N onetheless, the word order in the English affirmative negative sentence may change from SVO as shown above to VSO as in the following sentence: Not only would my allowance have been cut off, but if I ever wanted freedom again, I’d have had to pay for it: every hour outside my room costing me a dollar, which is like, I don’t know, seventeen dollars in today’s currency (Sedaris, 13).Not only could you hit your own children, but you could also hit other people’s (Sedaris, 15).Never would they have blindly defended me or even asked for my side of the story, as that would have put me on the same level as the adult (Sedaris, 13).Neither were we allowed to choose what we ate (Sedaris, 13).In sentences (1) and (2), the inversion is introduced due to the use of ‘not only', whereas it is ‘never' and ‘neither' in (3) and (4). E xcept for the sentence (4), Sedaris uses inversion for longer sentences, where the change of word orders helps to diversify the rhythm of the text. F inally, there can be found some more examples of the represented topic in the work of Sedaris, for instance: Lisa speculated that it was Tommy Reimer, not because she got a clear look at him but because it happened near his house (Sedaris, 15). T he structure ‘no because … but' means no inversion but represents the idea of the English affirmative sentence being formed with the help of negation in the prepositional complex phrase that does not simplify the syntax but helps to form a stronger contrast between its ideas.
I n a similar way, there is no change in the word order in the sentenceIt’s not that I don’t have opinions about these things; I just don’t feel they’re in any way special (Sedaris, 150). T he number of negative structures is superfluous for the English language; however, the author introduces them in order to show the uneasiness of the main character, as well as his feelings. T he last affirmative negative sentence type is to be named here: That’s me, pointing to the bathroom and asking the receptionist if I may use the sandbox, me traipsing down the stairs in a fresh set of clothes, my smile bittersweet and drearied with blood, counting the days until I can come back and return myself to this curious, socialized care (Sedaris, 13). O.
n the one hand, it illustrates how the sentence gets its negative meaning with the use of the negative conjunction ‘until' which does not mean the word order change, but enables the author to form a contrast. O n the other hand, this sentence is of the particular interest, as it combines both subthemes of the paper, namely the affirmative negative and interrogative sentences. W hereas the affirmative negative sentence structure is expressed explicitly in the means of grammar and syntax, the interrogative one is shown by the reported speech frame. T.
he word in both parts is direct (SVO). I nterestingly, Sedaris introduces interrogative sentences in his text with the idea of constructing the connection between the inner world of the main character and the outer world, being the true reality of the book chronotype. L et us consider the following examples: Well, where did it come from?
(S edaris, 9) How did I get it? (S edaris, 10) Why don’t trees touch the sky? (S edaris, 10Where did he think I was going to go with four missing teeth?
(S edaris, 11) Who the hell drops by at this hour? (S edaris, 12) Each of the sentences above is constructers with the help of the question words known as ‘wh-' group and VSO word order. C onsequently, the question word occupies the first position in the sentence word order. T here are two forms of the auxiliary verb ‘do', namely ‘do' and ‘did', that takes the second place in the sentence.
H owever, the sentence (1) opens with ‘well' to express hesitation to answer. S uch an emotional element is also introduced in (5) with the swear phrase ‘the hell' that should take its place straight after the question word; moreover, (5) is the question to the subject which means the SVO word order again. I.
nterestingly, though, the sentence (4) represents both VSO and SVO, since it includes two parts; the given notion is of great significance for ESL teachers and students. What is more, the dialogue between the character and the outer world can be illustrated by the following interrogative sentences to be discussed: «How do we get most things?» he answered."We buy them?"(Sedaris, 14) Can I have it removed? I guess you could, but why would you want to?(Sedaris, 19) I mean, how are we to know for certain that he was murdered? But he could have died of a heart attack, right?(Sedaris, 181) In the second part of the dialogue (1), there is no obvious grammatical and structure of the English interrogative sentence, as there is neither an auxiliary verb, not the VSO word order. O n the contrary, the word order is direct, it is SVO in its ideal form; the question can be guessed in the written form only with the help of the question mark. S.
uch a grammar non-compliance refers the linguist to its pragmatical features. T he second part of the dialogue (3) is also formed in a non-typical way; in the given case, ‘right' serves the function of the question tag that does not change the word order from SVO to VSO, as in But after that’s done I’ll still need to come regularly, won’t I?(Sedaris, 26). A similar meaning can be found in the following sentence as well: Dr.
B arras hasn’t gone anywhere exciting lately, but what with her mother, how can she?(Sedaris, 20).Finally, both Sedaris and Wodehouse introduce short question as shown in the Table 2 below. T hese short interrogative sentence serves to preserve the speed and energy of the real oral speech; the word order in each of them does not represent any difficulty and is not to be discussed in the given paper. S.
edarisWodehouseWhy not? Sir?Indeed, sir? Yes, sir? What about ten? D id you — Was there — Have you by chance — No? F rom Vermont? O h — ah — whyThat was me?
