Сократительная функция предсердий у пациентов с пароксизмальной формой фибрилляции предсердий
Диссертация
С практической стороны наибольшие трудности вызывает лечение пациентов с пароксизмальной формой ФП. Восстановление синусового ритма, ввиду высокого риска эмболических осложнений, представляется процедурой, требующей особой подготовки. Хирургическое лечение фибрилляции предсердий доступно в нашей стране лишь в крупных центрах. Массивная антиаритмическая терапия способна снизить частоту пароксизмов… Читать ещё >
Список литературы
- Алмазов В А., Салимьянова А. Г., Шляхто Е. В., Клаусе Г. Аускультация сердца. СПб.: Изд-во СПбГМУ, 1996. — 229 с.
- Бокерия Л. А., Бескровнова Ф. В., Цыпленкова В. Г. и соавт. Морфологический анализ аритмогенных и неаритмогенных зон субэпикардиальных отделов сердца у больных с нарушениями ритма сердца / // Арх. патол. 1995. — № 4. — С. 51−56.
- Бокерия Л. А., Ревишвили А. Ш. Современные подходы к нефармакологическому лечению фибрилляции предсердий // Анналы аритмологии. 2005. — № 2. — С. 49−67.
- Боткин С.П. Курсъ клиники внутренних болезней. Второе издание. — СПб.: Типограф1я А. Пороховщикова, 1899.-741 с.
- Волкова H.H., Драпкина О. М., Ивашкин В. Т. Ультраструктурные и функциональные особенности кардиомиоцитов предсердий и желудочков // Клиническая медицина. 2006. — Т. 84. — № 11. — С. 16−19.
- Дедов Д.В., Иванов А. П., Эльгардт И. А. Риск рецидива фибрилляции предсердий у больных ишемической болезнью сердца и артериальной гипертензией по данным холтеровского мониторирования электрокардиограммы // Вестник аритмологии. 2010. — № 59. — С. 27−32.
- Драпкина О.М., Корнеева О. Н., Ивашкин В. Т. Дефект межпредсердной перегородки как причина фибрилляции предсердий у пожилой женщины (клиническое наблюдение) // Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. 2009. — Т. 8. — № 82. — С. 47−48.
- Дроздов И., Танеева О., Амирасланов А. и соавт. Качество жизни больных с фибрилляцией предсердий после радиочастотной абляции атриовентрикулярного соединения // Врач. — 2009 — С. 72−73.
- Егоров Д.Ф., Лещинский Л. А., Недоступ A.B., Тюлькина Е. Е. Мерцательная аритмия. Стратегия и тактика лечения на пороге XXI века. СПб., Ижевск, М.: Алфавит, 1998.-413 с.
- Ивашкин В.Т., Султанов В. К., Драпкина О. М. Пропедевтика внутренних болезней: практикум. 3-е изд., перераб. и доп. — М.: Литтерра, 2007. — 560 с.
- Кушаковский М.С. Аритмии сердца (Расстройства сердечного ритма и нарушения проводимости. Причины, механизмы, электрокардиографическая и электрофизиологическая диагностика, клиника, лечение). СПб.: ИКФ «Фолиант», 1999. — 640 с.
- Ломакин В.В., Копылов Ф. Ю., Никитина Ю. М., Смулевич А. Б., Сыркин А. Л. Психосоматические особенности течения фибрилляции предсердий // Кардиология и сердечно-сосудистая хирургия. — 2009. — № 1 — С. 61- 65.
- Мусина Н.П., Драпкина О. М., Ивашкин В. Т. Оценка эффективности медикаментозной терапии у больных, перенесших ишемический инсульт // Российский кардиологический журнал. — 2009. — № 4. — С. 32−37.
- Недоступ A.B., Благова О. В. Как лечить аритмии. Диагностика и терапия нарушений ритма и проводимости в клинической, практике. М.: МЕДпресс-информ, 2008. — 304 с.
- Недоступ A.B., Соловьева А. Д., Санькова Т. А. Психосоматические соотношения у больных с пароксизмальной формой мерцательной аритмии. Терапевтический архив. — 2001. — № 9. — С. 55−61.
