Сверхвысоковакуумная сканирующая туннельная микроскопия многослойных поверхностных структур
Диссертация
Большинство из упомянутых структурных методов анализа основаны на явлениях дифракции или рассеяния и предоставляют информацию о симметрии поверхности и/или атомных расстояниях, усредненную по значительной области поверхности, 1 мкм 4- 1 мм. Однако повышенный интерес, возникший в последние годы к объектам низкой размерности и отдельным наноструктурам на поверхности, которые часто можно… Читать ещё >
Список литературы
- G. Binnig, Н. Rohrer, «Scanning tunnelling microscopy», IBM J.Res.Dev. 30 (1986) 355−369.
- G. Binnig, H. Rohrer, C. Gerber and E. Weibel, «7×7 reconstruction on Si (lll) resolved in real space», Phys.Rev.Lett. 50 (1983) 120−123.
- K. Takayanagi, Y. Tanishiro, M. Takahashi, S. Takahashi, «Structure-analysis of Si (lll) 7×7 reconstructed surface by transmission electron-diffraction», Surf.Sci. 164 (1985) 367−392.
- J. Jacobsen, L. Pleth Nielsen, F. Besenbacher, I. Stensgaard, E. Laegsgaard, T. Rasmussen, K.W. Jacobsen and J.K. Norskov, «Atomic-Scale Determination of Misfit Dislocation Loops at Metal-Metal Interfaces», Phys.Rev.Lett 75 (1995) 489−492.
- B.V. Andryushechkin, K.N. Eltsov, V.M. Shevlyuga, V.Yu. Yurov, «Atomic structure of saturated chlorine monolayer on Ag (lll) surface», Surf.Sci. 4 071 998) L633-L639.
- S. Terada, T. Yokoyama, N. Saito, Y. Okamoto, T. Ohta, «Growth and moire superstructure of palladium films on Ni (lll) studied by STM», Surf.Sci. 433−4 351 999) 657−660.
- J.W. Wildoer, L.C. Venema, G.R. Rinzler, R.E. Smalley, C. Dekker, «Electronic structure of atomically resolved carbon nanotubes», Nature 391 (1998) 59−62.1. Гпава 1.
- M. Пратон, «Введение в физику поверхности», Ижевск: НИЦ «Регулярная и хаотическая динамика», 2000.
- М. De Crescenzi, «Structural surface investigations with low-energy backscattered electrons», Surf.Sci.Reports 21 (1995) 89−175.
- K.N. Eltsov, G.Ya. Zueva, A.N. Klimov, V.V. Martynov and A.M. Prokhorov, «Reversible coverage-dependent Cu+Clads-«CuCl transition on Cu (lll)/Cl2 surface», Surf.Sci. 251/252 (1991) 753−758.
- K.N. Eltsov, V.M. Shevlyuga, V.Yu. Yurov, A.V. Kvit and M.S. Kogan, «Sharp tungsten tips prepared for STM study of deep nanostructures in UHV», Phys. Low-Dim.Struct. 9/10 (1996) 7−14.
- J. Bardeen, «Tunnelling from a many-particle point of view», Phys.Rev.Lett. 6 (1961)57−59.
- J. Tersoff, D.R. Hamann, «Theory and application for the scanning tunneling microscope», Phys.Rev.Lett. 50 (1983) 1998−2001.
- J. Tersoff, D.R. Hamann, «Theory of the scanning tunneling microscope» Phys. Rev. В 31 (1985) 805−813.
- R.J. Hammers, «Atomic-resolution surface spectroscopy with the scanning tunneling microscope», Ann.Rev.Phys.Chem. 40 (1989) 531−559.
- D.W. Pohl, «Dynamic piezoelectric translation devices», Rev.Sci.lustrum. 58 (1987) 54−57.17. «Анализ поверхности методами оже- и рентгеновской фотоэлектронной спектроскопии», под.ред. Д. Бригса, М. Сиха, М.: Мир, 1987.
- Т.А.Карлсон, «Фотоэлектронная и оже-спектроскопия», М. Машиностроение, 1981.
- Д. Вудраф, Т. Делчар, «Современные методы исследования поверхности», Москва, Мир, 1989
- P. A. Redhead, «Thermal desorption of gases», Vacuum 12 (1962) 203−211.
- B.W. Holland, D.P. Woodruff, «Missing spots in low-energy electron-diffraction», Surf.Sci. 36 (1973) 488−493.1. Глава 2.
- G.F.A. van de Walle, J.W. Gerritsen, H. van Kempen, P. Wyder, «High-stability scanning tunneling microscope», Rev.Sci.lustrum. 56 (1985) 1573−1576.
