Особенности поражения органов-мишеней у больных артериальной гипертонией в зависимости от наличия и отсутствия метаболического синдрома
Диссертация
В начале XXI века представления о значимости факторов риска ССЗ расширились. На рубеже двух веков ФР, связанные с нарушением обмена веществ (в частности, ожирение и сахарный диабет (СД), приобрели статус значимых. Согласно современным представлениям доминирующим является сочетание таких ФР, как ожирение, АГ, гиперхолестеринемия й СД,. Ожирение является главным симптомом при метаболическом… Читать ещё >
Список литературы
- Агеев Ф.Т. Эволюция представлений о диастолической функции сердца. Сердечная недостаточность 2000, Т.1, № 2, С.48−50.
- Арабидзе Г. Г. Система поэтапного обследования больных АГ //Бюллетень ВКНЦ АМН СССР//, 1978, № 2, с. 118−127. ~
- Арутюнов Г. П., Чернявская Т. К., Лукичева Т. Н. и др. Микроальбуминурия и пути ее медикаментозной коррекции // Клин, фармакол. и терапия 1999.-№ 3.-С. 23−28
- Александров A.A. Кухаренко С. С., Миокардиальные проблемы ожирения, Рос.кард. журнал, 2006,№ 2,(58), c. l 1- 17.
- Аметов A.C., Ожирение-пандемия XXI века, Терапевтический архив, 2002, № 10, с.5−7.
- Анисимова Л.П. Ультразвуковые методы исследования структуры и кровоснабжения почек при различных формах АГ., Дис.к.м.н.М, 1995
- Базина Р.С., Богачев B.C., Рафеенкова Н. И. Костина Н.И., Соловьева Н. В. Характер дислипидемий, ремоделирование миокарда и сонных артерий у пациентов молодого возраста с эссенциальной гипертонией, Клиническая медицина, № 3, 2007, с.43−45.
- Барац С.С., Закроева А. Г., Диастолическая функция по показателям трансмитрального кровотока и потока в легочных венах: дискуссионные вопросы патогенеза, терминологии и классификации //КардиолоОгия 1998. № 5. с.69−73.
- Балахонова Т.В. Ультразвуковое исследование артерий у пациентов с сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями М, 2002. С.38−39. Диссертация д.м.н. 2002 г.
- Беленков Ю.Н., Агеев Ф. Т., Мареев В. Ю. Знакомьтесь: диастолическая сердечная недостаточность. Сердечная недостаточность 2000, Т. 1, № 2, С. 40−44.
- Беленков Ю.Н., Агманова Э. Т. Диастолическая функция сердца у больных с хронической сердечной недостаточностью и методы диагностики ее нарушений с помощью тканевой миокардиальной доп-плерэхокардиографии. Кардиология 2003, № 11, С. 58−65. —
- Беленков Ю.Н., Мареев В. Ю. Сердечно-сосудистый континуум. Сердечная недостаточность 2002, Т. 3, № 11, С. 7−11.
- Биверс Т., Лип Г., О Брайен Э., Артериальная гипертония, Москва, 2005, с.13−21.
- Бойцов С.А. Сосуды как плацдарм и мишень артериальной гипертонии, Болезни сердца и сосудов 2006, т.1, № 3, с.35−40.194
- Бойцов С.А. Сердце как орган-мишень при артериальной гипертонии в книге Руководство по артериальной гипертонии, Москва" Медиа Медика", 2005 с. 201−217.
- Бузиашвили Ю. И, Ключников И. В, Мелконян А. М. до. Ишемическое ремоделирование левого желудочка (определение, патогенез, диагностика, медикаментозная и хирургическая коррекция). Кардиология, 2002, № Ю, С. 88−94.
- Вандер А. Физиология почек: Пер. с англ. СПб., 2000. — 252с.
- Вигдорчик В.И., Прокопенко В. Д., Симонов Д. В. Диастолическая функция левого желудочка сердца у больных артериальной гипертензией, ассоциированной с метаболическим синдромом. Вестник новых мед. технологий 2004, 4. т1 l.c.57−59
- Гапченко Н.Д. Ультразвуковые методы исследования в оценке кровотока почечных артерий, автореферат дисс.к.м.н. М., 1990.
- Григоричева Е.А. Сорокин А, В. Коровина О. В, ГЛЖ и утолщение стенки ОСА у мужчин в возрасте 40−54 лет с AT 1 степени, Кардиология, 3,2008,с.39−43. ~
- Глотов М.Н., Мазур H.A. Диастолическая функция левого желудочка у больных гипертонической болезнью. Кардиология 1994, № 1, С.89−93.
- Дедов И. И., Шестакова М. В. Максимова М.А., Федеральная целевая программа «Сахарный диабет» . 2002- Москва, Методические рекомендации.
- Диагностика и лечение метаболического синдрома. Рекомендации ВНОК. Москва 2007 г.
- Диагностика и коррекция нарушений липидного обмена с целью профилактики и лечения атеросклероза, Москва, 2005 г.
- Диагностика и лечение артериальной гипертензии, Российские рекомендации ВНОК (второй пересмотр), Москва, 2004 г.
- Детская ультразвуковая диагностика / Под ред. М. В. Пыкова, К. В. Ватолина. -М.: Видар, 2001. 345 с.
- Диагностический ультразвук / Под ред. A.B. Зубарева. — М.: Реальное время, 1999.- 176 с.
- Жаринов О.И., Антоненко Л. Н. Нарушение расслабления миокарда: патогенез и клинической значение. Кардиология 1995, № 4, С. 57−60.
- Иванов АП, Выжимов ИА. Ремоделирование ЛЖ у больных артериальной гипертонией. Клиническая медицина 2006, № 5, С. 38−41.
- Корнева В.А., Петровский В. И., Дуданов И. П. Геометрия ЛЖ при АГ на фоне стенозирующего атеросклероза Клин.медицина № 3, 2006 28−31.
- Конечная Е.Я., Нанчикеева М. Л., Гладкая A.A., Буланов- -М.Н., Значение показателей внутрипочечной гемодинамики у пациентов с эссенциальной артериальной гипертонией, Ультразвуковая и функциональная диагностика, № 2, 2001, с.83−89.
- Конради А. О, О. Г. Рудоманов, Д. В. Захаров и др. Варианты ремо-делирования сердца при ГБ распространенность и детерминанты, Тер. архив 2005 № 9 с. 8−16
- Конради А.О. Антигипертензивная терапия в профилактике и коррекции когнитивных расстройств, Артериальная гипертензия т. 11, № 3, с. 160−163.
- Конради А. О. Жукова A.B., Винник Т. А., Шляхто Е. В., Структурно-функциональные параметры миокарда у больных гипертонической болезнью в зависимости от массы тела, типа ожирения и состояния углеводного обмена. Артериальная гипертензия 2002,8 1 12−17.
- Кунцевич Г. И., Барабашкина A.B., Аносов О. Л. Возможности дупплексного сканирования с цветным допплеровским картированием в диагностике микроангиопатии у больных сахарным диабетом. Визуализация в клинике, 1995, 7, с. 17.
- Мамедов М.Н. Артериальная гипертония мишень для первичной профилактики сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний, Системные гипертензии, № 1, 2007, с. 27−29.
- Мухин H.A. Снижение скорости клубочковой фильтрации — общепопуляционный маркер неблагоприятного прогноза, Терапевтический архив, 2007, № 6, с.5−10.
