

/??sj?t?®/.

Mid 18th century; earliest usefound in Jonas Hanway (bap. 1712, d.

1786), merchant andphilanthropist. From Russian osлtr, probablyfrom the same base as ostryj sharp, with reference either to theelongated shape of the fish or to its sharpfins. The semantic element `sharp'also occurs in the cognateLithuanian forms aрлtras, erрket®as, and inthe scientific Latinacipenser.

noun.

the Russiansturgeon, Acipensergueldenstaedtii, found in the basins ofthe Caspian Sea, the Seaof Azov, and the BlackSea, and fished as a sourceof caviar.

• 77. papirosa
• (also papyrosa, papyross)

/?pap??r??s?/.

/?pap??r?s?/.

Mid 19th century; earliest usefound in The Daily News. FromRussian papiros, papirosa, probablyfrom Polish papieros cigarette of anytype (although this is only attestedlater) from papier paper + a secondelement of uncertainorigin.

noun.

a type of Russianunfiltered cigarette consisting ofa tube of paper orcardboard, a short section at oneend of which is filledwith tobacco.

78. paskha.

/?pask?/.

Russian, literally`Easter'.

noun.

a rich Russiandessert made with curdcheese, dried fruit, nuts, andspices and traditionally eatenat Easter.

79. pavlova.

/?pav-l?-v?/.

Named after A. Pavlova (see Pavlova, Anna).

First known use:1926.

noun.

a meringue desserttopped with whipped creamand fresh fruit, named afterthe Russian ballet dancerAnna Pavlova.

80. perestroika.

/per· e·stroi·ka/.

/?per-?-?stri-k?/.

• 1981, from Russianperestroika, literally «rebuilding, reconstruction, reform» (of Soviet society, etc.), from pere- «re-» (from Old Russianpere- «around, again,» fromProto-Slavic
• *per-, from PIE *per- (1)" forward, through;" see per) +stroika «building, construction,» fromOld Russian stroji «order,» fromPIE
• *stroi-, from root *stere- «tospread» (see structure (n.)). First proposedat the 26th Party Congress (1981); popularized in English 1985during Mikhail Gorbachev’s leadershipof theU.S.S.R.

noun.

the policy of economicand governmentalreform instituted byMikhail Gorbachev in theSoviet Union during themid- 1980s.

81. Petrouchka.

/puh-troosh-kuh/.

Russian, 1910s.

noun.

a ballet suite (1911)by Stravinsky.

82. piroshky (alsopirozhki).

/p??r??ki/.

Russian pirozhki, plural ofpirozhok, diminutive of pirogpastry.

First known use:1887.

noun.

small Russiansavoury pastries or patties, filled with meat or fish andrice.

83. pogrom.

1882, from Yiddish pogrom, from.

noun.

/po· grom/.

Russian pogromu" devastation,.

an organized massacreof.

destruction," from po- «by, through,.

helplesspeople;

behind, after" (cognate withLatin.

specifically: sucha.

post-; see post-) + gromu" thunder,.

massacre ofJews.

roar," from PIE imitativeroot.

*ghrem- (seegrim).

84. Politburo.

" Highest policy-makingcommittee.

noun.

/?p?l?t?bj?ro?/.

of the U.S.S.R.," 1927, fromRussian.

the principalpolicy;

politbyuro, contractedfrom.

making andexecutive.

politicheskoe byuro" political.

committee of aCommunist.

bureau." .

party.

85. polynya.

/?pдl?n?yд/.

Mid 19th century: fromRussian, from the base of pole`field'.

noun.

an area of open waterin seaice.

86. pood.

Late 16th century; earliest usefound.

noun.

/?pьd/.

in Richard Hakluyt (?1552−1616),.

a Russian unit ofweight.

geographer. From Old Russianpud?,.

equal to about36.11.

probably from Old Icelandicpund.

pounds (16.38kilograms).

unit of weight, or perhapsfrom.

German regional (LowGerman).

pundunit ofweight.

87. Pravda.

Russian, literally`truth'.

noun.

/?prдvd?/.

a Russian dailynewspaper,.

founded in 1912 andfrom.

1918 to 1991 theofficial.

organ of theSoviet.

CommunistParty.

88. Raskolnik.

/Ras· kol·nik/.

/r??sklnik/.