- Недоступ A.B., Сыркин А. Л. Мерцательная аритмия. Восстановление синусового ритма у больных с постоянной формой мерцательной аритмии. Кардиология 1991- 5: 96—101
- Орлов В.Н. Руководство по электрокардиографии. М.: МИА, 2007. -528 с.
- Подлесов A.M., Бойцов С. А., Егоров Д. Ф. и др. Мерцательная аритмия / под ред. С.А. Бойцова-М.: Бином, 2001.-335 с.
- Сулимов В.А., Карамышева Е. И. Медикаментозная терапия мерцательной аритмии (фибрилляции предсердий) // Materia medica. 1998. — № 4 (20). — С. 68−77.
- Чреспищеводная эхокардиография в коронарной хирургии / под ред. JT.A. Бокерия, Ю. И. Бузиашвили. М.: Изд. НЦССХ им. А. Н. Бакулева РАМН, 1999.- 120 с.
- Шиллер Н., Осипов М. А. Клиническая эхокардиография. — М.: Практика, 2005. 344 с.
- Электрофизиологическая диагностика и хирургическое лечение наджелудочковых тахиаритмий / А. Н. Ревишвили, Ю. Г. Авалиани, M.JI. Ермоленко и др. // Кардиология. 1990. — Т. 30. — № 2. — С. 56−60.
- Aikawa M., Toubaru Т.- Iguchi N., et al. Left Atrium Volume and Contractile Function Measured by Echocardiography is a Powerful Predictor of Successful Surgical MAZE // Circulation. 2006- 114: II752.
- Akar F.G., Spragg D.D., Tunin R.S., et al. Mechanisms underlying conduction slowing and arrhythmogenesis in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy // Circulation. 2004- 95: 717−25.
- AI Chekakie M.O., Welles C.C., Metoyer R., et al. Pericardial fat is independently associated with human atrial fibrillation // Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2010- 56: 784−788.
- Ali A.S., Rybicki B.A., Alam M., et al. Clinical predictors of heart failure in patients with first acute myocardial infarction // American Heart Journal. 1999 Dec- 138(6 Pt 1): 1133−9.
- Andrade J.G., Connolly S.J., Dorian P., et al. Antiarrhythmic use from 1991 to 2007: insights from the Canadian Registry of Atrial Fibrillation (CARAF I and II) // Heart Rhythm. 2010 Sep- 7(9): 1171−7. Epub 2010 Apr 27.
- Ariyarajah V., Apiyasawat S., Spodick D.H. Formulaic quantification of echocardiographic left atrial volume // Journal of Electrocardiology. 2009 May-Jun- 42(3): 258−64.
- Armstrong W.F., Ryan T. Feigenbaum’s Echocardiography. 7th ed. -Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009. — 816 p.
- Attaran R.R., Baweja G., Foster L., et al. Lower patent foramen ovale detection with transthoracic echocardiography in atrial fibrillation // The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging. 2008 Dec- 24(8): 819−24. Epub 2008 Jul 1
- Aune E., Baekkevar M., Roislien J. Normal reference ranges for left and right atrial volume indexes and ejection fractions obtained with real-time three-dimensional echocardiography // European Journal of Echocardiography. 2009- 10(6): 738−744.
- Ausma J., et al. Dedifferentiation of atrial cardiomyocytes as a result of chronic atrial fibrillation // The American Journal of Pathology. 1997- 151: 985−997.
- Ausma J., et al. Reverse structural and gapjunctional remodeling after prolonged atrial fibrillation in the goat// Circulation. 2003- 107: 2051−2058.
- Ausma J., et al. Structural changes of atrial myocardium due to sustained atrial fibrillation in the goat // Circulation. 1997- 96: 3157−3163.
- Aytemir K., Aksoyek S., Ozer N., et al. Atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery: P wave signal averaged ECG, clinical and angiographic variables in risk assessment // International Journal of Cardiology. 1999- 69(1): 49−56.
