Пентилентетразоловый киндлинг у крыс: влияние на обучение, нейродегенерация и механизмы гибели нейронов в гиппокампе
Диссертация
Впервые показана гибель нейронов и окислительный стресс в гиппокампе животных, не демонстрирующих конвульсивную активность при PTZK. Ранее не были исследованы причины таких изменений, поскольку этих животных просто исключали из эксперимента, как не выработавших PTZK. Однако исследование ЭЭГ выявило эпилептическую активность в мозге таких неконвульсивных животных. Остается открытым вопрос о том… Читать ещё >
Список литературы
- Бурлакова Е.И., Чернявская Л. И., Архипова Г. В. Изменения в составе и физико-химических свойствах липидов головного мозга крыс как причина разной чувствительности ЦНС животных к раздражающим факторам. // Нейрохимия. 1989. — V. 8. № 2. — С. 249−258.
- Виноградова О. С. Гиппокамп и память. М. Наука. — 1975.
- Гуляева Н.В., Ерин А. Н. Роль свободнорадикальных процессов в развитии нейродегенеративных заболеваний. // Нейрохимия. 1995. — Т. 12. -№ 2.-С. 3−15.
- Зарубенко И.И., Яковлев А. А., Степаничев М. Ю., Гуляева Н.В.
- Электроконвульсивный шок вызывает гибель нейронов в гиппокампе мышей: корреляция нейродегенерации с судорожной активностью. // Рос. физиол. журн. 2004. — Т. 90. С. 272−281.
- Зенков Н.К., Меньщикова Е. Б., Шергин С. М. Окислительный стресс.
- Диагностика, терапия, профилактика. Изд-во СО РАМН, Новосибирск. — 1993. — С. 181.
- Котляр Б.И. Нейробиологические основы обучения. М.: Наука. — 1989. -С. 240.
- Крыжановский Г. Н., Никушкин Е. В., Тупеев И.Р. Anticonvulsive effect of superoxide dismutase // Бюл. эксп. биол. мед. 1987. — Т. 103. — № 4. С. 396−398.
- Лукьянова М.Д., Балмуханов B.C., Уголев А. Г. Кислородзависимые процессы в клетке и ее функциональное состояние. М. Наука. — 1982.- С. 260.
- Софронов Г. А, Пшенкина Н. Н., Иваницкий Ю. Ю., Панина Е.В.
- Возможные пути влияния химических агентов и ионизирующих излучений на процессы апоптоза. // Програмированная клеточная гибель. Санкт-Петербург: Наука. — 1996. — С. 209−218
- Тупеев И.Р., Бордюков М. М., Крыжановский Г. Н., Никушкин Е.В. State of the antioxidant system during induction in rats of primary generalized epileptic activity // Бюл. Эксп. Биол. Мед. 1987. — Т. 104. — С. 167 169.
- Чепурнов С.А., Чепурнова Н. Е., Редкозубова О. М., Саакян С.А. Status epilepticus новые механизмы и пути торможения (литий-пилокарпиновая модель) // Успехи физиологических наук. — 2005. -Т.36.-№ 1.-С. 68−84.
- Яковлев А.А., Онуфриев М. В., Степаничев М. Ю. Браун К., Гуляева Н.В.
- Активность каспазы-3 в отделах мозга грызунов разных видов // Нейрохимия. 2001. — Т. 18. — № 1. — С.41−43.
- Яковлев А.А., Семенова Т. П., Колаева С. Г., Онуфриев М. В., Михалев С. Л., Гуляева Н. В. Изменение активности каспазы-3 в отделах мозга сусликов citellus undulatus в течение гибернационного цикла// Нейрохимия. 2002. — Т. 19. -№ 1. — С.33−36.
- Abbasova K.R., Berdiev R. К., Chepurnova N.E., Chepurnov S.A., Luijtelaar G.
- Typical and atypical spike-wave discharges: effects ofpentylenetetrazole in WAG/Rij Rats // The WAG/Rij Model of Absence Epilepsy (Eds.: G. van Luijtelaar et al.). Printpartners Ipskamp Nijmegen. 2004. — P. 219−225.
- Abrams R. Electroconvulsive Therapy. / In New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.
- Andersen P., Greengard P., Hu G. Y. Injection of protein kinase С in rat hippocampal pyramidal cells in vitro induces plastic changes similar to long term potentiation.// J. Physiol. (Gr. Brit). -1987. -V. 390. P. 18.