Russian raskol’nik, fromraskol schism (from raz-, prefixdenoting separation—from Old Slavic—± kol, from kolot' to separate, divide)+.

— nik, noun suffix denoting aperson engaged in or connectedwith something specified; akinto Lithuanian kalti tobeat.

noun.

a dissenter fromthe Russian OrthodoxChurch and member of one ofthe several groups (as the Doukhobors, Khlysty) developing fromthe schism of the 17thcentury in protest againstliturgical reforms —called alsoOld Believer, OldRitualist.

89. ruble (alsorouble).

/?rь-b?l/.

Unit of the Russian monetarysystem, 1550s, via French rouble, from Russian rubl', perhaps fromOld Russian rubiti «to chop, cut, hew,» so called because the originalmetallic currency of Russia (14c.)consisted of silver bars, from whichthe necessary amount was cut off;from Proto-Slavic *rub-, from PIEroot.

*reub-, *reup- «to snatch» (seerip (v.)).

noun.

the basic monetary unitof Russia — see moneytable.

90. sable.

/?sвb?l/.

/?se?b?l/.

Middle English, fromAnglo-French, from Middle Low Germansabel sable or its fur, from MiddleHigh German zobel, of Slav origin; akinto Russian sobol' sable or itsfur.

First known use: 14thcentury.

noun.

• 1. amarten with a shorttail and dark brown fur, native to Japan and Siberiaand valued for itsfur.
• 2. a blackcolour, resembling the fur ofsome sables

91. sagene.

/sa· gene/.

/?sд?zhen/.

Russian sazhen'; akin to.

Russian syagat' to reach for, grasp, OldSlavicsgntitograsp, Latvian segt tocover.

noun.

a Russian unit oflength equal to 7feet.

92. samizdat.

/?s?mizdжt/.

/?sдmзzdat/.

" Illegal and clandestine copyingand sharing of literature," 1967, from Russian samizdat, literally" selfpublishing," from sam «self» (see same) + izdatel’stvo" publishing" .

Said to be a word-play onGosizdat, the former state publishing houseof the U.S.S.R. One who took part init was a samizdatchik (plural samizdatchiki). Later andless common was tamizdat" writings published abroad and smuggledback into the U.S.S.R.," from tam" there." .

noun.

a system in theU.S.S.R. and countries withinits orbit bywhich government-suppressed.

literature wasclandestinely printed anddistributed; also: suchliterature.

93. samovar.

/?sam??vдr/.

/?sжm??v?r/.

1830, from Russian samovar, literally" self-boiler," from sam «self» (seesame) + varit «to boil» (fromOld Church Slavonic variti «tocook,» from PIE root *wer- «to burn»);but this is perhaps folk-etymology ifthe word is from Tatar sanabar" teaurn" .

noun.

a highly decorated teaurn used inRussia.

94. sevruga.

/s??vro o??/.

Russian sevryuga, a speciesof sturgeon.

First known use:1591.

noun.

a gray caviar froma sturgeon (Acipensersevru) of the Caspian Sea withroe that is smaller than thatof osetra; also: thefish.

95. shaman.

/?shд-m?n/.

1690s, «priest of theUral-Altaic peoples,» probably viaGerman Schamane, from Russiansha’man, from Tungussaman, which isperhaps from Chinese sha men" Buddhist monk," from Prakritsamaya-, from Sanskrit sramana-s" Buddhist ascetic" [OED]. Related: Shamanic.

noun.

a priest or priestesswho uses magic for thepurpose of curing the sick, divining the hidden, andcontrolling events.

96. shashlik.

/SHдSH?lik/.

From Russian shashlyk, basedon Turkish єiє `spit, skewer';compare with shishkebab.

noun.

(in Asia andeastern Europe) a muttonkebab.

97. shchi.

/?t?i?/.

From Russianshchi.

noun.

a type of Russiancabbage soup.

98. shuba.

/shu· ba/.

/?shьb?/.

Russian, from MiddleHigh.

German schыbe outer garment, from Old Italian giubba jacket, from Arabicjubbah.

noun.

a Russian fur orfur-lined overcoat orcloak.

99. souslik (alsosuslik).

/?so oslik/.

Late 18th century: fromRussian.

noun.

a short-tailedground squirrel native toEurasia and theArctic.

100. Soviet.

/?sфvз?t/.

/?so?vi?t/.