- Bakalli A., Kamberi L., Dragusha G., et al. Value of trans-oesophageal echocardiography as a method of encouraging patients with chronic atrial fibrillation to use anticoagulation therapy // Cardiovascular journal of Africa. 2010 Jul-Aug- 21(4): 192−4.
- Baker W.L., White C.M., Kluger J., et al. Effect of perioperative corticosteroid use on the incidence of postcardiothoracic surgery atrial fibrillation and length of stay // Heart Rhythm. 2007 Apr- 4(4): 461−8. Epub 2006 Dec 6.
- Baltabaeva A., Marciniak M., Marciniak A., et al. Changes in regional left atrial deformation in hypertensive patients in comparison with normotensive subjects // European Journal of Echocardiography. 2005- Abstracts Supplement, December 2005: SI08.
- Benser M.E., et al. Atrial defibrillation thresholds of electrode configurations available to an atrioventricular defibrillator // Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology. 2001- 12: 957−964.
- Bhandari B., Subramanian L. Ranolazine, a partial fatty acid oxidation inhibitor, its potential benefit in angina and other cardiovascular disorders // Recent Patents on Cardiovascular Drug Discovery. 2007 Jan- 2(1): 35−9.
- Billman G.E. Vernakalant, a mixed sodium and potassium ion channel antagonist that blocks K (v)1.5 channels, for the potential treatment of atrial fibrillation // Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs. 2010 Sep- 11(9): 104 858.
- Blume G., Barnes M., Bastiansen P., et al. Left Atrial Function is Superior to Volume for the Prediction of First Atrial Fibrillation in Older Adults // Circulation. 2009- 120: S347
- Blume G., Barnes M., Bastiansen P., et al. Physiologic Relationship Between Left Atrial Size and Function: A Possible Mechanistic Link Between Atrial Volume and Stroke // Circulation. 2009- 120: S383-S384.
- Bollmann A. Pulmonary Venous Flow Assessed by Doppler Echocardiography in the Management of Atrial Fibrillation // Echocardiography. 2007 Apr- 24(4): 430−435.
- Borg A., Pearce K., Williams S., Ray S. Left atrial function and deformation in chronic primary mitral regurgitation // European Journal of Echocardiography. 2009- 10(7): 833−840.
- Braunwald’s heart disease / Libby P., ed. 8th ed. — Elsevier, 2008. — 2183 p.
- Brett B., Stanley N., Atrial Fibrosis: Mechanisms and Clinical Relevance in Atrial Fibrillation // Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2008- 51: 802−9.
- Burashnikov A., Antzelevitch C. New Pharmacological Strategies for the Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation // Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology. 2009 Jul- 14(3): 290−300.
- Caravan P., Das B., Dumas S. Collagen-targeted MRI contrast agent for molecular imaging of fibrosis // Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 2007- 46(43): 8171−3.
- Choi J.-O., Han H., Cho S., et al. Reduced Peak Atrial Systolic Mitral Annular Velocity Predicts the Development of Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation // Echocardiography. 2009 Jul- 26: 645−650.
- Ciaccio E.J., Biviano A.B., Whang W. New methods for estimating local electrical activation rate during atrial fibrillation // Heart Rhythm. 2009 Jan- 6(1): 21−32. Epub 2008 Oct 15.
- Corradi D., Callegari S., Maestri R., et al. Structural remodeling in atrial fibrillation // Nature clinical practice cardiovascular medicine. 2008 Dec- Vol 5- № 12: 782−786.
- De Vos C., Crijns H., Weijs B., et al. Atrial Tissue Doppler Imaging For Prediction Of New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation // Circulation. 2008- 118: SI 069.
- De Vos C., Crijns H., Weijs B., et al. Atrial Tissue Doppler Imaging For Prediction Of New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation // Circulation. 2008- 118: S1069
- Di Salvo G., Pacileo G., Castaldi B., et al. Two-dimensional strain and atrial function: a study on patients after percutaneous closure of atrial septal defect // European Journal of Echocardiography. 2009- 10(2): 256−259.
- Ernst S. The future of atrial fibrillation ablation: new technologies and indications: atrial fibrillation // Heart. 2009 Feb- 95(2): 158−63.