- Annegers J.F. Epidemiology and genetics of epilepsy. // Neurol Clin. 1994. -V. 12.-P. 15−29.
- Arendt T, Holzer M, Gartner U. Neuronal expression of cycline dependent kinase inhibitors of the INK4 family in Alzheimer’s disease. // J Neural Transm. 1998. — V.105 — P. 949−960.
- Atack J.R., Cook S.M., Huston P.H., File S.E. Kindling induced by pentylenetetrazole in rats is not directly associated with changes in the expression of NMD A or benzodiazepine receptors. // Pharm Biochem Behavior. -2000. V. 65. — P. 743−750.
- Atack J.R., Cook S.M., Hutson P.H., File S.E. Kindling induced by pentylenetetrazole in rats is not directly associated with changes in theexpression of NMDA of benzodiazepine receptors. // Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2000. — V. 65. — P. 743−750.
- Austin J.K., Dunn D.W. Progressive behavioral changes in children with epilepsy. // Prog Brain Res. 2002. — V. 135. — P. 419−427.
- Babb T.L., Brown W.J., Pretorius J., Davenport C., Lieb J.P., Crandall P.H.
- Temporal lobe volumetric cell densities in temporal lobe epilepsy. // Epilepsia 1984. V. 25. — P. 729−740.
- Bal-Price A., Brown G.C. Nitric-oxide-induced necrosis and apoptosis in PC 12 cells mediated by mitochondria. // J Neurochem. 2000. — V. 75. — P. 1455−1464.
- Becker A., Braun H., Schroder H., Grecksch G., Hollt V. Effects of enadoline on the development of pentylenetetrazol kindling, learning performance, and hippocampal morphology. // Brain Res. 1999. — V. 823 — N. l-2 -P. 191−197.
- Becker A., Grecksch G., Brosz M. Antiepileptic drugs—their effects on kindled seizures and kindling-induced learning impairments. // Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1995. — V. 52. — P. 453−459.
- Becker A., Grecksch G., Brosz M. Naloxone ameliorates the learning deficit induced by pentylenetetrazol kindling in rats. // Eur J Neurosci. -1994.-V. 6.-P. 1512−1515.
- Becker A., Grecksch G., Ruthrich H., Pohle W., Marx В., Matthies H. Kindling and its consequences on learning in Rats. // Behavioral Neural Biology. 1992. — V. 57. — P. 37−43.
- Becker A., Grecksch G., Ruthrich H.L., Pohle W., Marx В., Matthies H.
- Kindling and its consequences on learning in rats. // Behav Neural Biol. 1992. — V. 57. — P. 37−43.
- Becker A., Tiedge A., Grecksch G.A. Diazepam-its effects on the development of pentylenetetrazol kindling, related learning impairments, and neuronal cell loss. // Pharmacol Res. 1997. — V. 35. — P. 27−32.
- Beldhuis H.J.A., Everts H.G.J., Van Der Zee E.A., Luiten P.G.M., Bohus B.
- Amygdala kindling — induced seizures selectively impair spatial memory: 1. Behavioral characteristics and effects on hippocampal neuronal protein kinase С isoforms. // Hippocampus. — 1992. — V.2. P. 397−410.
- Beltran В., Mathur A., Duchen M.R., Erusalimsky J.D., Moncada S. The effect of nitric oxide on cell respiration: A key to understanding its role in cell survival or death. // Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.- 2000. V. 19. P. 97.
- Ben-Ari Y. Limbic seizures and brain damage produced by kainic acid: mechanisms and relevance to human temporal lobe epilepsy. // Neurosience. 1985. — V. 14. — P. 375−403
- Ben-Ari Y., Gho M. Long-lasting modification of the synaptic properties of rat CA3 hippocampal neurones induced by kainic acid. // J. Physiol. -1988.-V. 404. P.365−384.
- Ben-Ari Y., Tremblay E., Ottersen O.P., Meldrum B.S. The role of epilepticctivity in hippocampal and «remote» cerebral lesions induced by kainic acid. // Brain Res. 1980. V. 191. P. 79−97.
- Bengzon J., Kokaia Z., Elmer E., Nanobashvili A., Kokaia M., Lindvall O.
- Apoptosis and proliferation of dentate gyrus neurons after single and intermittent limbic seizures. // Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.- 1997. V. 94.-P. 10 432−10 437.