1917, from Russian sovet" governing council," literally «council,» from Old Russian suvetu «assembly,» from su «with» (from *su (n) — «with, together,» from PIE *ksun- «with»)+ vetu «counsel.» The whole is aloantranslation of Greeksymboulion «council ofadvisers.» Asanadjectivefrom1918.

noun adjective.

an elected local, district, or national council inthe former SovietUnion.

101. sovkhoz.

/sдv?kфz/.

Russian, short forsovetskoe khozyaistvo (sovietfarm).

First known use:1921.

noun.

a state-owned farm ofthe.

U.S.S.R. paying wagesto theworkers.

102. Sputnik.

/?sp?tnik/.

" artificial satellite," extendedfrom the name of the one launched bythe Soviet Union Oct. 4, 1957, from Russian sputnik «satellite,» literally «traveling companion» (in thisuse short for sputnik zemlyi," traveling companion of the Earth") fromOld Church Slavonic supotiniku, from Russian so-, s- «with, together» +put'.

noun.

any of a series ofearthorbiting satelliteslaunched by the SovietUnion beginning in1957.

" path, way," from OldChurch Slavonic poti, from PIE *pent-" to tread, go" (see find (v.)) +agent suffixnik.

103. Stakhanovite.

/st??kдn??vоt/.

/st??k?n??va?t/.

1935, from name ofhard-working Soviet coal minerAleksei Grigorevich Stakhanov (1906;1977), in reference to an efficiencysystem in which workers increasetheir piecework production andare rewarded with bonusesand privileges. Sovietauthorities publicized his prodigious outputas part of a campaign toincrease productivity.

noun.

a Soviet industrialworker awarded recognitionand special privilegesfor output beyondproduction norms.

104. Stalinism.

/?stдl??niz?m/.

/?st?l??n?z?m/.

1927, from Stalin + -ism.Related: Stalinist.

noun.

The ideology andpolicies adopted by Stalin, basedon centralization, totalitarianism, andthe pursuit ofcommunism.

105. starets.

/?st??r (j)?ts/.

Early 18th century. FromRussian starec (plural starcy) venerableold man, elder, monk, spiritualleader from the base of Russian staryj old+.

— ec, suffix formingnouns.

noun.

A man, typically amonk, who is regarded ashaving spiritual authority, andis hence often sought out asa counsellor or guide, despite his holding noformal position inthe ecclesiasticalhierarchy.

• 106. starosta
• (also staroste, starost)

/?star?st?/.

From Russianstarosta.

Late 16th century; earliest usefound in GilesFletcher.

Noun.

In Russia: the head ofa village community, typically elected, and having various judicialand administrative responsibilities.

107. steppe (oftensteppes).

/step/.

/st?p/.

Late 17th century: fromRussian.

step?.

noun.

a large area offlat unforested grasslandin southeastern Europeor Siberia.

108. sterlet.

/?st?rl?t/.

/?st?rl?t/.

Late 16th century: fromRussian.

sterlyad?.

noun.

a small sturgeon ofthe Danube basin andCaspian Sea area, farmedand commercially fished forits flesh andcaviar.

109. stroganoff (alsostroganov).

/?str???n?f/.

Named after Count PavelStroganov (1772−1817), Russiandiplomat.

noun.

a dish in which thecentral ingredient, typicallystrips of beef, is cooked ina sauce containingsour cream.

110. taiga (often thetaiga).

/?tо??/.

/?ta???/.

Late 19th century: fromRussian.

taiga, fromMongolian.

Noun.

the sometimes swampy coniferous forest ofhigh northernlatitudes, especially that betweenthe tundra and steppesof Siberia and NorthAmerica.

111. tarantass.

/?tar (?)n?tas/.

From Russiantarantas.

noun.

a four-wheeledhorsedrawn Russiancarriage without springs, mounted on a long flexiblewooden chassis.

112. telega.

/t??le???/.

Late 16th century. FromRussian.

telega.

Noun.

In Russia: a roughlyor simply constructedfourwheeled cart, without springs.

113. tokamak.

/?tфk??mak/.

1960s: Russian, fromtoroidal? naya kamera s magnitnym polem`toroidal chamber with magneticfield'.

noun.

a toroidal devicefor producingcontrolled nuclear fusion that involves the confiningand heating of agaseous plasma by means ofan electric current and magneticfield.