- Мухин H.A. Микроальбуминурия интегральный маркер кардиоренальных взаимоотношений при АГ, Consilium medicum т.9, № 5, 2007, с.13−19.
- Мухарлямов Н.М. Клиническая ультразвуковая диагностика, /Руководство для врачей/.M, Мед. 1987 т. 1, с. 12−64
- Митьков В. В, Основные принципы гемодинамики и ультразвукового исследования сосудов М.: Дом Видар., 1997. Т. 4. — 345 с.
- Никитин Н.П., Клиланд Джон Дж.Ф. Применение тканевой миокар-диальной допплерэхокардиографии в кардиологии, Кардиология 2002, № 3, С.66−79. .
- Новиков В.И. и др. Оценка диастолической функции сердца и ее роль в развитии сердечной недостаточности. Кардиология 2001, № 2, С. 78−85.
- Овчинников А.Г. Ожирение и сердечно-сосудистая система, ж."Сердце".т.4,№ 5,(23) 2005.C.243−253.
- Оганов Р. Г, Мамедов М. Н., Колтунов И. Н., Метаболический синдром: путь от научной концепции до клинического диагноза, Врач, № 3,c.3−7.
- Преображенский Д. В., Маревич А. В., Романова И. Е. и др. Микроальбуминурия: диагностическое, клиническое и прогностическое значение (часть вторая). Рос. Кардиол. журн. 2000- 4: 78−85.
- Профилактика, диагностика и лечение артериальной гипертензии //Российские рекомендации (второй пересмотр). Москва.2004 г.
- Пермитина М.В., Белоусов Ю. В., Воробьева В. А., Возможности ультразвуковых методов исследования в выявлении диабетического поражения почек у детей и подростков, Рос. ультразвуковой журнал,"Эхография", т.4, № 2, 2003, с.159−164.
- Преображенский Д.В., Сидоренко Б. А., Алехин М. Н. Батыралиев Т.А., Стеценко Т. М., Гипертрофия ЛЖ при гипертонической болезни, части 1и 2 в № 10,2003, с. 99−104. и № 11,с.98−101.
- Руководство по артериальной гипертонии. Под редакцией акад. Чазова Е. И., профессора Чазовой И. Е., Москва, Медиа Медика, 2005. с.265328, с.289−300.
- Сагинова Е.А., Фомин В. В., Моисеев C.B., Лебедева М. В., Поражение почек при ожирении, Терапевтический архив, 2007, № 6,с.88−93.
- Скворцова В.И. Артериальная гипертония и цереброваскулярные нарушения в книге Руководство по артериальной гипертонии, Москва, Медиа Медика, 2005. с. 217−246.
- Смольянинова Н.Г. Оценка почечного кровотока ультразвуковыми методами исследования с применением компьютерного анализа""при различных формах АГ Дисс. к.м.н., М., 1998.
- Стаценко М. Е, Землянская М. М, Кардиоренальные взаимоотношения у больных с различными вариантами метаболического синдрома и артериальной гипертензией, Клиническая медицина, 2006, № 4, с.25−30.
- Салтыкова М.М., Рогоза А. Н., Ощепкова Е.В,.Атауллаханова Д. М, Н. В. Лазарева, М. А. Саидова Проблемы индексации миокарда ЛЖ на размеры тела у пациентов с избыточной массой тела, Терапевтический архив, 2006, № 9, с.92−95.
- Ткаченко С.Б., Берестень Н. Ф., Тканевое допплеровское исследование миокарда, Москва, 2006. с.60
- Туев A.B., Ховаева Я. Б., Особенности структурно-функциональных показателей сердца у лиц с разным уровнем артериального давления, Рос. кардиологический журнал., № 5, 2002 с.
- Фомина И.Г., Гаврилова Е. М., Гайдамакин Н. Е. Изменения гемодинамики почек и микроальбуминурии у молодых больных с артериальной гипертензией // Кардиоваск. терапия и профилактика. — 2005. — № 3. — С. 59−62.
- Хозяинов Н. Ю, Царева В. М. Структурно-геометричское ремо-делирование и структурно-функциональная перестройка миокарда у больных АГ в зависимости от пола и возраста, Российский кардиологический журнал № 3, (53) 2005, с. 20−24.
- Харлап Г. В., Анисимова Л. П., Смольянинова Н. Г. Ультразвуковые методы в оценке кровоснабжения почки. Характеристики почечного кровотока в норме. Тер. Архив, 1995,5.
- Чазова И.Е., Ратова Л. Г. Роль суточного мониторирования АД в оценке эффективности антигипертезиновй терапии, Системные гипертензии № 1,2007, с. 18−26.
- Чазова И.Е., Мычка В. Б. Метаболический синдром, М, 2004
- Чазова И. Е, Дмитриев В. В., Толпыгина С. Н., Ратова Л. Г. Структурно-фукнциональные изменения миокарда при артериальной гипертонии и их прогностическое значение, Терапевтический архив, № 9, с.50−56.
- Шляхто Е. В, Конради А. О. Роль генетических факторов в ре-моделировании сердечно-сосудистой системы при гипертонической болезни. Артериальная гипертензия 2002, № 8, Т. 3, С. 107−114.
- Шустов С.Б., Барсуков А. В., Аль-Язиди М.А. Особенности ремоделирования миокарда у пациентов с АГ в зависимости от степени среднесуточной вариабельности АД, Артериальная гипертензия т.8, № 2, с.54−57.
- Abuaisha В, Kumar S, Malik R, Boulton AJ. Relationship of elevated urinary albumin excretion to components of the metabolic syndrome in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1998 Feb- 39 (2): 93−9.
- Agabiti-Rosei E, Muiesan ML, Salvetti M. Evaluation of subclinical target organ damage for risk assessment and treatment in the hypertensive patients: left ventricular hypertrophy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006 Apr-17(4 Suppl 2):S104−8.
- Alpert M.A. Obesity cardiomyopathy: pathophyzyology and evolution of clinical syndrome Am.J.Med.Sci. 2001.- 32- 225−236.
- Andronico G, Ferraro-Mortellaro R, Mangano M. T et al. Insulin resistance and glomerular hemodynamics in essential hypertension. Kidney Int, 2002. Sep- 62(3) — 1005−9.
- Aeschbacher ВС, Hutter D, Fuhrer J. et al. Diastolic dysfunction precedes myocardial hypertrophy in the development of hypertension. Am J^Hypertens 2001,14:106−113.
- Alberti K. G, Zimmet M. M, Shaw J., for the IDF Epidemiology Task Force Consensus Group. The metabolic syndrome — a new wordwide defini-tion.Lancet, 2005, 366,1059−1062.
- Appleton C.A., Hatle L.K., Popp R.L. Relation of transmitral flow velocity patterns to left ventricular diastolic function: New insights from a combined hemodynamic and Doppler echocardiographic study. JAm Coll Cardiol 1988- 12: 426−40
- Argalia G. JTambrosio F., Mignosi U. et al. Doppler echograhy and color echography in the assessment of the vascular functional aspects of medical nephropathies. (Article in Italian) Radiol Med (Torino), 1995, 89(4), p.464.