- Bengzon J., Mohapel P., Ekdahl C.T., Lindvall O. Neuronal apoptosis after brief and prolonged seizures. // Prog Brain Res. 2002. — V. 135. — P. 111 119.
- Benson D.F., Hermann B.P. Personality Disorders. / In: Epilepsy: a comprehensive textbook (Engel J, Jr., Pedley ТА, eds), Philadelphia, USA. Lippincott-Raven. 1997. P. 2065−2070.
- Berg A.T., Testa F.M., Levy S.R., Shinnar S. The epidemiology of epilepsy.
- Past, present, and future. // Neurol Clin. 1996. — V. 14. — P. 383−398.
- Berger M.L., Lassmann H., Hornykiewicz O. Limbic seizures without brain damage after injection of low doses of cainic acid into the amygdale of freely moving rats. // Brain Res. 1989. — V. 489. — P. 261−272.
- Bertram E.H. 3rd, Lothman E.W. Morphometric effects of intermittent kindled seizures and limbic status epilepticus in the dentate gyrus of the rat. // Brain Res. 1993. V. 603.-P. 25−31.
- Bliss Т.V., Lomo Т. Long-lasting potentiation of synaptic transmission in the dentate area of the anaesthetized rabbit following stimulation of the perforant path. // J Physiol. 1973. — V. 232. — P. 331−356.
- Bliss T.V., Collingridge G.L. A synaptic model of memory: long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. // Nature. 1993. — V. 361. — N. 6407.-P. 31−39.
- Blume W.T. Clinical Description and Diagnosis. / In: Intractable Seizures Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention (Burnham W.M., Carlen P.L., Hwang P.A., eds), New York, USA: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. 2002. — P. 9−18.
- Blumer W.T. Psychiatric Aspects of Intractable Epilepsy. / In: Intractable Seizures Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention (Burnham W.M., Carlen P.L., Hwang P.A., eds), New York, USA: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. 2002. — P. 133−147.
- Bobrysheva I.V., Chernyavskaya L.I., Onufriev M.V., Grivennikov I.A., Gulyaeva N.V. Hydrogen peroxide dose-dependently inhibits caspese-3 in PC 12 cells. // Нейрохимия. 2000. — V. 7. — P. 93−98.
- Bohdanecky Z., Necina J. Course of some pharmacological tests in functionally decorticated animals. // Physiol Bohemoslov. 1963. — V. 12. — P. 5561.
- Bouma P.A., Westendorp R.G., van Dijk J.G., Peters A.C., Brouwer O.F. The outcome of absence epilepsy: a meta-analysis. // Neurology. 1996. -V. 47. — P. 802−808.
- Bradford M.M. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. //
- Anal. Biochem. 1976. — V. 72. — P. 248−254.
- Braughler J.M., Hall E.D. Central nervous system trauma and stroke. I.
- Biochemical considerations for oxyformation and lipid peroxidation. // Free Radical Biol. Med. 1989. — V. 6. — P. 289−301.
- Briellmann R.S., Newton M.R., Wellard R.M., Jackson G.D. Hippocampal sclerosis following brief generalized seizures in adulthood. // Neurology.-200 l.-V. 57.-P. 315−317.
- Bures J., Buresova O., Huston J.P. Techniques and Basic Experiments for the Study of Brain and Behavior. / Elsevier, Amsterdam, New York. -1983.
- Burnham W.M. Antiseizure Drugs. / In: Principles of Medical Pharmacology (Kalant H, Roschlau WHE, eds), New York, USA: Oxford University Press. — 1998. — P. 250−261.
- Burnham W.M. Intractable Epilepsy: The Invisible Disorder. / In: Developmental Disabilities in Ontario (Brown I., Percy M., eds), -Toronto: Front Page Publishing. 2002a.
- Burnham W.M. Primary and «transfer» seizure development in the kindled rat. // Can J Neurol Sci. 1975. -V. 2. — P. 417−428.
- Cadet J.L., Brannock C. Free radicals and the pathobiology of brain dopamine systems. // Neurochem Int. 1998.-V. 32. — P. 117−131.
- Cain D.P. Bidirectional transfer of intracerebrally administered pentylenetetrazol and electrical kindling. // Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1982. — V. 17.-P. 1111−1113.
- Cain D.P. Effects of kindling or brain stimulation on pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsion susceptibility. // Epilepsia. 1980. V. 21. P. 243−249.