- Fatema K., Seward J., Asirvatham S. Echo-Doppler And Electrogram Correlation: A Guide For The Invasive Management Of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation // Indian Pacing and Electrophysiology Journal. 2009- 9(4): 207 210
- Federico C. Natriuretic Peptide system and cardiovascular disease // Heart Views. 2010 Mar- 11(1): 10−5.
- Frost L, Frost P, Vestergaard P. Work related physical activity and risk of a hospital discharge diagnosis of atrial fibrillation or flutter: the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Study. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2005 Jan- 62(1): 49−53.
- Frustaci A., et al. Histological substrate of atrial biopsies in patients with lone atrial fibrillation // Circulation. 1997- 96: 1180−1184.
- Gerstenfeld E. Functional Block in the Posterior Left Atrium // Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2008 Feb- 51(8): 863−4.
- Giles Wesley III. The gold standard for noninvasive imaging in coronary heart disease: magnetic resonance imaging // Current Opinion in Cardiology. 2009 Nov- 24(6): 567−579.
- Guazzi M., Arena R. Endothelial dysfunction and pathophysiological correlates in atrial fibrillation // Heart. 2009- 95: 102−106.
- Haissaguerre M., et al. Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: triggers and substrate // Cardiac Electrophysiology: From Cell to Bedside / Douglas P. Zipes, Jose Jalife, eds. Philadelphia, Pa: W.B. Saunders, 2004. — P. 10 281 038.
- Hessea В., Schueleb S.U., Thamilasarana M., et al. A rapid method to quantify left atrial contractile function: Doppler tissue imaging of the mitral annulus during atrial systole // European Journal of Echocardiography. 2004- 5: 86−92.
- Hoit B.D., Walsh R.A. Regional atrial distensibility // American Journal of Physiology. 1992- 262: HI356−60.
- Hong C.S., Cho M.C., Kwak Y.G. et al. Cardiac remodeling and atrial fibrillation in transgenic mice overexpressing junctin // The FASEB Journal. 2002 Aug- 16(10): 1310−2. Epub 2002 Jun21.
- Hsiao S.H., Huang W.C., Lin K.L., et al. Left atrial distensibility and left ventricular filling pressure in acute versus chronic severe mitral regurgitation // American Journal of Cardiology. 2010 Mar 1- 105(5): 709−15.
- Hu Y.F., Hsu T.L., Yu W.C., et al. The impact of diastolic dysfunction on the atrial substrate properties and outcome of catheter ablation in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation // Circulation Journal. 2010 Oct- 74(10): 2074−8.
- Hurle A., Sanchez-Quintana D., Ho S.Y., Bernabeu E. Capillary supply to the sinus node in subjects with long-term atrial fibrillation // The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2010 Jan- 89(1): 38−43.
- Iacobellis G., Malavazos A.E. Pericardial adipose tissue, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease risk factors: the Jackson Heart Study // Diabetes Care. 2010 Sep- 33(9): el27-
- Iguchi Y., Kimura K., Shibazaki K., et al. Annual incidence of atrial fibrillation and related factors in adults // American Journal of Cardiology. 2010 Oct 15- 106(8): 1129−33.
- Ishida M., Kato S., Sakuma H. Cardiac MRI in ischemic heart disease // Circulation Journal. 2009 Sep- 73(9): 1577−88. Epub 2009 Aug 10.
- Jarvinen V.M., Kupari M.M., Poutanen V.P., Hekali P.E. A simplified method for the determination of left atrial size and function using cine magnetic resonance imaging // Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 1996- 14: 215−226.
- Jeevanantham V., Chughtai H., Little W., et al. Aging Affects the Response of the Left Atrium to Adrenergic Stress // Circulation. 2009- 120: S493.
- Katz W.E., Gulati V.K., Mahler C.M., Gorcsan J. 3rd. Quantitative evaluation of the segmental left ventricular response to dobutamine stress by tissue Doppler echocardiography // American Journal of Cardiology. 1997- 79: 103 642.
- Khan I.A. Atrial stunning: basics and clinical considerations // International Journal of Cardiology. 2003- 92: 113−28.