- D.W. Pohl, «Some design criteria in scanning tunneling microscopy», IBM J.Res.Develop. 30 (1986) 417−427.
- A.M. Simpson, W. Wolfs, «Thermal-expansion and piezoelectric response of pzt channel-5800 for use in low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope designs», Rev.Sci.Instrum. 58 (1987) 2193−2195.
- J.K. Gimzewski. E. Stoll, R.R. Schuttler, «Scanning tunneling microscopy of individual molecules of copper phthalocyanine adsorbed on polycrystalline silver surfaces», Surf.Sci. 181 (1987)267−277.
- E. Ganz, K. Sattler, J. Clarke, «Scanning tunneling microscopy of silver, gold, and aluminum monomers and small clusters on graphite», J. Vac. Sei. Technol. A 6 (1988)419−423.
- E.P. Stoll, «Restoration of stm images distorted by time-dependent piezo driver aftereffects», Ultramicroscopy 42 (1992) 1585−1589.
- H. Kawakatsu, Y Hoshi, T. Higuchi, H. Kitano, «Crystalline lattice for metrological applications and positioning control by a dual tunneling-unit scanning tunneling microscope», J.Vac.Sci.Technol. B 9 (1991) 651−654.
- L.E.C. van de Leemput, P.H.H. Rongen, B.H. Timmerman, H. van Kempen, «Calibration and characterization of piezoelectric elements as used in scanning tunneling microscopy», Rev.Sci.Instrum. 62 (1991) 989−992.
- L. Libioulle, A. Ronda, M. Taborelli, J.M. Gilles, «Deformations and nonlinearity in scanning tunneling microscope images», J.Vac.Sci.Technol. B 9 (1991) 655−658.
- J.G. Adler, T.T. Chen, M.C. Gallagher, M.K. Konkin, D.P. Mullin, «Comparison of various low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy designs for use in spectroscopy and topography», J. Vac.Sei. Technol. B 9 (1991) 992−995.
- V.Yu. Yurov and A. N Klimov, «Scanning tunneling microscope calibration and reconstruction of real image drift and slope elimination», Rev.Sci.Instrum., 65 (1994) 1551−1557.
- В.Ю.Юров, А. Н. Климов, «Восстановление истинного СТМ-изображения поверхности с учетом дрейфа, наклона образца и калибровки керамики СТМ», Труды ИОФАН, 49(1995), 5−19.
- Т. Hasegava, К. Takata, S. Hosaka, S. Hosoki, «Initial-stage of au adsorption onto a si (lll) surface studied by scanning tunneling microscopy», J. Vac.Sci.Technol. В 9 (1991) 758−760.
- G.E. Poirier, J.M. White, «Diffraction grating calibration of scanning tunneling microscope piezoscanners», Rev.Sci.Instrum. 61 (1990) 3917−3918.
- Andryushechkin B.V., Eltsov K.N., Shevlyuga V.M., «Atomic scale observation of iodine layer compression on Cu(l 11)», Surf.Sci. All (2001) 80−88.
- F. Besenbacher, «Scanning tunneling microscopy studies of metal surfaces», Rep.Prog.Phys. 59 (1996) 1737−1802.1. Гпава 3.
- E.A. Rohlfing, D.M. Cox, A.J. Kaldor, «Production and characterization of supersonic carbon cluster beams», Chem.Phys. 81 (1984) 3322−3330.
- H.W. Kroto, J.R. Heath, S.C. O’Brien, S.C. Curl, R.E. Smalley, «C-60 -buckminsterfullerene», Nature 318 (1985) 162−163.
- G. Dresselhaus, P.C. Eklund, «Science of Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes», Academic Press, New York, 1996.
- F. Banhart, P.M. Ajayan, «Carbon onions as nanoscopic pressure cells for diamond formation», Nature 382 (1996) 433
- D. Bernaerts, S. Amelinckx, X.B. Zhang, G. Van Tendeloo, J. Van Landuyt, «Structural aspects of carbon nanotubes», Proceedings of the International
- Winterschool on Electronic Properties of Novel Materials «Physics and Chemistry of Fullerenes and Derivatives», Kuzmany Hans edit., e.a., Singapore, World Scientific, 1995, p. 551−555
- J.W. Mintmire, B.I. Dunlap, C.T. White, «Are fullerene tubules metallic», Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 (1992) 631−634.
- N. Hamada, S. Sawada, A. Oshiyama, «New one-dimensional conductors -graphitic microtubules», Phys.Rev.Lett. 68 (1992) 1579−1581.