- Cain D.P. Kindling and the Amygdala. / In: The Amygdala: Neurobiological Aspects of Emotion, Memory, and Metal Dysfunction (Gloor P., ed), -Toronto: Wiley-Liss, Inc. 1992. — P. 539−560.
- Cain D.P. Transfer of pentylenetetrazol sensitization to amygdaloid kindling. Pharmacol.//Biochem. Behav. 1981. — V. 15.-P. 533−536.
- Carlson N.R. Learning and Memory: Basic Mechanisms. / In: Physiology of Behaviour (Carlson NR, ed), Boston: Allyn and Bacon. — 1998. — P. 409−450.
- Cavazos J.E., Golarai G., Sutula T.P. Mossy fiber synaptic reorganization induced by kindling: time course of development, progression, and permanence. // J Neurosci. 1991.-V. 11.-P. 2795−2803.
- Cavazos J.E., Sutula T.P. Progressive neuronal loss induced by kindling: a possible mechanism for mossy fiber synaptic reorganization and hippocampal sclerosis. // Brain Res. 1990. — V. 527. — P. 1−6.
- CCTILAE. Proposal for revised classification of epilepsies and epileptic syndromes. Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy. // Epilepsia. 1989. — V. 30. -N.4.-P. 389−399.
- CCTILAE. Proposal for revised clinical and electroencephalographic classification of epileptic seizures. From the Commission on
- Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy. // Epilepsia. 1981. — V. 22. -N. 4. — P. 489−501.
- Chen J., Nagayama Т., Jin K., Stetler R.A., Zhu R.L., Graham S.H., Simon R.P.1.duction of caspase-3-like protease may mediate delayed neuronal death in the hippocampus after transient cerebral ischemia. // J. Neurosci. 1998. V. 18. P. 4914−4928.
- Clark R.S., Kochanek P.M., Chen M., Watkins S.C., Marion D.W., Chen J., Hamilton R.L., Loeffert J.E., Graham S.H. Increases in Bcl-2 and cleavage of caspase-1 and caspase-3 in human brain after head injury. // FASEB J. 1999.-V. 13.-P. 813−821.
- Cohen G. Catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and cytochrome P-450. / Handbook of Neurochemistry. Plenum Press, New York. — 1983. — V. 4. — P. 325−330.
- Cole A.J., Koh S., Zheng Y. Are seizures harmful: what can we learn from animal models? // Prog Brain Res. 2002. — V. 135. P. 13−23.
- Corda M., Orlandi M., Lecca D., Giorgi O. Decrease in GABAergic function induced by pentylenetetrazol kindling in rats: antagonism by MK-801. // J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1992. — V. 262. — P. 792−798.
- Covolan L., Smith R.L., Mello L.E. Ultrastructural identification of dentate granule cell death from pilocarpine-induced seizures. // Epilepsy Res. -2000.-V. 41.-P. 9−21.
- Dam A.M. Epilepsy and neuron loss in the hippocampus. // Epilepsia. 1980. -V. 21. P. 617−629.
- Dam A.M., Hertz M., Bolwig T.G. The number of hippocampal neurons in rats after electrically-induced generalized seizures. // Brain Res. 1980.1. V. 193.-P. 268−272.
- Dam A.M. Quantitative neuropathology in epilepsy. //Acta Neurol Scand Suppl.- 1992.-V. 137.-P. 51−54.
- Depaulis A., Snead O.C., Marescaux C., Vergnes M. Suppressive effects of intranigral injection of muscimol in three models of generalized non-convulsive epilepsy induced by chemical agents. // Brain Res. 1989.- V. 498. P. 64−72.
- Dodel R.C., Du Y., Bales K.R., Ling Z., Carvey P.M., Paul S.M. Caspase-3-like proteases and 6-hydroxydopamine induced neuronal cell death. // Mol. Brain. Res. 1999. — V. 57. — P. 195−206.
- Dodrill C.B. Progressive cognitive decline in adolescents and adults with epilepsy. // Prog Brain Res. 2002. — V. 135. — P. 399−407.
- Duncan J.S. MRI studies. Do seizures damage the brain? // Prog Brain Res. -2002.-V. 35.-P. 253−261.
- Ekonomou A.- Smith A.L., Angelatou F. Changes in AMPA receptor binding and subunit messenger RNA expression in hippocampus and cortex in the pentylenetetrazole-induced 'kindling' model of epilepsy. // Mol. Brain Res. 2001. V. 95. P. 27−35.