- Khan I.A. Transient atrial mechanical dysfunction (stunning) after cardioversion of atrial fibrillation and flutter // American Heart Journal. 2002- 144: 11−22.
- Koide Y., Yotsukura M., Sakata K., et al. Investigation of the predictors of transition to persistent atrial fibrillation in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation // Clinical Cardiology. 2002 Feb- 25(2): 69−75.
- Kourliouros A., Savelieva I., Kiotsekoglou A., et al. Current concepts in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation // American Heart Journal. 2009- 157: 243−52.
- Kurt M., Wang J., Torre-Amione G., Nagueh S. Left Atrial Function in Diastolic Heart Failure // Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging. 2009- 2: 10−15.
- Kwong R. Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imagine. — USA, Humana press, 2008. 750 p.
- Lee K.W., Everett T.H. 4th, Rahmutula D. et al. Pirfenidone prevents the development of a vulnerable substrate for atrial fibrillation in a canine model of heart failure // Circulation. 2006 Oct 17- 114(16): 1703−12. Epub 2006 Oct 9.
- Leistad E., Aksnes G., Verburg E., Christensen G. Atrial Contractile Dysfunction After Short-term Atrial Fibrillation Is Reduced by Verapamil but Increased by BAY K8644 // Circulation. 1996- 93: 1747−1754.
- Leung D.Y., Ng A.C. Emerging clinical role of strain imaging in echocardiography // Heart, Lung and Circulation. 2010 Mar- 19(3): 161−74. Epub 2010 Feb 9
- Li D., et al. Promotion of atrial fibrillation by heart failure in dogs: atrial remodeling of a different sort // Circulation. 1999- 100: 87−95.
- Lin C.S., et al. Increased expression of extracellular matrix proteins in rapid atrial pacinginduced atrial fibrillation // Heart Rhythm. 2007- 4: 938−949.
- Manning W.J., Leeman D.E., Gotch P.J., Come P.C. Pulsed Doppler evaluation of atrial mechanical function after electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation // Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1989- 13: 617−23.
- Manning W.J., Silverman D.I., Katz S.E., et al. Impaired left atrial mechanical function after cardioversion: relation to the duration of atrial fibrillation // Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1994- 23: 1535−40.
- Marui A., Nishina T., Tambara K. Impact of Left Atrial (LA) Volume Reduction on the Restoration of LA Contraction and LV Function After the Cox-Maze Procedure: Assessment by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) // Circulation. 2006- 114: II711
- Maruyama T., Kishikawa T., Ito H., et al. Augmentation of Pulmonary Vein Backflow Velocity during Left Atrial Contraction: A Novel Phenomenon Responsible for Progression of Atrial Fibrillation in Hypertensive Patients // Cardiology. 2008- 109: 33−40.
- Mattioli A., Bonatti S., Melotti R., Mattioli G. Atrial stunning, inflammation and nutritional status after cardioversion from atrial fibrillation // International Journal of Cardiology. 2008- 129: 344−347.
- Morton J.B., Sanders P., Vohra J.K., et al. Effect of chronic right atrial stretch on atrial electrical remodeling in patients with an atrial septal defect // Circulation. 2003- 107: 1775−82.
- Nakajima H., Seo Y., Ishizu T., et al. Analysis of the left atrial appendage by three- dimensional transesophageal echocardiography // American Journal of Cardiology. 2010 Sep 15- 106(6): 885−92.
- Nattel S., et al. Mechanisms of atrial fibrillation: lessons from animal models // Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. 2005- 48: 9−27.
- Nattel S., Li D., Yue L. Basic mechanisms of atrial fibrillation — very new insights into very old ideas // Annual Review of Physiology. 2000- 62: 51−77.
- Oh Jae K., Seward J., Tajik A. The Echo manual. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006.-410 p.
- Paciorek A., Urbanik A., Brzozowska-Czarnek A. et al. The role of MRI in the assessment of the cardiac anatomy and function // Przeglad Lekarski. 2010- 67(4): 306−13.
