Стилистическое функционирование неологизмов в языке СМИ

To this group we can also refer abbreviations of the type yuppie (young urban professional people), such as: muppie (middle-aged urban professional people), gruppie (grown-up…), rumpie (rural…), bluppie (black…) etc. People belonging to the lowest layer of the society are called survivors, a little bit more prosperous are called sustainers, and those who try to prosper in life and imitate those they want to belong to are called emulaters. Those who have prospered but are not belongers are called achievers. All these layers of society are called VAL (Value and Lifestyles).

There are a lot of immigrants now in the UK, as a result neologisms partial and nonpartial were formed (имеющие право жить в стране и его антоним).

The word-group welfare mother was formed to denote a non-working single mother living on benefit.

In connection with criminalization of towns in the UK voluntary groups assisting the police were formed where dwellers of the neighbourhood are joined. These groups are called neighbour watch, home watch. Criminals wear stocking masks not to be recognized.

The higher society has neologisms in their speech, such as: dial-a-meal (заказ еды из ресторана по телефону с доставкой на дом), dial-a-taxi (заказ такси по телефону) and others.

In the language of teenagers there are such words as: Drugs! (OK!), sweat (long distance run), task (домашнее задание), brunch etc.

With the development of professional jargons a lot of words ending in speak appeared in English, e.g. artspeak, sportspeak, medspeak, education-speak, video-speak, cablespeak etc. Another group of neologisms connected with professions is babble (jargons are formed by using a synonym of the word speak), e.g. ecobabble (terminology connected with ecology), eurobabble (language style of documents used in Euromarket), psychobabble (terminology connected with psychiatry), technobabble (technical terminology) and many others.

Everyday life neologisms

There are different semantic groups of neologisms belonging to everyday life:

a) food, e.g. starter (instead of hors d’oeuvres), macrobiotics (raw vegetables, crude rice), longlife milk, clingfilm, microwave stove, consumer electronics, fridge-freezer, hamburgers (beefburgers, cheeseburgers, fish burgers, veg-burgers etc);

b) clothing, e.g. catsuit (one-piece clinging suit), slimster (one-piece bathing suit), string (miniscule bikini), hipster (trousers or skirt with the belt on hips), completenik (a long sweater for trousers), sweatnik (a long jacket), pants-skirt (combination of a mini-skirt and pants), bloomers (lady's sports trousers);

c) footwear, e.g. winklepickers (shoes with long pointed toes), thongs (open sandals), backsters (beech sandals with thick soles);

d) bags, e.g. bumbag (a small bag worn on the waist), sling bag (a bag with a long belt), maitre (a small bag for cosmetics).

There are also such words as: dangledolly (a dolly-talisman dangling in the car before the windscreen), boot-sale (selling from the boot of the car), touch-pad, portable telephone, speaker-phone (a special phone for entering the door of a house).

Structural and stylistic features of newspapers' neologisms

In Modern English newspapers there are a lot of nouns with the second element basher: Commiebasher (a person who gives a shattering accuses of Communists), IRA-basher (a person who is against IRA), Paki-basher (a person who is against Pakistan) etc. The name of the corresponding action is formed by means ofbashing (Commie-bashing). A British specialist in slang E. Patridge wrote that bash was formed by blending the verbs bang and smash.

We also can find a lot of adjectives with the second component oriented, e.g. computer-oriented, money-oriented, action-oriented, change-oriented, leisure-oriented, job-oriented etc. In the American variant of English U. Sefaire mentions adjectives with the structure N + wide and N + intensive, such as: industry-wide, personnel-wide, profit-intensive, energy-intensive, labor-intensive, technology-intensive, neologism-intensive.

Among compound adjectives of neutral type there are words with the first element in which has the meaning inside, e.g. in-car, in-college, in-city, in-flight, in-house, in-term etc.

In newspapers there are plenty of neologisms formed by means of affixation, such as: pro-life (prohibiting abortions), pro-choice (allowing abortions), decompress, disimprove, overhoused, educationalist, slimster, folknik, re-equip, antipollution, rehouse etc. There are neologisms formed with the help of suffixes which are native and highly productive, e.g. -ie which forms affixed nouns and also abbreviations (initialisms with a suffix): afoodie (a person fond of food), a groupie (a girl who follows a pop group everywhere), a winie (a person fond of drinking wine), bluppie (black urban prosperous person).

The suffix ster (native) which was rather archaic now has become highly productive. As we have found out it is used to denote:

a) types of cars, e.g. coupster (a two-seater), jeepster (a small lorry);

b) names of people having a hobby, e.g. a popster (a fan of pop music), a punkster (a fan of punk music), coolster (a fan of cool jazz);

c) names of people fond of joking, e.g. funster, quipster, jokester;

d) names of objects of clothing and footware, e.g. hipster, backsters;

e) and also names of people connected with crime, e.g. crimester, gangster, mobster, gadster.

The suffixnik is a new suffix in English. It was borrowed from Russian at the end of the 19th century with the word narodnik but it was not productive. It became productive when the word sputnik was borrowed. Now new words are formed in English from native stems. Here belong the following semantic groups:

a) words connected with spaceships, e.g. pupnik, spacenik;

b) fans of something, e.g. filmnik, folknik, poetnik;

c) objects of clothing, e.g. beachnik, sweatnik.

There is a tendency in Modem English newspapers and magazines to use ellipsis (syntactical abbreviation) when one component of a nominative binomial is used instead of the whole phrase. In some cases the first element of the phrase is retained, e.g. Shadow (Shadow Cabinet), zebra (zebra crossing), semi (semi-detached house). In other cases the second component is preserved, e.g. Market (Common Market), probes (space probes), Hill (Capitol Hill).