- Enari M., Sakahira H., Yokoyama H., Okawa K., Iwamatsu A., Nagata S. A.
- Caspase-activated DNase that degrades DNA during apoptosis, and its inhibitor ICAD. //Nature. 1998. — V. 391. — P. 43−50.
- Engel J.J. Excitation and inhibition in epilepsy. // Can J Neurol Sci. 1996. — V. 23.-P. 167−174.
- Engel J.J., Crandall P.H. Intensive neurodiagnostic monitoring with intracranialelectrodes. // Adv Neurol. 1987. — V. 46. P. 85−106.
- Engel J.J., Starkman S. Overview of seizures. // Emerg Med Clin North Am. -1994.-V. 12.-P. 895−923.
- Erdtmann-Vourliotis M, Riechert U, Mayer P, Grecksch G, Hollt V.
- Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced c-fos expression in the hippocampus of kindled rats is suppressed by concomitant treatment with naloxone // Brain Res. 1998. V. — 792. — N2. — P. 299−308.
- Evans M., Griffiths Т., Meldrum B. Early changes in the rat hippocampus following seizures induced by bicuculline or L-allylglycine: a light and electron microscope study. // Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. -1983.-V. 9.-P. 39−52.
- Evans M.C., Griffiths Т., Meldrum B.S. Kainic acid seizures and the reversibility of calcium loading in vulnerable neurons in the hippocampus. // Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 1984. — V. 10. — P. 285−302.
- Fadeel В., Orrenius S., Zhivotovsky B. The most unkindest cut of all: on the multiple roles of mammalian caspases. // Leukemia. 2000. — V. 14. -P. 1514−1525.
- Fisher R.S. Animal models of epilepsies. // Brain Res. Rev. 1989. — V. 14. — P. 245−252.
- Franke H., Kittner H. Morphological alterations of neurons and astrocytes and changes in emotional behavior in pentylenetetrazol-kindled rats. // Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2001. — V. 70. — P. 291−303.
- Frantseva M.V., Velazquez J.L., Hwang P.A., Carlen P.L. Free radical production correlates with cell death in an in vitro model of epilepsy. // Eur J Neurosci. 2000b. — V. 12.-P. 1431−1439.
- Fridovich I. Superoxide dismutases in biolodgy and medicine. Patholodgy of Oxygen. / Academic Press, New Yorkl. 1982. — P. 19.
- Friedman H.R., Goldman-Rakic P. S. Activation of the hippocampus and dentate gyrus by working-memory: a 2-deoxyglucose study of behaving rhesus monkeys. // J Neurosci. 1988. — V. 8. — P. 4693−4706.
- Fuerst D., Shah J., Shah A., Watson C. Hippocampal sclerosis is a progressive disorder: a longitudinal volumetric MRI study. // Ann Neurol. 2003. -V. 53.-P. 413−416.
- Gavrieli Y., Sherman Y., Ben-Sasson S.A. Identification of programmed cell death in situ via specific labeling of nuclear DNA fragmentation. // J. Cell Biol. 1992. — V. 119. — P. 493−501.
- Genkova-Papazova M.G., Lazarova-Bakarova M.B. Pentylenetetrazole kindling impairs long-term memory in rats. // Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. -1995.-V. 5.-P. 53−56.
- Genkova-Papazova, M.G., Petkova В., Shishkova, N., Lazarova-Bakarova M.
- The GABA-B antagonist CGP 36 742 prevent PTZ-kindling-provoked amnesia in rats. // Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2000. — V. 10. — P. 273−278.
- Gerren R.A., Weinberger N.M. Long term potentiation in the magnocellular medial geniculate nucleus of the anesthetized cat. // Res. 1983. — V. 265.-P. 138−142.
- Gilby K.L., Da Silva A.G., Mclntyre D.C. Differential GABA (A) subunit expression following status epilepticus in seizure-prone and seizure-resistant rats: a putative mechanism for refractory drug response. // Epilepsia. 2005. — V. 46. — P. 3−9.
- Gillardon F., Wickert H., Zimmermann M. Up-regulation of bax and down-regulation of bcl-2 is associated with kainate-induced apoptosis in mouse brain. // Neurosci Lett. 1995. V. 192. — P. 85−88.
- Giorgi O.- Orlandi M.- Lecca D., Corda M.G. MK-801 prevents chemical kindling induced by pentylenetetrazol in rats. // Eur. J. Pharmacol. -1991.-V. 193.-P. 363−365.
