Международно-правовые проблемы реституции жилья и имущества беженцев и вынужденных переселенцев

The Special Rapporteur agrees that integrating a gender perspective is critical to the work of the human rights bodies and their mechanisms, and as such has sought to integrate a gender perspective within these Principles, including provisions with respect to positive measures which should be implemented in order to ensure the equal right of men and women, and the equal right of boys and girls, to the enjoyment of housing, land and property restitution. The right to be protected from displacement14. The Principles articulate several rights which are relevant at all times during displacement, and in this section summarizes those rights which are of particular significance in terms of protecting people from displacement. As such, the Principles speak not only to the issue of providing a remedy (i.e. restitution) to those persons already displaced, but also to seeing that the crisis of displacement is itself averted. This is consistent with the spirit of the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, which note in principle 5 that «All authorities and international actors shall respect and ensure respect for their obligations under international law, including human rights and humanitarian law, in all circumstances, so as to prevent and avoid conditions that might lead to displacement of persons.» 15. The Guiding Principles also state in principle 6 that «Every human being shall have the right to be protected against being arbitrarily displaced from his or her home or place of habitual residence.» This language is similar to that which is reflected within principle 5.1 of the Principles.

16. Principle 5.3 makes reference to the practice of forced eviction, which deserves special consideration here, as forced evictions are often seen in situations of displacement. «Forced eviction» is the permanent or temporary removal against their will of individuals, families and/or communities from the homes and/or land which they occupy, without the provision of, and access to, appropriate forms of legal or other protection. Forced evictions are a particular type of displacement which are most often characterized or accompanied by: (1) a relation to specific decisions, legislation or policies of States or the failure of States to intervene to halt evictions by non-State actors; (2) an element of force or coercion; and (3) are often planned, formulated and announced prior to being carried out. The right to be free from forced eviction is implicit in the right to adequate housing, as well as in the right to privacy and respect for the home.

17. In its general comment No. 7, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights stated that «forced evictions are prima facie incompatible with the requirements of the [International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights] and can only be justified in the most exceptional circumstances, and in accordance with the relevant principles of international law». The Committee considers that the procedural protections which should be applied in relation to forced evictions include: (a) an opportunity for genuine consultation with those affected; (b) adequate and reasonable notice for all affected persons prior to the scheduled date of eviction; © information on the proposed evictions, and, where applicable, on the alternative purpose for which the land or housing is to be used, to be made available in reasonable time to all those affected; (d) especially where groups of people are involved, government officials or their representatives to be present during an eviction; (e) all persons carrying out the eviction to be properly identified; (f) evictions not to take place in particularly bad weather or at night unless the affected persons consent otherwise; (g) provision of legal remedies; and (h) provision, where possible, of legal aid to persons who are in need of it to seek redress from the courts.

18. A rticle 16 of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment states in the relevant part that «Each State party shall undertake to prevent in any territory under its jurisdiction other acts of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment which do not amount to torture as defined in article 1, when such acts are committed by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity.» 19. I n applying article 16, the Committee against Torture has interpreted the Convention against Torture to protect persons from the destruction of their homes.

I n Hijrizi v. Y ugoslavia, for example, the Committee against Torture held that the burning and destruction of houses constituted, in the circumstances, acts of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, even though the destruction was not perpetrated by public officials. T he case involved the destruction of the Bozova Glavica settlement in the city of Danilovgrad by private residents who lived nearby. Furthermore, in its 2001 concluding observations on Israel, the Committee held that Israel’s policies of housing demolition may amount to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment in violations of article 16 of the Convention.

20.20. The United Nations Commission on Human Rights has reaffirmed «that the practice of forced eviction constitutes a gross violation of human rights, in particular the right to adequate housing». General comment No. 7 states that States shall ensure that, in cases where lawful evictions are deemed justifiable and unavoidable, evictions are carried out in a manner which is compatible with international human rights standards, including principles of non-discrimination, reasonableness and proportionality. States shall also ensure that persons subjected to eviction do not become homeless as a result of the eviction, that all the legal recourses and remedies are made available to them, and that they are given an opportunity for genuine consultation throughout evictions processes.

21. The Commission on Human Rights, in its resolution 2004/28, also recommended that all Governments provide immediate restitution, compensation and/or appropriate and sufficient alternative accommodation or land to persons and communities that have been forcibly evicted, following mutually satisfactory negotiations with the affected persons or groups and consistent with their wishes, rights and needs, and recognizing the obligation to ensure such provision in the event of any forced eviction.

22. The Sub-Commission has similarly reaffirmed that «every woman, man and child has the right to a secure place to live in peace and dignity, which includes the right not to be evicted arbitrarily or on a discriminatory basis from one’s home, land or community». The Sub-Commission has also reaffirmed that «the practice of forced eviction constitutes a gross violation of a broad range of human rights, in particular the right to adequate housing, the right to remain, the right to freedom of movement, the right to privacy, the right to property, the right to an adequate standard of living, the right to security of the home, the right to security of the person, the right to security of tenure and the right to equality of treatment» .

23. Principle 5.3 also makes reference to other well-established prohibitions under international law. For example, the Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War states in its article 33 that «No protected person may be punished for an offence he or she has not personally committed. Collective penalties and likewise all measures of intimidation or of terrorism are prohibited» and that «Reprisals against protected persons and their property are prohibited.» Article 53 stipulates that «Any destruction by the Occupying Power of real or personal property belonging individually or collectively to private persons, or to the State, or to other public authorities, or to social or cooperative organizations, is prohibited, except where such destruction is rendered absolutely necessary by military operations.» Article 14 of Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts states that «Starvation of civilians as a method of combat is prohibited. It is therefore prohibited to attack, destroy, remove or render useless, for that purpose, objects indispensable to the survival of the civilian population, such as foodstuffs, agricultural areas for the production of foodstuffs, crops, livestock, drinking water installations and supplies and irrigation works.» Списоклитературы

Конвенция о статусе беженцев, принятую ООН 28 июля 1951 г. Сайт Верховного комиссара ООН по правам человека [URL]

http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/IICISyria/Pages/PaulSergioPinheiro.aspxAttanasio D.L. Return within the Bounds of the Pinheiro Principles: The Colombian Land Restitution Experience. C ambridge, 2012. Buyse A. P

ost-conflict housing restitution: the European human rights perspective, with a case study on Bosnia and Herzegovina. — L eiden University, 2008. Explanatory Notes on the Principles on Housing and Property Restitution for Refugees and Displaced Persons, U.N. Doc. E/CN. 4/Sub.2/2005/17/Add.1(2005), endorsedSub-Com. res. 2005/21, U.N. Doc.

E/CN. 4/2006/2 at 39 (2006).Handbook on Housing and Property Restitution for Refugees and Displaced Persons. I mplementing the «Pinheiro Principles», OCHA, March 2007. Housing and property restitution in the context of the return of refugees and internally displaced persons. F

inal report of the Special Rapporteur, Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro Principles on housing and property restitution for refugees and displaced persons. Summary / E/CN.4/Sub.2/2005/17, 28 June 2005. Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro Chair, International Commission of Inquiry for Syria [URL]

http://www.unausa.org/about-us/global-leadership-awards/367-paulo-sergio-pinheiroГлоссарий1.

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