- Ayodele OE, Alebiosu CO, Akinwusi PO, Akinsola A, Mejiuni A. Target organ damage and associated clinical conditions in newly diagnosed hypertensives attending a tertiary health facility. Niger J Clin Pract. 2007 Dec- 10(4):319−25.
- Azevedo J, Garcia Fernandez M. A, Moreno M, et al- Heterogeneity of the wall motion velocity pattern and regional left ventricular myocardial function in a normal population. A pulsed Doppler tissue quantitative study. J Am Soc Echo- 1996−9:3:402:801E.
- Barouch LA, Berkowitz DE, Harrison RW, O’Donnell CP, Hare JM: Disruption of leptin signaling contributes to cardiac hypertrophy mctependently of body weight in mice. Circulation 2003, 108: 754−759.
- Bonnet F, Marre M, Halimi J. M et al. Waist circumference and the metabolic syndrome predict the development of elevated albuminuria in nondiabetic subjects: the DESIR Study. J Hypertension — 2006- 24(6) 11 571 163.
- Barratt J, Topham P. Urine proteomics: the present and future of measuring urinary protein components in disease. CMAJ 2007- 177: 361−6887
- Bella J/N, Devereux R. B Roman A Relations of left ventricular mass to fat-free body mass: the strong heart study. Circulation 1998−98, 2538−2544.
- Brown D.W., Giles W. I-I.Croft J.B. Left ventricular hypertrophy as a predictor of coronary heart disease mortality and the effect of Hypertension. Am. Heart J.2000, 140- (6) — 848−856.
- Berk BC, Fujiwara K, Lehoux S. ECM remodeling in hypertensive heart disease. J Clin Invest. 2007 Mar-l 17(3):568−75.
- Bezante GP, Pontremdi R., Ravera M. Et al. Left ventricular geometry and function in patients with essential hypertension and microalbuminuria. Eur Heart J. 1998- 19 (abstr.suppl.): 419.
- Bots M. L, Hoes A.W., Kaudstaal P. S/ Common carotid arterial intima-media thickness and risk of stroke and myocardial infarction. Rotterdam Study. Circulation, 1997 96 (5) 1432−1437.
- Bakris GL. Current Perspectives on Hypertension and Metabolic Syndrome. J Manag Care Pharm. 2007−13(5):S3-S5.
- Breteler MMB, van Swieten JC, Bots ML et al. Cerebral white matter lesions, vascular risk factors, and cognitive function in a population-based study: the Rotterdam study. Neurology 1994−44:1246−52.
- Buchman AS, Wilson RS, Bienias JL, et al. Change in body mass index and risk of incident Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2005−65:892−897.
- Burke G., Evans G., Riley W., Sharrett A., Howard G. et al. Arterial wall thickness is associated with prevalent cardiovascular disease in middle-aged adults: the Atherosklerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC)Study//Stroke.-1995-Vol.26.-P.3 86−391.
- Bots M., Evans G., Riley W. et al. Carotid intima-media thickness measurement in intervention studies//Stroke.-2003.-Vol.34.- P.2985−2994.
- Bajraktari G, Koltai MS, Ademaj F, et al: Relationship between insulin resistance and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in patients with impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes. Int J Cardiol 2006- 110: 206−211.
- Bountioukos M, Schinkel AF, Bax JJ, Lampropoulos S, Roldermans D. The impact of hypertension on systolic and diastolic left ventricular function. A tissue Doppler echocardiographic study. Am Heart J. 2006 Jun-151(6):1323.e7−12.
- Borch-Johnsen K, Feldt-Rasmussen B, Strandgaard S et al. Microalbuminuria is strongly associated with NIDDM and hypertension, but not with the insulin resistance syndrome: the Hoorn Study. Diabetologia 1998- 41: 694−700.
- Burchfiel CM, Skelton TN, Andrew MJ, Garrison RJ, Arnett DK, Jones DW, Taylor HA, Jr. Metabolic syndrome and echocardiographic" left ventricular mass in blacks: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Circulation. 2005−112:819−827.
- Caso P., Galderizi M., Cioppa C. et al. Regional diastolic function in normotensive versus hyper-tensive sybjects: comparison using Doppler myocardial imaging. J. Hypertens, 1999- 27,(9) — 901−907.
- Casale P.N. Devereux R.B.Miner M et al. Value of echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular mass in predicting cardiovascular morbid events in hypertensive men. Ann.Inetrn. Med. 1986. 105- 173−178.
- Cacciatore F, Abete P, Ferrara N et al. The role of blood pressure in cognitive impairment in an elderly population. Osservatorio Geriatrico Campano Group. J Hypertens 1997−15:135−42.
- Cockcroft D.W., Gault M.H. Prediction of creatinine clearance Trom serum creatinine. Nefron 1976−16:31−41
- Cuspidi C, Meani S, Fusi V, Valerio C, Catini E, Magrini F, Zanchetti A. Isolated ambulatory hypertension and changes in target organ damage in treated hypertensive patients. J Hum Hypertens. 2005 Jun-19(6):471−7.
- Cuspidi C, Meani S, Valerio C, Sala C, Fusi V, Zanchetti A, Mancia G. Age and target organ damage in essential hypertension: role of the metabolic syndrome. Am J Hypertens. 2007 Mar-20(3):296−303.
- Cuspidi C, Sala C, Zanchetti A. Metabolic syndrome and target organ damage: role of blood pressure. Expert Rev Cardiovasc. Ther. 2008b-6(5):731−43.
- Cuspidi C, Valerio C, Giudici V, Negry F, Sala C, ZanchettLA, JVIancia G. Metabolic syndrome and multiple organ damage in essential hypertension. Blood Pressure 2008a- 17: 195−203.
- Chang Y, Yoo T, Ryu S et al. Abdominal obesity, systolic bood pressure and MAU in normotensive and euglicemic Korean men. Int. Obes (lond) — 2006- 30 (5) 800−804.
- Cbagnac A., Weinstein T, Korzets A, et al. Glomerular hemodinamics in severe obesity. Am J Renal Physio 2000- 278- F817-F822.
- Cirillo M., Senigalliesi L., Laurenzi M. et al. Microalbuminuria in nondiabetic adults- relations of blood pressure, body mass index, plasma cholesterol levels and smoking The GUBBIO Population Study. Arch. Intern. Med. 1998- 158 (17): 1933−1939.
- Chen J, Muntner P, Hamm LL et al. The metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease in US adults. Ann Intern Med 2004−140:167−74.
- Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green EA, Izzo JL Jr, Jones DW, Materson BJ, Oparil S, Wright JT Jr, Roccella EJ: The Seventh
- Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: The JNC 7 report. JAMA 2003- 289: 2560−2572.
- Chapman JN, Mayet J, Chang CL, Foale RA, Thorn SA, Poulter NR. Ethnic differences in the identification of left ventricular hypertrophy in the hypertensive patient. Am J Hypertens. 1999−1 2: 437- 442.
- Cohn JN, Johnson G. Heart failure with normal ejection fraction. The V-HeFT Study. Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group. Circulation. 1990 Feb-81(2 Suppl):III48−53.
- Coca A., Gabrial R., de la Figuera et al. The impact of different echocardiographic diagnostic criteria on the prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension: the VITAE study J Hypertension 1999- 17- 1471−1480.
- Cuspidi C, Meani S, Fusi V, Severgnini B, Valerio C, Catini E, Leonetti G, Magrini F, Zanchetti A. Metabolic syndrome and target organ damage in untreated essential hypertensives. J Hypertens 2004- 22:1991−1998.