114. tovarich (alsotovarish).

/t??vдriSH/.

Russiantovarishch.

First known use: circa1917.

noun.

In the formerSoviet Union, acomrade.

115. troika.

/?tri-k?/.

1842, «carriage drawn bythree horses abreast,» from Russiantroika «three-horse team, any groupof three,» from collective numeraltroje «group of three» (from PIE*tro-yo-, suffixed form of *trei-, see three)+ diminutive suffixka. Sense of" any group of threeadministrators, triumvirate" is first recorded1945.

noun.

a Russian vehicle drawnby three horses abreast; also: ateam for such avehicle.

116. tundra.

/?t?n-dr?/.

/?tu n-dr?/.

Russian, from Russiandialect (northeast) tundra, tundara, from Kildin Sami (Sami language ofthe northern Kola Peninsula) tыnter.

First known use: circa1841.

noun.

a vast, flat, treelessArctic region of Europe, Asia, and North America inwhich the subsoil ispermanently frozen.

117. ukase.

" decree issued by aRussian.

noun.

/ju?ke?s/.

/yo o? kвs/.

emperor," 1729, from Russianukaz.

" edict," back-formation fromukazat'.

a proclamation bya.

Russian emperoror.

" to show, decree, to order," fromOld.

government havingthe.

Church Slavonic ukazati, fromu;

force oflaw.

" away," perhaps here anintensive.

prefix, from PIE *au- (2) «off, away» .

+ kazati «to show, order,» from.

Slavic *kaz- (related to thefirst.

element of Casimir), from PIEroot.

*kwek- «to appear, show.» .

118. uralite.

/?j??r??la?t/.

(adj. uralitic/?j??r??l?t?k/).

19th century: from the Russianthe Ural Mountains where it wasfirst found ±ite.

noun.

an amphibolemineral, similar to hornblende, that replaces pyroxene insome igneous andmetamorphic rocks.

119. verst.

/v?rst/.

/v?rst/.

Russian unit of distancemeasure equal to about two-thirds of amile, 1550s, from Russian versta, related to Old Church Slavonicvrusta «stadium,» vruteti (Russianvertet) «to turn» (seeversus).

noun.

a Russian unit ofdistance equal to 0.6629 mile (1.067 kilometers).

120. vigorish.

from Ukrainian vygrash orRussian.

noun.

/?vi??riSH/.

vyigryshwinnings, profit.

a charge taken (as bya.

bookie or agambling.

First known use:1912.

house) on bets; also: the.

degree of such acharge.

121. vodka.

/?v?dk?/.

/?vдdk?/.

1802, from Russian vodka, literally «little water,» diminutive ofvoda «water» (from PIE *wod-a-, from root *wed- (1) «water, wet;» see water (n.1)) + diminutive suffix-ka.

noun.

a colorless liquor ofneutral spirits distilled froma mash (as of rye orwheat).

122. voivode (orvaivode,.

1550−60; Slavic; comparePolish.

noun.

less commonlyvoivod).

wojewoda, Russian voevуda, Serbo;

a military commanderor.

/vai vode//?vо?vфd/.

Croatian v? j (e)voda, Hungarian.

governor of a townor.

vajvoda (nowvajda).

province in variousSlavic.

countries.

123. zek.

/zek/.

1968, from Russian zek, probably representing a vocalization ofz/k, abbreviation ofzaklyuchennyi «prisoner.» .

noun.

Russian condemnedperson in a prison or laborcamp.

124. zemstvo.

Russian; akin to Russianzemlya.

noun.

/?zemstvф/.

earth, land, Latinhumus.

one of the districtand.

provincialassemblies.

First known use:1865.

established in Russiain.

125. zolotnik.

Russian, from zoloto gold ±nik,.

noun.

/¦zдl?t¦nзk/,/-nik.

noun suffix denoting athing.

a Russian unit ofweight.

plural-s.

connected with somethingspecified.

equal to 4.266 grams ora.

small fr…

8 results werefound.

" People whispered about the Lubyanka, the KGB prisonon Dzerzhinsky Square, butmost Muscovites who broke the lawand got caught ended up inLefortovo prison on the east side oftown". (p.64).

" You’d pick any innocent touristand throw him in the Lubyanka" .(p.209).

57. mahorka (alsomakhorka, makharka).

not found.

not found.