- S. Iijima, «Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon», Nature 354 (1991) 56−58.
- S. Iijima, T. Ichihashi, «Single-shell carbon nanotubes of 1-nm diameter», Nature 363 (1993) 603−605.
- M. Ge, K. Sattler, «Vapor Condensaion Generation and STM Analysis of Fullerene Tubes», Science 260 (1993) 515−518
- T.W. Odom, J-L. Huang, Ph. Kirn, Ch.M. Lieber, «Atomic structure and electronic properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes», Nature 391 (1998) 62 -64.
- C.H. Kiang, W.A. Goddard, R. Beyers, D.S. Bethune, «Carbon nanotubes with single-layer walls», Carbon 33 (1995) 903−914.
- A. Thess, R. Lee, P. Nikolaev, H.J. Dai, P. Petit, J. Robert, C.H. Xu, Y.H. Lee, S.G. Kim, A.G. Rinzler, D.T. Colbert, G.E. Scuseria, D. Tomanek, J.E. Fischer, R.E. Smalley, «Crystalline ropes of metallic carbon nanotubes», Science 273 (1996) 483−487.
- C. Journet, W.K. Maser, P. Bernier, A. Loiseau, M.L. delaChapelle, S. Lefrant, P. Deniard, R. Lee, J.E. Fischer, «Large-scale production of single-walled carbon nanotubes by the electric-arc technique», Nature 388 (1997) 756−758.
- J.C. Charlier, X. Gonze, J.P. Michenaud, «First-principles study of carbon nanotube solid-state packings», Europhys. Lett. 29 (1995) 43−48.
- T. Guo, P. Nikolaev, A.G. Rinzler, D. Tomanek, D.T. Colbert, R.E. Smalley, «Self-assembly of tubular fullerenes» J.Phys.Chem 99 (1995) 10 694−10 697.
- А. В. Елецкий, «Углеродные нанотрубки», УФН167 (1997) 945−972.
- G.I. Mark, L.P. Biro, J. Gyulai, «Simulation of STM images of three-dimensional surfaces and comparison with experimental data: Carbon nanotubes», Phys. Rev. B 58 (1998) 12 645 12 648.
- L.P. Biro, J. Gyulai, Ph. Lambin, J.B. Nagy, S. Lazraescu, G.I. Mark, A. Fonseca, P.R. Surjan, Zs. Szekeres, P.A. Thiry, A.A. Lucas, «Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) imaging of carbon nanotubes», Carbon 36 (1998) 689 696.
- V. Meunier, Ph. Lambin, «Tight-binding computation of the STM image of carbon nanotubes», Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 (1998) 5588 5591.
- C.H. Oik, J. Heremans, M.S. Dresselahaus, J.S. Speck, J.T. Nicholls, «Scanning tunneling microscopy of a stage-1 CuCln graphite intercalation compound», Phys. Rev. В 42 (1990) 7524 7529.
- D. Lovall, M. Buss, E. Graugnard, R.P. Andres, R. Reifenberger, «Electron emission and structural characterization of a rope of single-walled carbon nanotubes», Phys.Rev.B 61 (2000) 5683−5691.
- C.K.W. Adu, G.U. Sumanasekera, B.K. Pradhan, H.E. Romero, P.C. Eklund, «Carbon nanotubes: A thermoelectric nano-nose», Chem.Phys.Lett. 337 (2001) 31−35.
- B. W. Smith, M. Monthioux, D. E. Luzzi, «Encapsulated C-60 in carbon nanotubes», Nature 396 (1998) 323−324.1. Гпава 4
- A.H. Agajanian, in Ion Implantation in Microelectronics: a Comprehensive Bibliography, Plenum, New York, 1981.
- Matsukawa T., Suzuki S., Fukai T., Tanaka T., Ohdomari I., «STM observation of’craters' on graphite surface induced by single ion implantation», Appl.Surf.Sci., 107(1996) 227−232.
- W. Choi, C. Kim, H. Kang, «Interactions of low energy (10−600 eV) noble gas ions with a graphite surface: surface penetration, trapping and self-sputtering behaviors», Surf. Sci. 281 (1993), 323−335.