- Cirillo M, Stellato D, Laurenzi M et al. Pulse pressure-and isolated systolic hypertension association with microalbuminuria. The GUBBIO Study Collaborative Research Group. Kidney Int 2000- 58 (3): 1211−8.
- Diez J., Lopez B., Gonzalez A., Querejeta R. Clinical aspects of hypertensive myocardial fibrosis. Curr. Opin. Cardiol. 2001−16:328−335.
- Duron E, Hanon O. Vascular risk factors, cognitive decline, and dementia. Vase Health Risk Manag. 2008−4(2):363−81.
- De Simone G/ Pasanisi F., Contaldo F. Link of nonhemodinamic factors to hemodinamic determinants of left ventricular hypertrophy. Hypartension 2001- 38−13−18.
- Dahlof B., Devereux R. B, Kjedsen S.E., et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomized trial against atenolol.-Lancet 2002- 359- 995−1003.
- Devereux RB, Alderman MH. Role of preclinical cardiovascular disease in the evolution from risk factor exposure to development of morbid events. Circulation, 1993−88:1444−55.
- Devereux RB. Methods of recognition and assessment of left ventricular hypertrophy. Mediography 1995- 17: 12—16.
- Devereux R.B., Alonso D.R. Lutas E. M et al. Echocardiographic assesment of left ventricular hypertophy: comparison to necropsy finding //Amer. J. Cardiology 1986 vol. 57 p.450−458.
- Devereux R.B., Pini R., Aurigemma G., Measurement of LV mass: methodology and expertise. J. Hypertens 1997. 15. 801−809.
- Doba N., Tomiyata H., Vashida H., Left ventricular hypertrophy in mild essential hypertension, its progression, prediction and treatment ^strategy// Jpn Heart 1996−37−417−430 ^ ^
- Draznin B, Sussman KE, Eckel RH, Kao M, Yost T, Sherman NA: Possible role of cytosolic free calcium concentrations in mediating insulin resistance of obesity and hyperinsulinemia. J Clin invest 1988, 82:1848−1852.
- Elias MF, Wolf PA, dAgostino RB, Cobb J, White LR. Untreated blood pressure level is inversely related to cognitive functioning: the Framingham Study. Am J Epidemiol 1993- 138:353−64.
- Eguchi K, Schwartz JE, Roman MJ, Devereux RB, Gerin W, Pickering' TG. Metabolic syndrome less strongly associated with target organ damage than syndrome components in a healthy, working population. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2007 May-9(5):337−44.
- EAE/ASE RECOMMENDATIONS Recommendations for the Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function by Echocardiography Sherif F. Nagueh,
- MD, Chair Christopher P et all. European Journal of Echocardiography (2009) 10, 165−193 doi: 10.1093/
- Espeland M.A., Rong Tang, Terry J.G. et al. Associated of risk factors with segment-specific intimal-medial thickness of the extracranial carotid artery//Stroke.-l 999.-Vol.3 0.-P. 1047−1055.
- Ebrahim S., Papacosta O., Whincup P., Wannamethee G., Walker M. et al. Carotid plaque, intima-media thickness, cardiovascular risk factors and prevalent cardiovascular disease in men and women // Stroke. — 1999. — Vol. 30.-P. 841−16. 17.
- Farias CA, Rodriguez L, Garcia MJ, Sun JP, Klein AL, Thomas JD. Assessment of diastolic function by tissue Doppler echocardiography: comparison with standard transmitral and pulmonary venous flow. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1999 Aug-12(8):609−17.
- Faraci FM and Heistad DD. Regulation of the cerebral circulation: role of endothelium and potassium channels. Physiol Rev 78: 53−97, 1998.
- Faraci FM, Baumbach GL, and Heistad DD. Cerebral circulation: humoral regulation and effects of chronic hypertension. J Am Soc Nephrol 1: 53−57, 1990.
- Farmer M. E, White L. R, Abbott RD et al. Blood pressure and cognitive performance- The Framingham study. Am J Epidemiol 1987−126:1103−14.
- Falqui V, Viazzi F, Leoncini G, Ratto E, Parodi A, Conti N, Tomolillo C, Deferrari G, Pontremoli R. Blood pressure load, vascular permeability and target organ damage in primary hypertension. J Nephrol. 2007 Nov-Dec-20 Suppl 12: S63−7.
- Ferrannini E, Buzzigoli G, Bonadonna R, Giorico MA, Oleggini M, Graziadei L, Pedrinelli R, Brandi L, Bevilacqua S: Insulin resistance in essential hypertension. N Engl J Med 1987, 317:350−357.
- Ferrara LA, Cardoni O, Mancini M, Zanchetti A. Metabolic syndrome and left ventricular hypertrophy in a general population. Results from the Gubbio Study. J Hum Hypertens. 2007b 0ct-21(10):795−801.
- Ferrara LA, Guida L, Ferrara F, De Luca G, Staiano L, Celentano A, Mancini M. Cardiac structure and function and arterial circulation in hypertensive patients with and without metabolic syndrome. J Hum Hypertens. 2007a Sep-21(9):729−35.
- Folstein M.F., «Mini-Mental State» A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinican. J. Psyhhiatr. Res. 1975, 12- 1 891 998.
- Fleming AD, Xia X, McDicken WN, Sutherland GR, Fenn L. Myocardial velocity gradients detected by Doppler imaging. Br J RadioL 1994 Jul-67(799):679−88.
- Fouad FM, Slominsky JM, Tarazi RC: Left ventricular diastolic function in hypertension: relation to left ventricular mass and systolic function. J Am Coll Cardiol 1984, 3:1500−1506.
- Fuentes B., Garces M.C., Diez Tejedor E. et al. Endothelial dysfunction markers in stroke patients //CerebrovascDis-2002.-Vol.13(Suppl3).-P.31.
- Flizer D., Kielstein J.T., Haller H. et al. Assymmetrik dinothylarginin: A cardiovascular risk factor in renal disease // Kidnay International. 2003. -Vol. 63 (Suppl. 84). — P. 97−104.
- Gottdiener JS Reda D J Materson B J Importance of obesity. Race and to the cardiac structural and functional effects of hypertension // J. Am Coll.Card 1994- 24- 1492−1498. ^^ «„
- Guidelines Committee: 2003 European Society of Hypertension- European Society of Cardiology guidelines for management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens 2003−21:1011−1053.
- Galderisi M, Paolisso G, Tagliamonte MR, Alfieri A, Petrocelli A, de Divitiis M, Varricchio M, de Divitiis O: Is insulin action a determinant of left ventricular relaxation in uncomplicated essential hypertension? J Hypertens 1997, 15:745−50.
- Galderisi M., Caso P., Severino S. et al. Myocardial diastolic impairment caused by left ventricular hypertrophy involves basal septum more than other walls: analyses by pulsed Doppler tissue imaging. J.Hypertens.1999, 17(5) — 685−693.
- Girouard H, Iadecola C. Neurovascular coupling in the normal brain and in hypertension, stroke, and Alzheimer disease. J Appl Physiol 2006- 100: 328 335
- Glynn RJ, Beckett LA, Hebert LE et al. Current and remote blood pressure and cognitive decline. JAMA 1999−281:438−45.