58. mammoth.

not found.

1 result wasfound.

" Lower Manhattan’s publicbuildings were a nighttime collection ofRoman, colonial and modern architecture, with one floodlit exception, asingle mammoth building that consumedand entire block and seemed familiarto Arkady" .(p.329).

59. matryoshka (alsomatryoshka doll, matrioshka).

not found.

not found.

60. mead.

not found.

not found.

61. Menshevik (alsoMenshevist).

not found.

1 result wasfound.

" Anarchists, Mensheviks, you nameit, if it was Russian and crazy, it hada home in New York City — ourhome". (p.180).

62. MGB.

22 results werefound.

«Anisya saw a man dressed ina dark uniform — an MGBagent». (p.22).

not found.

«Not until late in theafternoon, some seven hours after theinitial discovery, had the militiafinally contacted the Homicide Department headed byformer MGB agent LeoStepanovich Demidov».(p.32).

«Staring at the dark corners, the murky enclaves, the hidingplaces where he’d trained MGBrecruits to move, he called out…"(p.54).

63. MiG.

/m??/.

2 results werefound.

«Fighter jets — MiGs — cutlow over the city, dropping intoattack position, strafing targets».(p.355).

not found.

64. Mir.

not found.

not found.

65. Molotov cocktail.

1 result wasfound.

«Three young men acrossthe street were readyingMolotov cocktails».(p.353).

not found.

66. mors (also morse).

not found.

not found.

67. moujik (also muzhik).

not found.

not found.

68. MVD.

2 results werefound.

«I've been sent by the MVDto collect information about howthe reforms are beingimplemented since Khrushchev’sspeech». (p.184).

3 results werefound.

" The militia — the police arm ofthe MVD — directed traffic, chaseddrunks and picked up everydaycorpses". (p.8).

69. narod.

not found.

not found.

70. Narodnik.

not found.

not found.

71. Narodnikism (=Narodnism).

not found.

not found.

72. narodnost.

not found.

not found.

73. nihilism.

not found.

not found.

74. NKVD.

not found.

not found.

75. OGPU (also Ogpuor GPU).

not found.

not found.

76. osetr (alsoosetra).

not found.

not found.

77. papirosa (alsopapyrosa, papyross).

not found.

1 result wasfound.

" Despite a ign that warnedNO SMOKING, the girl smokedthe cheapestcardboard-and-tobacco papirosi cigarette in the oldlacquered holder" .(p.162).

78. paskha.

not found.

1 result wasfound.

«They served wonderful foodbeef Stroganov, chicken Kiev, paskha, blini and caviar, sturgeon injelly». (p.317).

79. pavlova.

not found.

not found.

80. perestroika.

not found.

not found.

81. Petrouchka.

not found.

not found.

82. piroshky (also pirozhki).

not found.

not found.

83. pogrom.

not found.

not found.

84. Politburo.

1 result wasfound.

«His record was impeccable: a former candidate for theCentral Committee Politburo».(p.39).

1 result wasfound.

«They were the same toughand homely faces as on the Politburo, but roughed up and down the street abit». (p.249).

85. polynya.

not found.

not found.

86. pood.

not found.

not found.

87. Pravda.

2 results werefound.

«The design schematics hadbeen reprinted in Pravda, footagehad run in the cinemas showingreal people superimposed againsta matte drawing of thecompleted baths».(p.106).

6 results werefound.

" I read every back issue ofPravda". (p.142).

88. Raskolnik.

not found.

not found.

89. ruble (also rouble).

1 result wasfound.

«Yet the failure of thatproject costing many thousands oflives and billions of roubles, hadn't damaged his career».(p.169).

41 results werefound.

" A boy with a wooden replica ofa gun removes two rubles froma drunk" .(p.27).

" You make a hundred andeighty rubles a month and I make ahundred and twenty" .(p.33).

Officially, defense lawyersreceived no more than judges — say, 200rubles a month" .(p.49).

90. sable.

not found.

129 results werefound.

" The other photo was fromKrasnoye Znamya, captioned: 'Pretty sorterV. Davidova holds up the pelt ofa Barguzhinsky sable worth 1,000 R.'". (p.112).

" Two American minks fortwo Russian sables. The sables weremore beautiful; nothing can comparewith Russian sable" .(p.136).

" Set on his silver hair was ablack sable hat that must have costmore than Arkady earned in a year" .(p.149).