- Paelinck B.P., de Roos A., Bax J.J., et al. Feasibility of tissue magnetic resonance imaging: a pilot study in comparison with tissue Doppler imaging and invasive measurement // Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2005- 45: 1109−1116.
- Pagel P. S., Kehl F., Gare M., et al. Mechanical function of the left atrium: new insights based on analysis of pressure-volume relations and Doppler echocardiography // Anesthesiology. 2003 Apr- 98(4): 975−94.
- Paraskevaidis I. A., Panou F., Papadopoulos C., et al. Evaluation of left atrial longitudinal function in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a tissue Doppler imaging and two-dimensional strain study // Heart. 2009- 95: 483−489.
- Pauliks L.B., Chan K.C., Chang D., et al. Regional myocardial velocities and isovolumic contraction acceleration before and after device closure of atrial septal defects: a color tissue Doppler study // American Heart Journal. 2005- 150: 294−301.
- Perez M.V., Dewey F.E., Marcus R., et al. Electrocardiographic predictors of atrial fibrillation // American Heart Journal. 2009 Oct- 158(4): 622−8.
- Prioli A., Marino P., Lanzoni L., Zardini P. Increasing degrees of left ventricular filling impairment modulate left atrial function in humans // American Journal of Cardiology. 1998 Sept- 82(6): 756−761.
- Reyes G., Benedicto A., Bustamante J. et al. Restoration of atrial contractility after surgical cryoablation: clinical, electrical and mechanical results // Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery. 2009- 9: 609−612.
- Roberts-Thomson K.C., Stevenson I.H., Kistler P.M., et al. Anatomically determined functional conduction delay in the posterior left atrium relationship to structural heart disease // Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2008- 51: 856−62.
- Savelieva I., Camm A.J. Is there any hope for angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in atrial fibrillation? // American Heart Journal. 2007- 154: 403−406.
- Schotten U., de Haan S., Neuberger H.-R. et al. Loss of atrial contractility is primary cause of atrial dilatation during first days of atrial fibrillation // American Journal of Physiology Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2004- 287: H2324-H2331.
- Schotten U., Duytschaever M., Ausma J., et al. Electrical and contractile remodeling during the first days of atrial fibrillation go hand in hand // Circulation. 2003 Mar 18- 107(10): 1433−9.
- Sclarovsky S. Upgrading the electrocardiogram in the 21st century // Journal of Electrocardiology. 2009 Jan-Feb- 42(1): 35−8.
- Shapiro E.P., Effron M.B., Lima S., Ouyang P., Siu C.O., Bush D. Transient atrial dysfunction after conversion of chronic atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm //American Journal of Cardiology. 1988- 62: 1202−7.
- Shizukuda Y., Bolan C., Tripodi D., et al. Left Atrial Contractile Function Is Persistently Augmented in Newly Diagnosed Asymptomatic Hereditary Hemochromatosis Subjects Despite One Year Therapy // The FASEB Journal. 2007- 21: 969.3.
- Sievers B., Addo M., Kirchberg S., et al. How much are atrial volumes and ejection fractions assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging influencedby the ECG gating method? // Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. 2005- 7: 587−593.
- Silver M.A., Pick R., Brilla C.G., et al. Reactive and reparative fibrillar collagen remodeling in the hypertrophied rat left ventricle: two experimental models of myocardial fibrosis // Cardiovascular Research. 1990- 24: 741−7.
- Singh V, Tewfik AH, Gowreesunker B. A real-time cardiac surface tracking system using Subspace Clustering // Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2010−1:3634−7.
- Skeberdis V.A., Gendviliene V., Zablockaite D., et al. Beta3-adrenergic receptor activation increases human atrial tissue contractility and stimulates the L-type Ca2+ current // The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2008 Sep- 118(9): 3219−27.
- Sossalla S., Kallmeyer B., Wagner S., et al. Persistent Atrial Fibrillation Causes Remodelling of Na Currents: Impact of INa Inhibition by Ranolazine on Arrhythmias and Contractility // Circulation. 2009- 120: S681.
- Spengos K., Vemmos K.N. Etiology and outcome of cardioembolic stroke in young adults in Greece // The Hellenic Journal of Cardiology. 2010 Mar-Apr- 51(2): 127−32.