- Guo Z, Fratiglioni L, Winblad B, Viitanen M. Blood pressure and performance on the Mini-Mental State Examination in the very ~o Id.“ Am J Epidemiol 1997−145:1106−13.
- Guo Z, Viitanen M, Fratiglioni L, Winblad B. Low blood pressure and dementia in elderly people: the Kungsholmen project. BMJ 1996−312:805−8.
- Gottdiener J., Livengood., et all. Should echocardiography be performed to assess effects of antihypertensive therapy? Testretest reability of echocardiography for the measurement of LVM and function. J. AM. Coll.Cardiol.1995. 25:424−430.
- Ganau A, Devereux R.B. Roman M. J et al. Patterns of left ventricular hypertrophy and geometric remodeling in essential hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992. 19- p 1550−1558.
- Garcia MJ, Thomas JD, Klein AL. New Doppler echocardiographic applications for the study of diastolic function. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998 Oct-32(4):865−75.
- Garcia-Fernandez M., Zamorano J., Azavedo, A. Doppler tissue imaging echocardiography. U Madrid. McGraw Hill 1998- 155.
- Garcia-Fernandez M. A, Azevedo J, Moreno M, Arroja I, Zamorano J, Caso P. Doppler tissue imaging. Rev Port Cardiol. 2001 Jan-20 Suppl 1:133−47.
- Garsia-Fernandez M.A., Azevedo J, Moreno M, et al. Segmental isovolumic relaxation time of left ventricular myocardium by pulsed Dopier tissue imaging. A new index of regional diastolic function and normal pattern discripyion. Eur. Heart J. 1996.
- Grandi AM, Maresca AM, Giudici E, et al: Metabolic syndrome and morphofimctional characteristics of the left ventricle in clinically hypertensive nondiabetic subjects. Am J Hypertens 2006- 19(2) 199−205.
- Grassi G, Gianattasio C, Cleroux J, Cuspidi C, Sampieri L, Mancia G: Cardiopulmonary reflex before and after regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension. Hypertension 12: 227−237, 1988
- Grosset D.G., Georgiadis D., Abdullah I., Bone I., Lees K.R. Doppler emboli signals vary according to stroke subtype // Stroke. — 1994. Vol. 25. -P. 382−384. -
- Harrap SB, Cumming AD, Davies DL, Foy CJ, Fraser R, Kamitani A, Connor JM, Lever AF, Watt GC. Glomerular hyperfiltration, high renin, and low extracellular volume in high blood pressure. Hypertension. 2000 Apr- 35 (4):952−7.
- Hank Juo S., Lin H., Rundek T., Sabala E. et al.^Genetic^and Environmental Contributions to Carotid Intima-Media thickness and obesity phenotypes in the Northern Manhattan Family Study // Stroke. — 2004. Vol. 35.-P. 2243−2247.
- Hoffmann IS, Jimenez E, Cubeddu LX. Urinary albumin excretion in lean, overweight and obese glucose tolerant individuals: its relationship with dyslipidaemia, hyperinsulinaemia and blood pressure. J Hum Hypertens. 2001 Jun-15(6):407−12
- Horio T, Suzuki M, Suzuki K, et al: Pioglitazone improves left ventricular diastolic function in patients with essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2005- 18: 949−957.
- Hanon O, Leys D. Cognitive decline and dementia in the elderly hypertensive. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2002 Sep-3 Suppl 1: S32−8.
- Heistad DD and Kontos HA. Cerebral circulation. In: Tfandbook of Physiology. The Cardiovascular System. Circulation and Organ Blood Flow. Bethesda, MD: Am. Physiol. Soc., 1983, sect. 2, vol. Ill, pt. 1, chapt. 5, p. 137−182.
- Henon H, Pasquier F, Durieu I et al. Preexisting dementia in stroke patients. Baseline frequency, associated factors, and outcome. Stroke 1997−28:2429−36.
- Hofman A, Ott A, Breteler MM et al. Atherosclerosis, apolipoprotein E, and prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease in the Rotterdam Study. Lancet 1997−349:151−4.
- Hill JC, Palma RA. Doppler Tissue Imaging for the Assessment of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function: A Systematic Approach for the Sonographer. J AmSocEchocardiogr2005- 18:80−90.
- Isomaa B- Almgren P, Tuomi T et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 2001- 24: 683−9.21.
- Inouye I, Massie B, Loge D, Simpson P, Tubau JF: Abnormal left ventricular filling: an early finding in mild to moderate systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol 1984, 53:120−126.
- Jellinger K, Danielczyk W, Fischer P, Gabriel E. Clinicopathological analysis of dementia disorders in the elderly. J Neurol Sci 1990−5:239−58.
- Jennings J. R, Muldoon M. F, Ryan C, Price J. C, Greer P, Sutton-Tyrrell K, van der Veen F. M, and Meltzer C.C. Reduced cerebral blood flow response and compensation among patients with untreated hypertension. Neurology 64: 1358−1365,2005.
- Kincaid-Smith P. Hypothesis: obesity and the insulin resistance syndrome play a major role in end stage renal failure attributed to hypertension-and labeled „hypertensive nephrosclerosis“. J Hypertens 2004- 22: 1051−5.
- Koren M.J., Devereux R.B., Casale P.N. et al. Relation of left ventricular mass and geometry to morbidity and mortality in uncomplicated essential hypertension. Ann Intern Med, 1991- 114: 345−52.
- Klausen K, Borch-Johnsen K, FeldtRasmussen B, et al. Very low levels of microalbuminuria are associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease and death independently of renal function, hypertension, and diabetes. Circlation 2004- 110: 32−5.
- Kubo M, Kiyohara Y, Kato I, Iwamoto H, Nakayama K, Hirakata H, Fuji-shima M. Effect of hyperinsulinemia on renal function in a general Japanese population: the Hisayama study. Kidney Int. 1999 Jun-55(6):2450−6.
- Klag MJ, Whelton PK, Randall RL et al. Blood pressure and end-stage renal disease in men. N Engl J Med 1996- 334: 13−18 MRFIT
- Kalmijn S, Foley D, White L, et al. Metabolic cardiovascular syndrome and risk of dementia in Japanese American elderly men. The Honolulu-Asia aging study. Arteriosder Thromb Vase Biol 2000−20:2255−2260.
- Kahan T. The importance of left ventricular hypertrophy in human hypertension. J Hypertens Suppl 1998−16:S23−29.
- Kawamoto R, Tomita H, Oka Y, Kodama A, Kamitani A. Metabolic syndrome amplifies the LDL-cholesterol associated increases in carotid atherosclerosis. Intern Med 2005- 44:1232−1238.
- Kawamoto R, Tomita H, Ohtsuka N, Inoue A, Kamitani A. Metabolic syndrome, diabetes and subclinical atherosclerosis as assessedby carotid intima-media thickness. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2007 Apr-14(2):78−85.
- Kenchaiah S., Pfeffer M.A. Cardiac remodeling in systemic hypertension. Med. Clin. North Am. 2004−88:115−130.
- Kilander L, Nyman H, Boberg M, Hansson L, Lithell H. Hypertension is related to cognitive impairment: a 20-year follow-up of 999 men. Hypertension 1998−31:780−6.