R eally? H ow do you do? M r Cohan? Er — no. T.
able 2. N on-full Interrogative Sentences in EnglishAs for Wodehouse, the author builds the whole part of the text on the interrogative sentences only, though with the different word order: Well, well, well, what? …W hy, Mr Wooster! H ow do you do? Corky around? I beg your pardon? You are waiting for Corky, aren’t you? Oh, I didn’t understand. N.
o, I’m not waiting for him (Wodehouse, 48) As for the affirmative negative sentences, Wodehouse tends to use the inversion with ‘there is/are/was/were' and, therefore, the VSO word order prevails in such sentences. F or example: She made me feel that there was nothing I wouldn’t do for her (Wodehouse, 40), There were no signs of Motty (Wodehouse, 67), There was no restraining him (Wodehouse, 81), There was nothing I could do … There was absolutely nothing for it but to put the fellow up and make the best of it (Wodehouse, 67), etc. 3.2 Analysis of World Order in Affirmative Negative and Interrogative Sentences in SpanishThe given part of the paper is devoted to the research in the affirmative negative and interrogative sentences in Spanish. T he examples are taken from the Internet, books and researches and are only used to illustrate the thesis of the paper. In Spanish, a practically free word order is subordinated to the actual division: the order of submitting information on the degree of importance prevails over the order of the grammatical basis, the most communicatively weighty word, as a rule, is in the end. The word order in affirmative negative sentences in Spanish does require additional attention, since the linguists distinguish explicit and implicit negative meaning. If the explicit one results in the addition of ‘no' into the sentence, implicit negation involve a more profound grammatical structure of the sentence:
1. Subordinate clauses, depending on the negative principal: No creo que descubieras nada nuevo;2. Subordinate clauses depending on the main, in which there is a word with negative semantics (oponerse, rehusar, ajeno, negar, es raro, es arriesgado, es poco probable, maldito, es imposible, soy enemigo and others);3. Combination with the preposition ‘sin': Se sentía cansada, sin ganas de hablar con nadie;4. Subordinate clauses starting with ‘sin que': yo saldré sin que nadie lo advierta;5. Interrogative sentences: ¿De qué me sirvió nunca la riqueza?6. Sentences with some specific condition or general conditional sense: Si te veo hablando con nadie en la calle, te mato;7. Subordinate sentences, depending on the implicitly negative conditional sentences: Si me dicen que te han visto hablando con nadie en la calle, te mato;8. Comparisons illustrating absence of equality: más tarde que nunca, mejor que nunca;9. Subordinate clauses, when there is a comparative or superlative degree of the adjective or adverb in the main part: Era el más largo tren que había visto nunca;10. I ndependent sentences, which include words with negative semantics: apenas, guardarse, abstenerse, librarse, oponerse, es ridículo, suprimir, es aventurado, poco, áspero, incapaz, negarse and others (Lamina, 129−132).In the neutral order of words in the narrative sentence Rem, or in the case of the influence of the comment context, is in the final position and receives a neutral emphasis. S uch a coincidence takes place, firstly, in statements whose communicative organization does not depend on the context:¿Que paso? J uan compro el periodico.
S econdly, the same actualization of the supplement-comment phrase stress in the final position in the Spanish language occurs in the answers to special questions posed to the direct addition: ¿Que compro Juan? Juan compro el periodico. However, the semantic structure of the sentence determines such actualization of the components of actual division by means of word order and phrase stress only in the case of a neutral context. I n the event of a change in communicative division, the element of the ‘comment' in Spanish will always be in the final position, separated by the phrase stress, regardless of the meaning of the verb:¿Quien viene? V iene Antonio. The inversion of the subject in the role of comment is also fixed in the widespread Spanish sentences with the SVO structure, for example:¿Quien escribio el libro? E l libro lo escribio la maestra.
W hat is more, if examples of the inversion of the subject as comment in the literature are described in some detail, examples of the inversion of the complement in this role of the comment are not so often found, for instance, Juan pusosobre la mesa un libro. The aspects of the common word order can be shortly summarized by the Table 3. A ffirmative positiveAffirmative negative Interrogative CommentEsto es una mesa.¿Es esto una mesa? From SVO to VSOLa mesa es blanca. La mesa no es blanca.‘No' before the verbNo, esto no es un armario.¿Es esto un armario?¿Quéhace usted aquí?Question word occupies the 1st placeA la ventana está fumando cigarillos una chica guapa. OVSTable 3. W.
orld Order in Affirmative Negative and Interrogative Sentences in SpanishConclusionThe research of the affirmative negative and interrogative sentences in English and Spanish makes it possible to come to the following conclusions: 1) Comparison of the role of word order and its interaction with the means in determining the communicative load of a word on the material of English and Spanish is of interest because English is a language with a rigid or rigid word order, unlike the Spanish, where it is relatively free.2) The main function of the order of words in English is grammatical, it expresses certain syntactic relations, and the expression of the lexical subject and lexical predicate is less important than the expression of the grammatical relations between words.3) In Spanish, the almost free word order is subordinated to the actual division: the order of submitting information on the degree of importance prevails over the order of the grammatical basis, the most communicatively weighty word stands in the end.4) Since the basic word order in both English and Spanish is SVO in both languages, the correlation of the actual and grammatical division is the same. M ost of the affirmative negative sentences in both languages are SVO; most of the interrogative sentences are VSO. H.
owever, there are some peculiarities in each language, especially in the sphere of inversion. 5) In the conditions of a certain communicative situation, with the actualization of the importance of a word, communicative division may not coincide with the syntactic one. F or the Spanish language, the inversion of the subject with the predicate is typical. I n English, when the actual division with the syntactic mismatch is used, other means, especially intonation, are used.6) In oral speech, both English and Spanish affirmative sentences can be transformed into interrogative without the change of word order; however, different punctuation marks are needed for each language.7) In English, a colloquial form of the interrogative sentence can be simplified down to one or two words. 8) Any change in the direct order of words except for the inversion of the subject in the interrogative sentence, as well as redundancy in any sentence, is emphatic and emotionally-selective.9) Cases of the implicit negation have prospects for the future study for English as well as Spanish, since they are of particular interest for grammar, linguistics, psycholinguistics and theory and practice of foreign languages teaching.
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