Stylistic changes of word usage

There are also some stylistic changes in the usage of some words, which are not neologisms. There is a tendency not to differentiate the words further and farther to denote space and time, the word elder has become archaic and the word older is used in both meanings (in the family and in the age).

The pronoun such is substituted by the pronoun that (an investigation like that, that kind of telescope).

The word so is substituted by that before adjectives (It is not that simple).

Instead of as … as they use not this (It can’t be this cold tomorrow). Very much has become frequently used in the meaning typical (He is very much a man. She is very much a young lady.) and in the meaning in a great degree (This is very much the case. — Это вполне соответствует действительности).

The verb to get in many cases substitutes the verb to have in the Complex object (He got his hair cut), it can also substitute the verb to be (to get born, to get caught in a heavy rain).

Conclusions

Every period in the development of a language produces an enormous number of a new words or new meaning of established words. Most of them do not live long, because they are not meant to live long. They are, as it were, coined for use at the moment of speech, and therefore possess a peculiar property — that of temporariness. The given word of meaning holds only in the given context and is meant only to «serve the occasion».

T o adapt means to make or undergo modifications in function and structure so as to be fit for a new use, a new environment or a new situation. B eing an adaptive system the vocabulary is constantly adjusting itself to the changing requirements and conditions of human communications and cultural and other needs.

T his process of self-regulation of the lexical system is a result of overcoming contradictions between the state of the system and the demands it has to meet. T he speaker chooses from the existing stock of words such words that in his opinion can adequately express his thought and feeling.

F ailing to find the expression he needs, he coins a new one. It is important to stress that the development is not confined to coining new words on the existing patterns but in adapting the very structure of the system to its changing functions.

A ccording to F. de Saussure synchronic linguistics deals with systems and diachronic linguistics — with single elements, and the two methods must be kept strictly apart. A language system then should be studied as something fixed and unchanging, whereas we observe the opposite: it is constantly changed and readjusted as the need arises.

T he concept of adaptive systems overcomes this contradiction and permits us to study language as a constantly developing but systematic whole. T he adaptive system approach gives a more adequate account of the systematic phenomena of a vocabulary by explaining more facts about the functioning of words and providing more relevant generalizations, because we can take into account the influence of extra-linguistic reality. T

he study of the vocabulary as an adaptive system reveals the pragmatic essence of the communication process, i.e. the way language is used to influence the addressee. T here is a considerable difference of opinion as to the type of system involved, although the majority of linguists since the beginning of XX century has agreed that the vocabulary should be studied as a system. Our present state of knowledge is, however, insufficient to present the whole of the vocabulary as one articulated system, so we deal with it as if it were a set of interrelated systems.

For different purposes of study different types of grouping may prove effective, there is no optimum short cut equally suitable for all purposes.

We shall constantly slide the basis of our definitions from one level to another, whereas in an adequate classification the definition of various classes must be based on the same kind of criteria. That means we shall obtain data for various approaches to the system not the system itself as yet.

The adaptive system approach to vocabulary is still in its infancy, but it is already possible to hazard an interim estimate of its significance. Language as well as other adaptive systems better studied in other branches of science is capable of obtaining information from the extra-linguistic world and with the help of feedback makes use of it for self-optimization. If the variation proves useful, it remains in the vocabulary.

The sources of language material

Guardian //

http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk

The Independent //

http://www.independent.co.uk

Mirror //

http://www.mirror.co.uk/

Times //

http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/

Telegraph

http://www.telegraph.co.uk

Bibliography

Arnold I.V. Stylistics of modern English language. L. 1973.

Arnold I.V. The English Word. М., 1986.

Dubenets E.M. Modern English lexicology: Theory and Practice. М., 2002.

Galperin I.R. Stylistics. M., 1971.

Kulgavova L.V. Lexicology of English language. M., 2008.

Kusmin S.S. Russian-English dictionary for the translators. M., 2001.

Minaeva L.V. Lexicology and lexicography of English language. М., 2003.

Muller V.K. English-Russian dictionary. 20 edition, М., 1985.

Nikolenko L.V. Lexicology and phraseology of Russian language. М., 2005.

Shaykevich A.Y. Introduction in linguistics. М., 1995.

Skrebnev Y.M. Fundamentals of English Stylistics. M., 2000.

О соотношении синхронного анализа и исторического изучения языков. М., 1960.

Уфимцева А. И. Теории «семантического поля» и возможности их применения при изучении словарного состава языка // Вопросы теории анализа в современной зарубежной лингвистике. М., 1961.

Филин Ф.П. О лексико-семантических группах слов. // Езиковедски исследования в чест на акад. Стефан Младенов. София, 1951.

Щерба Л. В. Языковая система и речевая деятельность. М.: УРСС, 2004.

Arnold I.V. The English Word. М., 1986. P. 217

Arnold I.V. The English Word. М., 1986. P. 220.

Galperin I.R. Stylistics. M., 1971. P. 84.

Dubenets E.M. Modern English lexicology: Theory and Practice. М., 2002. P. 164.

Dubenets E.M. Modern English lexicology: Theory and Practice. М., 2002. P. 168.

Dubenets E.M. Modern English lexicology: Theory and Practice. М., 2002. P. 163.

Dubenets E.M. Modern English lexicology: Theory and Practice. М., 2002. P. 165.

О соотношении синхронного анализа и исторического изучения языков. М., 1960.

For a detailed discussion of the statistical approach the reader should refer to the works of A.J. Shaikevich