- D. Marton, K.J. Boyd, T. Lytle, J.W. Rabalais, «Near-threshold ion-induced defect production in graphite», Phys. Rev. B 48, 10 (1993), 6757−6765
- D. Marton, K.J. Boyd, T.E. Lytle and J.W. Rabalais, «Auger electron spectroscopy of krypton subplanted in graphite», Surf Sci. 282 (1993) 113−121
- S.E. Donnelly, W.S. Brooks, V. Vishnyakov, E. Meyer, A. Connell, C. Pearson, R. Stockmann, R. Valizadeh, «Scanning tunneling microscopy system for the study of surfaces irradiated with low-energy ions», J.Vac.Sci.Technnol. B 11 (1993) 141−147.
- H. Kang, K.H. Park, C. Kim, B.S. Shim, S. Kim, D.W. Moon, «Point defect formation on graphite surface induced by ion impact at energies near penetration threshold», Nuclear Inst. & Meth. in Physics Res. B67 (1992), 312−315.
- H.J. Steffen, C.D. Roux, D. Marton and J.W. Rabalais, «Auger-electron-spectroscopy analysis of chemical states in ion-beam-deposited carbon layers on graphite», Phys. Rev. B 44 (1991) 3981−3990.
- D. Marton, H. Bu, K.J. Boyd, S.S. Todorov, A.H. Al-Bayati, J.W. Rabalais, «On the defect structure due to low energy ion bombardment of graphite», Surf Sci. 326(1995) L489-L493
- H.J. Steffen, D. Marton and J.W. Rabalais. «Displacement energy threshold for Ne+ irradiation of graphite», Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 (1992) 1726−1729
- H.J. Steffen, D. Marton, J.W. Rabalais, «Defect formation in graphite during low-energy ne+ bombardment» Nucl.Instrum.Methods B 67 (1992) 308−311.
- J.R. Hahn, H. Kang, S. Song, I.C. Jeon, «Observation of charge enhancement induced by graphite atomic vacancy: A comparative STM and AFM study», Phys.Rev.B 53 (1996) R1725-R1728.
- J.R. Hahn, H. Kang, «STM study of Ar±induced defects produced by near-threshold energy collision», Surf.Sci. 357−358 (1996) 165−169.
- T. Sakurai, T. Hashizume, I. Kamiya, Y. Hasegawa, N. Sano, H.W. Pickering, A. Sakai, «Field ion-scanning tunneling microscopy», Progress in Surf.Sci. 33 (1990) 3−89.
- S. Heike, T. Hashizume, Y. Wada, «In situ control and analysis of the scanning tunneling microscope tip by formation of sharp needles on the Si sample and W tip», J.Vac.Sci.Tech. B. 14(1996) 1522−1526.1. Глава 5.
- R.L. Park, H.H. Madden, «Annealing changes on (100) surface of palladium and their effect on со adsorption», Surf.Sci. 11 (1968) 188.
- E.A.Wood, «Vocabulary of surface crystallography», J.AppI.Phys. 35 (1964) 1306.
- M.W.Roberts, C.S.McKee, «Chemistry of the Metal-Gas Interface», Oxford University Press, 1978
- K.M. Ostyn C.B. Karter, «On the reduction of nickel-oxide», Surf.Sci. 121 (1982)360−374.
- T. Wiederholt, H. Brune, J. Wintterlin, R.J. Behm, G. Ertl, «Formation of two-dimensional sulfide phases on Al (lll): an STM study», Surf.Sci., 324 (1995) 91 105
- Y.J. Kim, C. Westphal, R.X. Ynzunza, Z. Wang, H.C. Galloway, M. Salmeron, M.A. Van Hove, C.S. Fadley, «The growth of iron oxide films on Pt (lll): a combined XPD, STM, and LEED study», Surf.Sci. 416 (1998) 68−111.
- M. Ritter, W. Ranke, and W. Weiss, «Growth and structure of ultrathin FeO films on Pt (l 11) studied by STM and LEED», Phys.Rev. В 57 (1998) 7240−7251.
- I. Sebastian, M. Heiler, K. Meinel, H. Neddermeyer, «Growth of epitaxial layers of Co and CoO on Au (l 11)», Appl. Phys. A. 66 (1998) S525-S528.
- H. Ibach, «The role of surface stress in reconstruction, epitaxial growth and stabilization of mesoscopic structures», Surf.Sei.Rep., 29 (1997) 193−263.
- P.R. Watson, M.A. Van Hove, K. Hermann, NIST Surface Structure Database Ver. 2.0, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 1996.
- Grossmann, W. Erley, H. Ibach, «Adsorbate-induced surface stress Co on Ni (100) and Ni (l 11)», Surf.Sei. 313 (1994) 209−214.
- D. Sander, U. Linke, H. Ibach, «Adsorbate-induced surface stress sulfur, oxygen and carbon on ni (100)», Surf.Sei. 272 (1992) 318−325.