- Kilander L. Cognitive dysfunction in the elderly. The implication of cerebrovascular risk factors. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis 1997. Uppsala University Library, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Kivipelto M, Helkala EL, Laakso MP, et al. Midlife vascular risk factors and Alzheimer’s disease in later life: longitudinal, population based study. Bmj 2001−322:1447−1451.
- Knopman D, Boland LL, Mosley T et al. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study Investigators. Cardiovascular risk factors and cognitive decline in middleaged adults. Neurology 2001−56:42−8.
- Kokmen E, Whisnant JP, O’Fallon WM, Chu CP, Beard CM. Dementia after ischemic stroke. A population based study in Rochester, Minnesota (1960−1984). Neurology 1996−46:154−9.
- Koren MJ, Devereux RB, Casale PN, Savage DD, Laragh JH: jlelation of left ventricular mass and geometry to morbidity and mortality in» uncomplicated essential hypertension. Ann Intern Med 1991, 114:345−352.
- Kuusisto J, Koivisto K, Mykkanen L et al. Association between features of the insulin resistance syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease independently of apolipoprotein E4 phenotype: cross sectional population based study. BMJ 1997−315:1045−9.
- Kuusisto J, Koivisto K, Mykkanen L et al. Essential hypertension and cognitive function. The role of hyperinsulinemia. Hypertension 1993−22:771−9.xperience.J Hypertens 1991. 9- Suppl. S3-S9. 208.
- Khouri SJ, Maly GT, Suh DD, Walsh TE. A Practical Approach to the Echocardiographic Evaluation of Diastolic Function. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2004−17:290−7.
- King GJ, Foley JB, Almane F, Crean PA, Walsh MJJEarly-diastolic filling dynamics in diastolic dysfunction. Cardiovascular Ultrasound 2003, 1:916.
- Kamel N, Gursoy A, Koseoglulari O, Dincer I, Gullu S. Isolated office hypertension: association with target organ damage and cardiovascular risk indices. J Natl Med Assoc. 2006 Apr-98(4):601−6.
- Kotsis V, Stabouli S, Pitiriga V, Toumanidis S, Papamichael C, Zakopoulos N. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and target organ damage: effects of age and sex. Blood Press Monit. 2006 Feb-l 1(1):9−15.
- Kwon HM, Kim BJ, Lee SH, et al. Metabolic syndrome ~as- an independent risk factor of silent brain infarction in healthy people. Stroke 2006−37:466−470.
- Lakka HM, Laaksonen DE, Lakka TA, Niskanen LK, Kumpusalo E, Tuomilehto J, Salonen JT. The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men. JAMA 2002- 288:27 092 716.
- Lassen NA. Cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption in man. Physiol Rev 39: 183−238, 1959.
- Launer J, Masaki K, Petrovitch H, Foley D, Havlik RJ. The association between midlife blood pressure levels and late-life cognitive function. The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. JAMA 1995−274:1846−51.
- Launer L. J, Ross G. W, Petrovitch H et al. Midlife blood pressure and dementia: the Honolulu-Asia aging study. Neurobiol Aging 2000 Jan-Feb-21:49−55.
- Leoncini G, Ratto E, Viazzi F, Vaccaro V, Parodi D, Parodi A, Falqui V, Tomolillo C, Deferrari G, Pontremoli R. Metabolic syndrome is associated with early signs of organ damage in nondiabetic, hypertensive patients. J Intern Med 2005−257:454−460.
- Longstreth W. T Jr, Manolio T. A, Arnold A et al. Clinical correlates of white matter findings on cranial magnetic resonance imaging of 3301 elderly people. The Cardiovascular Health Study. Stroke 1996−27:1274−82.
- Luchsinger J. A, Tang M. X, Shea S, Mayeux R. Hyperinsulinemia and risk of Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2004−63:1187−1192.
- Luchsinger J. A, Tang M. X, Stern Y, Shea S, Mayeux R. Diabetes mellitus and risk of Alzheimer’s disease and dementia with stroke in a multiethnic cohort. Am J Epidemiol 2001−154:635−641. --
- Lorenzo C, Nath SD, Hanley AJ, Abboud HE, Haffiier SM. Relation of low glomerular filtration rate to metabolic disorders in individuals withoutdiabetes and with normoalbuminuria. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008 May- 3(3):783−9. Epub 2008 Mar 5.
- Litwin M, Trelewicz J, Wawer Z, et al. Intima-media thickness and arterial elasticity in hyperten. children: controlled study, Pediatr Nephrol. 2004- 19:767−774.
- Liang Y. I, Shiel L. M et al. Effect of blood pressure, smoking and their interaction on carotid arte-ry structure and function. Hypertension 200U.37: 6−11.
- Liu J. E, Roman MJ, Pini R, Schwartz JE, Pickering TG, Devereux RB: Cardiac and arterial target organ damage in adults with elevated ambulatory and normal office blood pressure. Ann Intern Med 1999- 131: 564−572.
- Levy D, Garrison R. J, Savage D. D, Kannel WB, Castelli WP: Prognostic implications of echo-cardiographically determined left ventricular mass in the Framingham Heart Study. N Engl J Med 1990, 322:1561−1566.
- Levy D, Larson MG, Vasan R. S, Kannel WB, Ho KK: The progression from hypertension to congestive heart failure. JAMA 1996, 275:1557−1762.
- Levy D. Left ventricular hypertrophy. Epidemiological insights from the Framingham Heart Study. Drugs. 1988−35 (Suppl. 5): 1−5.
- Levy D. Anderson K., Savage D., Echocardiograhrycally detected LVH: prevalence and risk factors. The Framingham Heart Study. Ann Intem.Med.l988:108:c.7−13.
- Levy D. Anderson K.M. Savage D.D. et al. Risk of ventricular arrhythmias in left ventricular hypertrophy- The Framingham Heart Study. Am. J. Cardiol. 1988. 60- 560−565.
- Lindstrom L, Wranne B. Pulsed tissue Doppler evaluation of mitral annulus motion: a new window to assessment of diastolic function. Clin Physiol. 1999 Jan-19(l):l-10.
- Matthews K. A, Owens J.F., kuller L.H., Sutton-Tyrrell K., Lassila H.C., Wolfson S.K. Stress-Induced pulse pressure change predicts women’s carotid atherosclerosis // Stroke. 1998. — Vol. 29. -P.1525−1530.
- Mackinnon A.D., Jerrard-Dunne P., Sitzer M. et al. Rates and Determinants of Site-Srecific Progression of carotid artery intima-media thickness//Stroke. 2004. — Vol. 35. — P. 2150−2154.
- Magliano D., Shaw J.E., Zimmet P.Z., How to best define the metabolic syndrome // Ann Med. 2006, 38(1) — 34−41.
- Matsui Y, Eguchi K, Ishikawa J, Hoshide S, Shimada K, Kario K: ubclinical arterial damage in untreated masked hypertensive subjects detected by home blood pressure measurement. Am J Hypertens 2007- 20: 385−391.
- Mule G, Nardi E, Cottone S, Cusimano P, Volpe V, Piazza G, Mongiovi R, Mezzatesta G, Andronico G, Cerasola G. Influence of metabolic syndrome on hypertension-related target organ damage. J Intern Med. 2005 Jun- 257(6):503−13.
- Muller M, Tang M-X, Schupf N, Manly JJ, Mayeux R, Luchsinger JA. Metabolic Syndrome and Dementia risk in a Multiethnic Elderly Cohort. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2007 — 24(3): 185−192.