91. sagene.

not found.

not found.

92. samizdat.

not found.

1 result wasfound.

" The poet F., a samizdat courier, was charged with stealing books fromthe Lenin Library" .(p.65).

93. samovar.

not found.

2 results werefound.

" The conductor had his ownsamovar, hard rolls and jam in hishaven". (p.250).

94. sevruga.

not found.

not found.

95. shaman.

not found.

not found.

96. shashlik.

not found.

not found.

97. shchi.

not found.

not found.

98. shuba.

not found.

not found.

99. souslik (also suslik).

not found.

not found.

100. Soviet.

74 results werefound.

«Much of his work hadbeen condemned as anti-Soviet».(p.20) «For this task they neededthe help of a perfect Soviet, someone whose apartment would neverbe searched».(p.21).

«Now they want thestation, nothingless, theysayit’sthenational station and it belongsto them, not the Soviets».(p.300).

107 results werefound.

" In 1946 they constituted a 'centerof anti-Soviet activity' by operatinga rare-book store that harboredthe scribblers Montaigne, Apollinaire and Hemingway" .(p.26).

" Pilferage in factories wasconstant and enormous; it was theprivate enterprise side of Sovietindustry". (p.35).

«I gave you highest marks — Icalled you a hero of Soviet Justice, nothing less» .(p.220).

" If I could have a doctor cut intomy brain right now and take out everything Soviet, every memoryI had, I’d do it" .(p.308).

101. sovkhoz.

not found.

not found.

102. Sputnik.

not found.

2 results werefound.

" In a store window shabby dollswere small, perfect Pioneers; abatterydriven Sputnik circled amoon-shaped lamp that urged 'Look to theFuture!'". (p.26).

103. Stakhanovite.

not found.

not found.

104. Stalinism.

1 result wasfound.

«Leo, no one is going backto.

Stalinism".(p.364).

not found.

105. starets.

not found.

not found.

106. starosta (alsostaroste, starost).

not found.

not found.

107. steppe (often steppes).

not found.

not found.

108. sterlet.

not found.

not found.

109. stroganoff (alsostroganov).

not found.

1 result wasfound.

«They served wonderful foodbeef Stroganov, chicken Kiev, paskha, blini and caviar, sturgeon injelly». (p.317).

110. taiga (often thetaiga).

not found.

3 results werefound.

" The Russian language admittedonly two Mongol words, taiga andtundra, and those two words expresseda world of endless forest ortreeless horizons" .(p.111).

111. tarantass.

not found.

not found.

112. telega.

not found.

not found.

113. tokamak.

not found.

not found.

114. tovarich (alsotovarish).

not found.

not found.

115. troika.

not found.

2 results werefound.

" The investigator suspected thepoor dead bastards were just a vodkatroika that had cheerily frozen todeath" (p.8).

116. tundra.

3 results werefound.

«Crashing across the unevenicy tundra, bumping up anddown, Georgi cried out…"(p.239).

4 results werefound.

" The Russian language admittedonly two Mongol words, taiga andtundra, and those two words expresseda world of endless forest ortreeless horizons" .(p.111).

117. ukase.

not found.

not found.

• 118. uralite
• (adj.uralitic)

not found.

not found.

119. verst.

not found.

not found.

120. vigorish.

not found.

not found.

121. vodka.

4 results werefound.

«Arriving at the factoryearly, he’d taken the bottle ofvodka from his drawer and pouredit.

down the sink before spendingthe day cleaning, mopping, dustingwiping away the flecks ofgrease from the Linotypemachines". (p.30).

62 results werefound.

" Vodka was liquid taxation, andthe price was always rising" .(p.8) «We're relaxing, some vodkaunder our belts and we’re feelinggood». (p.37).

" Arkady unlocked a woodensafe, which contained a citytelephone directory and four bottles ofvodka". (p.47).

122. voivode (vaivode, voivod).

not found.

not found.

123. zek.

1 result wasfound.

" At this point in the yearunder Stalin’s rule the ship wouldhave held four times as many inan attempt to ease the backlog atthe transit camps built up overthe winters as the zek trains, the prisoner-filled wagons, continued to deliver but the shipsremained docked" .(p.117).

not found.

124. zemstvo.

not found.

not found.

125. zolotnik.

not found.

not found.