- Goddard G.V. Development of epileptic seizures through brain stimulation at low intensity. // Nature. 1967. — V. 214. — N. 92. — P. 1020−1021.
- Goddard G.V., Mclntyre D.C., Leech C.K. A permanent change in brain function resulting from daily electrical stimulation. // Exp Neurol. -1969. V. 25. — N. 3. — P. 295−330.
- Gombos Z., Spiller A., Cottrell G.A., Racine R.J., Mclntyre B.W. Mossy fiber sprouting induced by repeated electroconvulsive shock seizures. // Brain Res. 1999. — V. 844. — P. 28−33.
- Gonzalez Burgos G.R., Biali F.I., Nicola Siri L.C., Cardinali D.P. Effect ofgamma-aminobutyric acid on synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation in rat superior cervical ganglion. // Brain Res. L994.- V. 658. -N.l-2. — P. 1−7.
- Grace G.M., Corcoran M.E., Skelton R.W. Kindling with stimulation of the dentate gyrus. I. Characterization of electrographic and behavioral events. // Brain Res. 1990. — V. 509. P. 249−256.
- Grecksch G., Becker A., Rauca C. Effect of age on pentylenetetrazol-kindling and kindling-induced impairments of learning performance. // Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1997. — V. 56. — P. 595−601.
- Griffiths Т., Evans M.C., Meldrum B.S. Intracellular calcium accumulation in rat hippocampus during seizures induced by bicuculline or L-allylglycine. // Neuroscience. 1983. — P. 10. — P. 385−395.
- Guberman A., Bruni J. Essentials of Clinical Epilepsy. Boston, USA Butterworht Heinemann. 1999.
- Halgren E., Stapleton J., Domalski P., Swartz B.E., Delgado- Escueta A.V., Walsch G.O., Mandelkern M., Bland W., Ropach J. Memory dysfunctions in epilepsy patients as a dearrangement of normal physiology. //AdvNeurol. 1991.- V. 55.-P. 385−410.
- Halliwell В., Gutteridge J.M.C. Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine. -Oxford. Clarendon Press. 1989. — P. 543.
- Hamm R.J., Pike B.R., Temple M.D., O’Dell D.M., Lyeth B.G. The effect of postinjury kindled seizures on cognitive performance of traumatically brain-injured rats. // Exp Neurol. 1995. — V. 136. — P. 143−148.
- Hampton M.B., Fadeel В., Orrenius S. Redox regulation of the caspases during apoptosis. // Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1998. — V. 854. — P. 328−335.
- Hauser W.A., Annegers J.F., Kurland L.T. Prevalence of epilepsy in Rochester, Minnesota: 1940−1980.//Epilepsia. 1991. — V. 32.-P. 429−445.
- Hauser W.A., Rich S.S., Annegers J.F., Anderson V.E. Seizure recurrence after a 1st unprovoked seizure: an extended follow-up. // Neurology. -1990.-V. 40.-P. 1163−1170.
- Hebb D.O. The organization of behavior: A neuropsychological theory. N. Y: Wiley. — 1949.
- Henshall D.C., Chen J., Simon R.P. Involvement of caspase-3-like protease in the mechanism of cell death following focally evoked limbic seizures. // J. Neurochem. 2000. — V. 74. — P. 1215−1223.
- Herrup К., Neve R., Ackerman S.L., Copani A. Divide and die: cell cycle events as triggers of nerve cell death. // J. Neurosci. 2004. — V. 24. — P. 9232−9239.
- Hildebrandt F. Pentamethylenetetrazol (Cardiazol). // Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol. 1926. — V. 116.-P. 100−109.
- Houser C.R. Neuronal loss and synaptic reorganization in temporal lobe epilepsy. // Adv Neurol. 1999. — V. 79. P. 743−761.
- Jokeit H, Ebner A (2002) Effects of chronic epilepsy on intellectual functions. Prog Brain Res 135: 455−463
- Kandel E.R., Kupferman I., Iversen S. Learning and Memory. / In: Principles of Neural Science (Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM, eds), New York, USA: McGraw-Hill. — 2000.
- Kanner A.M., Balabanov A. Depression and epilepsy: how closely related are they? // Neurology. 2002. — V. 58. P. 527−539.
- Khurgel M., Racine R.J., Ivy G.O. Kindling causes changes in the composition of the astrocytic cytoskeleton. // Brain Res. 1992. — V. 592. P. 338 342.