- Mann JF, Gerstein HC, Dulau-Florea I, et al. Cardiovascular risk in patients with mild renal insufficiency. Kidney Int Suppl. 2003 May- (84):S192−6.
- Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, Cifkova R, Fagard R, Germano G, Grassi G, Heagerty AM, Kjeldsen SE, Laurent S, Narkiewicz K, Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension: J Hypertens. -2007 Jun-25(6): 1105−87.
- Masugata H, Senda S, Goda F, Yoshihara Y, Yoshikawa K, Fujita N, Daikuhara H, Nakamura H, Taoka T, Kohno M. Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction as assessed by echocardiography in metabolic syndrome. Hypertens Res. 2006 Nov-29(l l):897−903.
- Mule G, Cerasola G. The metabolic syndrome and its relationship to hypertensive target organ damage. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2006 Mar-8(3):195−201.
- Mule G, Nardi E, Cottone S, Cusimano P, Incalcaterra F, Giandalia ME, Palermo A, Mezzatesta G, Cerasola G. Impact of metabolic syndrome on left ventricular mass in overweight and obese hypertensive subjects. Jnt J Cardiol. 2007a Oct 18−121(3):267−75. ^
- Mureddu GF, de Simone G, Greco R, Rosato GF, Corita? o FrLeft ventricular filling in arterial hypertension. Influence of obesity and hemodynamic and structural confounders. Hypertension 1997, 29:544−550.
- Maurizio G. Diastolic dysfunction and diastolic heart failure: diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic aspects. Cardiovascular Ultrasound 2005- 3:9−23.
- Mykkanen L, Zaccaro DJ, Wagenknecht LE et al. Microalbuminuria is associated with insulin resistance in nondiabetic subjects: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Diabetes 1998- 47: 793−800
- Navarro J, Redon J, Cea-Calvo L, Lozano JV, Fernandez-Perez C, Bonet A, Gonzalez-Esteban J. Metabolic syndrome, organ damage and cardiovascular disease in treated hypertensive patients. The ERICHTA study. Blood Press. 2007−16(l):20−7.
- Nakamura K., Okamura T., Hayakawa T., et al. Chronic kidney disease is a risk factor for cardio-vascular death in a community-based population in Japan: NIPPON DATA 90. Circ. J. 2006:70(8):954−959.
- Nagueh SF, Middleton KJ, Kopelen HA, Zoghbi WA, Quinones MA. Doppler tissue imaging: a noninvasive technique for evaluation of left ventricular relaxation and estimation of filling pressures. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997 Nov 15−30(6): 1527−33.
- Ott A, Stolk RP, van Harskamp F et al. Diabetes mellitus and the risk of dementia: The Rotterdam Study. Neurology 1999 10−53:1937−42.
- Oki T, Tabata T, Yamada H, Wakatsuki T, Shinohara H, Nishikado A, Iuchi A, Fukuda N, Ito S. Clinical application of pulsed Doppler tissue imaging for assessing abnormal left ventricular relaxation. Am J Cardiol. 1997 Apr l-79(7):921−8.
- Okpechi I. G, Pascoe M. D, Swanepoel C. R et al. MAU and the metabolic syndrome in non Diabetic black Africans. Diab Vase Dis Res. 2007 Dec- 4- (4)-365−367.
- Puttermans Th, Ch. Nemry. Diabetes: the use of color Doppler Sonoraphy for the assessment to vascular complications. European journal of ultrasaund, 7, 1998.
- Petersen L.J., Petersen J.R. et al., The pulsatility index and the resistive index in renal arteries. Associations with long-term progression in chronic renal failure., Nephrol Dial Transplant, 1997,12(7), p.1376.
- Palatini P. Visentin P., Mormino P. et al. HARVEST Study Group, Structural abnormalities and not diastolic dysfunction are the- earliest-left ventricular changes in hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1998- 11: 147−54
- Palaniappan L, Carnethon M, Fortmann SP. Association between microalbuminuria and the metabolic syndrome: NHANES III. Am J Hypertens 2003- 16: 952−958.
- Pedrinelli R, Dell’Omo G, Penno G, Di Bello V, Giorgi D, Pellegrini G, Del Prato S, Mariani M. Microalbuminuria, a parameter independent of metabolic influences in hypertensive men. J Hypertens 2003 Jun-21(6): 1163−9.
- Peiris AN, Aiman EJ, Drucker WD, Kissebah AH. The relative contributions of hepatic and peripheral tissue to insulin resistance in hyperandrogenic women. J Clin Endocrin Metab. 1989−68:715−720.
- Pernenkil R, Vinson JM, Shah AS, Beckham V, Wittenberg C, Rich MW. Course and prognosis in patientsor70 years of age with congestive heart failure and normal versus abnormal left ventricular ejection fraction. Am J Cardiol 1997−79:216−9.
- Pfeffer M. A., Braunwald E. Ventricular remodeling after myocardial infaretion: experimental observations and clinical implications. Circulation 1990−81:1161−1172. ---
- Philbin EF, Rocco TA, Lindenmuth NW, Ulrich K, Jenkins PL. Systolic versus diastolic heart failure in community practice: clinical features, outcomes and the use of angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors. Am J Med 2000−109:605−13.
- Ratto E, Leoncini G, Viazzi F, Vaccaro V, Parodi A, Falqui V, Conti N, Tomolillo C, Deferrari G, Pontremoli R. Metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk in primary hypertension. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006 Apr- 17(4 Suppl2):S 120−2. ~
- Reitz C, Tang MX, Luchsinger J, Mayeux R. Relation of plasma lipids to Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Arch Neurol 2004−61:705−714.
- Ruitenberg A, Skoog I, Ott A, et al. Blood pressure and risk of dementia: results from the Rotterdam study and the Gothenburg H-70 Study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2001- 12:33−39.
- Reaven G. M Insulin resistence compensatory hyperinsulinemia. Essential hypertension and cardiovascular disease J Clin Endocrinol. Metab 2003. 88. 6. 2399−2403
- Redon J, Miralles A, Pascual JM, Baldo E, Robles RG, Carmena R. Hyperinsulinemia as a determinant of microalbuminuria in essential hypertension. JHypertens. 1997 Jan-15(l):79−86.
- Ross R. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a perspective for the 1990s. Nature. 1993−362:801−809.
- Savage D., Garrison R., Kannel W., et all. The spectrum of LVH in a general population sample: the Framingham Study. Circulation 1987, 75,26.
- Saitoh M, Nishimura H, Tanaka T, Kondoh T. Gender-related differences in target organ damage in untreated patients with essential hypertension. Intern Med. 2006−45(6):377−83.
- Srinivasan SR, Myers L, Berenson GS. Risk variables of insulin resistance syndrome in African American and Caucasian young adults-with microalbuminuria: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Hypertens 2000- 13: 1274
- Spengos K., Tsivgoulis G., Manios E., Xinos K. et al. Common carotid artery intima-media thickness is an independent predictor of long-term recurrence in stroke patients // Stroke. — 2003.
- Sierra C, Sierra A. Early detection and management of the high-risk patient with elevated blood pressure. Vascular Health and Risk Management 2008:4(2):289−296. ^
- Stamler J., Epidemic obesity in the United States. Arch. Intern Med., 1998, 150- 1040−1044.