- Stoian I., Ginghina C., Arsenescu I. The left atrial active contractile performance in patients with systemic hypertension // European Journal of Echocardiography. 2003 Dec- SI4.
- Sullivan R.M., Olshansky B. Dronedarone: evidence supporting its therapeutic use in the treatment of atrial fibrillation // Core Evidence. 2010 Oct 21- 5: 4959.
- Taylor C.J., Hodgkinson J., Hobbs F.D. Rhythm control agents and adverse events in patients with atrial fibrillation // International Journal of Clinical Practice. 2010 Jul- 64(8): 1069−75.
- Thomas L., Levett K., Boyd A., et al. Changes in regional left atrial function with aging: evaluation by Doppler tissue imaging // European Journal of Echocardiography. 2003- 4: 92−100.
- Thompson R.B., McVeigh E.R. Fast measurement of intracardiac pressure differences with 2D breath-hold phase-contrast MRI // Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 2003- 49: 1056−1066.
- Timoteo A., Branco L., Pelicano N., et al. Can left atrial appendage dimensions and contractility influence the type of cerebral ischemic event? // European Journal of Echocardiography. 2003- Abstracts Supplement, December 2003: S108.
- Tiwari K.K., Granov N., Bevilacqua S., Glauber M. Could effect of smoking guide us to a new treatment option for atrial fibrillation? // Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery. 2010 Nov- 11(5): 555.
- Tops L., van der Wall E., Schalij M., Bax J. Multi-modality imaging to assess left atrial size, anatomy and function // Heart. 2007- 93: 1461−1470.
- Tozzi P., Hayoz D., Thevenaz P., et al. Artificial muscles to restore transport function of diseased atria // ASAIO Journal. 2008 Jan-Feb- 54(1): 11−3.
- Tsai W.-C., Lee C.-H., Lin C.-C., et al. Association of Left Atrial Strain and Strain Rate Assessed by Speckle Tracking Echocardiography with Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation // Echocardiography. 2009 Nov- 26: 1188−1194.
- Tunstall J., Chapman R.A. The effect of ryanodine on the contraction of isolated frog atrial trabeculae is triggered by caffeine // Experimental Physiology. 1994 May 1- 79: 435−444.
- Verheule S., et al. Alterations in atrial electrophysiology and tissue structure in a canine model of chronic atrial dilatation due to mitral regurgitation // Circulation. 2003- 107: 2615−2622.
- Verheule S., et al. Direction-dependent conduction abnormalities in a canine model of atrial fibrillation due to chronic atrial dilatation // American Journal of Physiology Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2004- 287: H634-H644.
- Wang Z., Tan H., Zhong M., et al. Strain Rate Imaging for Noninvasive Functional Quantification of the Left Atrium in Hypertensive Patients with Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation // Cardiology. 2008- 109: 15−24
- Wolbrette D., Gonzalez M., Samii S., et al. Dronedarone for the, treatment of atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter: approval and efficacy // Vascular Health and Risk Management. 2010 Aug 9- 6: 517−23.
- Woodcock-Mitchell J., et al. Alpha-smooth muscle actin is transiently expressed in embryonic rat cardiac and skeletal muscles // Differentiation. 1988- 39: 161−166.
- Xu G.J., Gan T.Y., Tang B.P. Differential expression of collagen and matrix metalloproteinases between left and right atria in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation // Sheng Li Xue Bao. 2009 Jun 25- 61(3): 211−6.
- Yu C.M., Fung J.W., Zhang Q., et al. Tissue Doppler echocardiographic evidence of atrial mechanical dysfunction in coronary artery disease // International Journal of Cardiology. 2005- 105: 178−85.
- Yuda S, Shimamoto K, Watanabe N. Clinical applications of strain rate imaging for evaluation of left atrial function // Rinsho Byori. 2010 Aug- 58(8): 799−808.
- Zierer A. Calcium Channel Blockers Impair Right Atrial Contractility and Cardiac Output in Non-Responders with Chronic Pulmonary Hypertension // Circulation. 2006- 114: IIT