- Kim J.H. Pathology of epilepsy. // Exp Mol Pathol. 2001. — V. 70. — P. 345 367.
- Klioueva I.A., van Luijtelaar E.L., Chepurnova N.E., Chepurnov S.A. PTZ-induced seizures in rats: effects of age and strain. //Physiol Behav. -2001.-V. 72.-P. 421−426.
- Koroleva VI, Vinogradova LV, Bures J. Reduced incidence of cortical spreading depression in the course of pentylenetetrazol kindling in rats. // Brain Res.- 1993.-V. 608.-N. l.-P. 107−14.
- Krinsky N.I. Mechanism of action of biological antioxidants. // Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1992. — V. 200. — P. 248−254.
- Kroemer G., Dallaporta В., Resche-Rigon M. The mitochondrial death/life regulator in apoptosis and necrosis. // Annu Rev Physiol. 1998. V. 60. P. 619−642.
- Kruman I., Bruce-Keller A.J., Bredesen D.E., Waeg G., Mattson M.P. Evidence that 4-hydroxynonenal mediates oxidative stress-induced neuronal apoptosis. // J. Neurosci.- 1997. V. 17. P. 5089−5100.
- Kuan C.Y., Roth K.A., Flavell R.A., Rakic P. Mechanisms of programmed cell death in the developing brain. // Trends Neurosci. 2000. V. 23. P. 291−297.
- Kudryashov I.E., Onufriev M.V., Kudryashova I.V., Gulyaeva N.V. Periods of postnatal maturation of hippocampus: synaptic modifications and neuronal disconnection // Dev. Brain Res. 2001. — V. 132. — P. 113 120.
- Madison D.V., Malenka R.C., Nicoll R.A. Mechanisms underlying long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission. // Annu Rev Neurosci. 1991. -V. 14.-P. 379−397.
- Majno G., Joris I. Apoptosis, oncosis and necrosis. An overview of cell death. Amer. // J. Pathol. 1995. — V. 146. — P. 3−15.
- Malenka R.C. Synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus: LTP and LTD. // Cell. -1994. V. 78. -N.4. — P. 535−538.
- Manning J.P., Richards D.A., Bowery N.G. Pharmacology of absence epilepsy. // Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2003. — V. 24. — P. 542−549.
- Marescaux C., Micheletti G., Vergnes M., Depaulis A., Rumbach L., Waiter J.M. A model of chronic spontaneous petit mal-like seizures in the rat: comparison with pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures // Epilepsia. -1984.-V. 35.-P. 326−331.
- Marsh L., Rao V. Psychiatric complications in patients with epilepsy: a review. //Epilepsy Res. 2002. — V. 49. — P. 11−33.
- Martin L.J. Neuronal cell death in nervous system development, disease, and injury. // Int J Mo I Med. 2001. — V. 7. — P. 455−478.
- Mathern G.W., Kuhlman P.A., Mendoza D., Pretorius J.K. Human fascia dentata anatomy and hippocampal neuron densities differ depending on the epileptic syndrome and age at first seizure. // J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1997. — V. 56. — P. 199−212.
- Mattson M.P. Apoptosis in neurodegenerative disorders. // Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2000.-V. l.-P. 120−129.
- Mattson M.P., Duan W. «Apoptotic» biochemical cascades in synaptic compartments: roles in adaptive plasticity and neurodegenerative disorders. // J. Neurosci. Res. 1999. — V. 58. — P. 152−166.
- Mattson M.P., Keller J.N., Begley J.G. Evidence for synaptic apoptosis. // Exp. Neurol. 1998. V. 153. P. 35−48.
- McEachern J.C., Shaw C.A. An alternative to the orthodoxy: plasticity -pathology continuum model // Brain Res. Reviews. 1996. — V. 22. -P. 51−92.
- McEachern J.C., Shaw C.A. The plasticity pathology continuum: defining a role for the LTP phenomenon // J. Neuros. Res. — 1999. — V. 58. — P. 42−61.
- McNamara J.O. Analyses of the molecular basis of kindling development. // Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1995. — V. 49. — P. 175−178.
- McNamara J.O., Bonhaus D.W., Shin C., Crain B.J., Gellman R.L., Giacchino J.L. The kindling model of epilepsy: a critical review. // CRC Crit. Rev. Clin. Neurobiol. 1985.-V. l.-P. 341−391.