- Stensland-Bugge E, Bugge KH, Joakimsen O. Age and sex differences in the relationship between inherited and lifestyle risk factors and subclinical carotid atherosclerosis: the Troms study. Atherosclerosis 2001 -154: 437−448.
- Schillaci G, Vaudo G, Reboldi G, VerdecchiaP, Lupattelli G, Pasqualini L, Porcellati C, Mannarino E. High-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension. J Hypertens. 2001- 19:22 652 270.
- Schillaci G, Pasqualini L, Verdecchia P, Vaudo G, Marchesi S, Porcellati C, de Simone G, Mannarino E. Prognostic significance of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in essential hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002- 39:2005−2011.
- Schillaci G, Pirro M, Vaudo G, Mannarino M. R, Savarese G, Pucci G, Franklin S. S, Mannarino E. Metabolic syndrome is associated with aortic stiffness in untreated essential hypertension. Hypertension 2005| 45:19 781 982. ^
- Schmidt MI, Duncan BB, Bang H, Pankow JS, Ballantyne CM, Golden SH, Folsom AR, Chambless LE. Identifying individuals at high risk for diabetes: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Diabetes Care 2005- 28:2013−2018.
- Scognamiglio R, Avogaro A, Negut C, et al: Early myocardial dysfunction in the diabetic heart: current research and clinical applications. Am J Cardiol 2004- 93 (8A): 17A-20A.
- Seux ML, Thijs L, Forette F et al. Correlates of cognitive status of old patients with isolated systolic hypertension: the Syst-Eur Vascular Dementia Project. J Hypertens 1998−16:963−9.
- Skoog I. Highs and lows of blood pressures cause of Alzheimer’s disease? Lancet Neurol 2003−2:334.
- Smalseli A. Puljevic D., Buljevic B et al. Left ventricular hypertrophy in obese hypertensives: is it really eccentric? Coll. Antropol 2002- 24(1) L67−183.
- Sorof JM, Alexandrov AV, Garami Z, Turner JL, Grafe RE, Lai D, Portman RJ. Carotid ultrasonography for detection of vascular abnormalities in hypertensive children.Pediatr.Nephrol 2003- 18: 1020−1024.
- Schmieder RE, Veelken R, Schobel H, Dominiak P, Mann JF, Luft FC. Glomerular hyperfiltration during sympathetic nervous system activation in early essential hypertension. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1997 Jun-8(6):893−900.
- Sukhija R, Aronow WS, Kakar P, et al. Relation of microalbuminuria and coronary artery disease in patients with and without diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol 2006- 98:279−81.
- Strand A, Kjeldsen SE, Gudmundsdottir H, Os I, Smith G, Bjornerheim R. Tissue Doppler imaging describes diastolic function in men prone to develop hypertension over twenty years. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2008 Jan-9(l):34−9.
- Stoks J.I., Kannel W.B., Wolf P.A., Blood pressure as a risk~factor~for cardiovascular disease / The Framingham study — 30 years of follow-up.Hypertension 1989−13 (suppl.l): 1−13−1-18.
- Tanaka H., Shohira Y., Uezu Y., Metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease in in Okinava, Japan, Kidney Int, 2006, 69 (2), 369−374.
- The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation study Investigators. Effects of an angiotensin-convertingenzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high risk patients. N. Engl. J. Med. 2000- 342: 145−153
- Tracy RE. Medial thickness of coronary arteries as a correlate of atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis. 1998−139:11−18.
- Torun D., Sezer S., Arat Z et al. The frequency of combined target organ damage and the beneficial effect of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in never treated mild-to-moderate hypertensive patients. Int Heart J 2005- 46 (6)-1073−1082. -
- Trimarco B, De Luca N, Ricciardelli B, Rosiello G, Volpe M, Condorelli G, Lembo G, Condorelli M: Cardiac function in systemic hypertension before and after reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Cardiol 62: 745−750, 1988
- Tsioufis C, Tsiachris D, Dimitriadis K, Chartzoulakis G, Selima M, Chatzis D, Taxiarchou E, Stefanadis C, Kallikazaros I. Evidence for no global effect of metabolic syndrome per se on early hypertensive sequelae. J Hypertens. 2008 Apr-26(4):773−9.
- Tzourio C, Dufouil C, Ducimetiere P et al. Cognitive decline in individuals with high blood pressure. Neurology 1999−53:1948−52.
- Tatasciore A, Renda G, Zimarino M, Soccio M, Bilo G, Parati G, Schillaci G, De Caterina R. Awake systolic blood pressure variability correlates with target-organ damage in hypertensive subjects. Hypertension. 2007 Aug-50(2):325−32.
- Vanhanen M, Koivisto K, Moilanen L, et al. Association of metabolic syndrome with Alzheimer disease: A population-based study. Neurology 2006−67:843−847
- Vasan RS, Beiser A, Seshadri S, Larson MG, Kannel WB, D’Agostino RB, Levy D. Residual lifetime risk for developing hypertension in middle-aged women and men: The Framingham Heart Study. JAMA 2002- 287:1003−1010.
- Vasan RS, Larson MG, Leip EP, Evans JC, O’Donnell CJ, Kannel WB, Levy D. Impact of high-normal blood pressure on the risk of cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 20 016- 345:1291−1297.
- Vasan RS, Benjamin EJ, Levy D. Prevalence, clinical features and prognosis of diastolic heart failure: an epidemiologic perspective. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995 Dec-26(7): 1565−74.
- VerdecciaP. Prognostic value of ambulatory blood pressure. Current evidence and Clinical implications. Hypertension, 2000- 35- 844−851.
- Watchell K. Bella J.N. Liebson P. R/ Impact of different partition values on prevalences of left ventricular hypertrophy and concentric geometry in a large hypertensive population: the Life study Hypertension 2000- 356
- Whitmer RA, Gunderson EP, Barrett-Connor E, Quesenberry CP Jr, Yaffe K. Obesity in middle age and future risk of dementia: a 27 year longitudinal population based study. BMJ. 2005bmj. 38 446.466238.E 466 230
- Wilkenshoff U.M., Sovany A., Kukulski T. et al. When, where and to what extent does left ventricular regional function become abnormal with age in normal individuals. A colour Doppler myocardial study //-Eur. Heart J. 1998. V. 19. Suppl. P. 440.
- Woessner JF: Matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in connective tissue remodeling. FASEB J 5: 2145−2154, 1991
- Wolf G., Chen S et al. Leptin and renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002- 39: 1−11.
- Wong CY, O’Moore-Sullivan T, Fang ZY, Haluska B, Leano R, Marwick TH: Myocardial and vascular dysfunction and exercise capacity in the metabolic syndrome. Am J Cardiol 2005- 96: 1686−1691.
- Xu WL, Qiu CX, Wahlin A, Winblad B, Fratiglioni L. Diabetes mellitus and risk of dementia in the Kungsholmen project: a 6-year follow-up study. Neurology 2004−63:1181−1186.
- Zhu S.K. Wang Z.M. Heshka S., et al. Waist circumference and obesity-assosiated risk factors among whites in the third National and Nutrition Examination Survey: clinical action thresholds. Am.J. Clin. Nutr. 2002., 76,743.749.
- Zoccali C., Mallamaci F., Tripepi G. Traditional and emergins cardiovascular risk factor in end stage renal disease // Kidnay Int. 2003. — № 85.-P. 105−110.