- Grossmann, W. Erley, H. Ibach, «Adsorbate-induced surface stress measurements a new method for monitoring in-situ surface-reactions», Surf Rev.Lett. 2 (1995) 543−548.
- A.D. Novaco, J.P. McTague, «Orientational epitaxy orientational ordering of incommensurate structures «Phys.Rev.Lett. 38 (1977) 1286−1289.
- C.G. Shaw, S.C. Fain, M.D. Chinn, «Observation of orientational ordering of incommensurate argon monolayers on graphite», Phys.Rev.Lett. 41 (1978) 955 957.
- S. Calisti, J. Suzanne, «Orientational epitaxy of an incommensurate neon monolayer adsorbed on graphite», Surf. Sei. 105 (1981) L255-L259.
- K.L. D’Amico, D.E. Moncton, E.D. Specht, R.J. Birgeneau, S.E. Nagler, P.M. Horn, «Rotational transition of incommensurate Kr monolayers on graphite», Phys.Rev.Lett. 53 (1984) 2250−2253.
- K. Kern, R. David, R.L. Palmer, G. Comsa, «Commensurate, incommensurate, and rotated xe monolayers on Pt (ll 1) a He diffraction study», Phys.Rev.Lett. 56 (1986) 620−623.
- D. L. Doering and S. Semancik, «Orientational ordering in a strongly chemisorbed system: Na on Ru (001)», Phys. Rev. Lett. 53 (1984) 66−69.
- T. Aruga, H. Tochihara, Y. Murata, «Rotational epitaxy of chemisorbed k-monolayers on cu (OOl)», Phys. Rev. Lett. 52 (1984) 1794−1797.
- F.C.Frank and J.H. van der Merwe, «One-dimensional dislocations .1. static theory», Proc.R.Soc.London A 198 (1949) 205−216.
- I. Meunier, G. Treglia, J.M. Gay, B. Aufray, B. Legrand, «Ag/Cu (lll) structure revisited through an extended mechanism for stress relaxation», Phys.Rev.B 59 (1999) 10 910−10 917.
- P.H.Citrin, P. Eisenberger and R.C.Hewitt, «SEXAFS studies of iodine adsorbed on single-crystal substrates», Surf.Sci. 89 (1979) 28−40.
- P.H.Citrin, P. Eisenberger and R.C.Hewitt, «Adsorption sites and bond lengths of iodine on Cu (lll) and Cu (100) from surface extended x-ray-absorption fine-structure», Phys.Rev.Lett. 45 (1980) 1948−1951.
- S.B. DiCenzo, G.K. Wertheim, D.N.E. Buchanan, «XPS studies of adatom adatom interactions I/Ag (l 11) and I/Cu (l 11)», Surf.Sci. 121 (1982) 411−420.
- S.B. DiCenzo, G.K. Wertheim, D.N.E. Buchanan, «Epitaxy of Cul on Cu (l 11)», Appl.Phys.Lett. 40 (1982) 888−890.
- J. Inukai, Y. Osawa, K. Itaya, «Adlayer structures of chlorine, bromine, and iodine on Cu (l ll) electrode in solution: In-situ STM and ex-situ LEED studies», J.Phys.Chem. B 102 (1998) 10 034−10 040.
- P. Zeppenfeld, K. Kern, R. David, G. Comsa, «Diffraction from domain-wall systems», Phys. Rev. B 38 (1998) 3918.
- Lai M.Y., Wang Y.L., «Direct observation of two dimensional magic clusters», Phys.Rev.Lett. 81 (1998) 164−167.
- F. Besenbacher, L. Pleth Nielsen and P.T. Sprunger, in Chemical Physics of Solid surfaces and heterogeneous catalysis, vol. 8, chapter 10, Eds. D.A. King and D.P. Woodruff (Elsevier Science Publishers), 1997
- Johnson R.A., «Surface stresses and vacancies», Surf Sci. 355 (1996) 241−247.
- R.G.Jones, «Halogen adsorption on solid surfaces», Progr. Surf. Sei. 27 ½ (1988) 25.
- R.W.G. Wyckoff, Crystal Structures, Vol. 1 (John Wiley & Sons, New York, London, 1963).
- C.Y.Nakakura, E.I.Altman, «Scanning tunneling microscopy study of halide nucleation, growth, and relaxation on singular and vicinal Cu surfaces», Surf Sei. 424(1999) 244−261.
- POCCF^T -S 2 ГОСУДАР,. БИБЛИОТЕКА1. ГО 1П5Ч з- о