- McNamara J.O., Bonhaus D.W., Shin C., Crain B.J., Gellman R.L., Giacchino J.L. The kindling model of epilepsy: a critical review. // CRC Critical Rev. Clin. Neurobiol. 1985.-V. l.-P. 341−391.
- Meldrum B.S. Do preclinical seizure models preselect certain adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs. // Epilepsy Res. 2002. — V. 50. P. 33−40.
- Meldrum B.S. First Alfred Meyer Memorial Lecture. Epileptic brain damage: aconsequence and a cause of seizures. // Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 1997.-V. 23.-P. 185−201.
- Meldrum B.S. Metabolic factors during prolonged seizures and their relation to nerve cell death. // Adv Neurol. 1983. — V. 34. P. 261−275.
- Meldrum B.S., Brierley J.B. Prolonged epileptic seizures in primates. Ischemic cell change and its relation to ictal physiological events. // Arch Neurol. 1973. — V. 28. P. 10−17.
- Meldrum B.S., Horton R.W. Physiology of status epilepticus in primates. // Arch Neurol. 1973. — V. 28. — P. 1−9.
- Meldrum B.S., Vigouroux R.A., Rage P., Brierley J.B. Hippocampal lesions produced by prolonged seizures in paralyzed artificially ventilated baboons. //Experientia. 1973. — V. 29. — P. 561−563.
- Mello L.E., Cavalheiro E.A., Tan A.M., Kupfer W.R., Pretorius J.K., Babb T.L., Finch D.M. Circuit mechanisms of seizures in the pilocarpine model of chronic epilepsy: cell loss and mossy fiber sprouting. // Epilepsia. -1993.-V. 34.-P. 985−995.
- Miller S.P., Li L.M., Cendes F., Tasch E., Andermann F., Dubeau F., Arnold D.L. Medial temporal lobe neuronal damage in temporal and extratemporal lesional epilepsy. // Neurology. 2000. V. 54. P. 14 651 470.
- Mitchell R.N., Cotran R.S. Cell Injury, Death and Adaptation. / In: Basic Pathology (Kumar V, Cotran RS, Robbins SL, eds), Toronto: W.B. Saunders Company. — 1997. — P. 3−24.
- Moscovitch D.A., McAndrews M.P. Material-specific deficits in «remembering» in patients with unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy and excisions.
- Neuropsychologia. 2002. — V. 40. P. 1335−1342.
- Muradian K, Schachtschabel DO. The role of apoptosis in aging and age-related disease: update. Z Gerontol Geriatr 2001 Dec-34(6):441−6
- Nadler J.V., Cuthbertson G.J. Kainic acid neurotoxicity toward hippocampal formation: dependence on specific excitatory pathways. // Brain Res.- 1980.-V. 195.-P. 47−56.
- Nagata S. Apoptotic DNA fragmentation. // Exp. Cell Res. 2000. — V. 256. -P. 12−18.
- Nagy Z., Esiri M.M. Neuronal cyclin expression in the hippocampus in temporal lobe epilepsy. // Exp. Neurol. 1998. — V. 150. — P. 240−247.
- Nakagawa E., Aimi Y., Yasuhara O., Tooyama I., Shimada M., McGeer P.L., Kimura H. Enhancement of progenitor cell division in the dentate gyrus triggered by initial limbic seizures in rat models of epilepsy. // Epilepsia. 2000. — V. 41. — P. 10−11.
- Namura S., Zhu J., Fink K., Endres M., Srinivasan A., Tomaselli K.J., Yuan J., Moskowitz M.A. Activation and cleavage of caspase-3 in apoptosis induced by experimental cerebral ischemia. // J. Neurosci. 1998. -V. 18.-P. 3659−3668.
- Ney G.C., Lantos G., Barr W.B., Schaul N. Cerebellar atrophy in patients with long-term phenytoin exposure and epilepsy. // Arch Neurol. 1994. -V. 51.-P. 767−771.
- Nilsson O.G., Shapiro M.L., Gage F.H., Olton D.S., Bjorklund A. Spatial learning and memory following fimbria-fornix transection and grafting of fetal septal neurons to the hippocampus. // Exp Brain Res.- 1987. V. 67.-P. 195−215.
- Niquet J., Ben Ari Y., Represa A. Glial reaction after seizure induced hippocampal lesion: immunohistochemical characterization of proliferating glial cells. // J Neurocytol. 1994a. — V. 23. P. 641−656.
- Niquet J., Jorquera I., Ben Ari Y., Represa A. Proliferative astrocytes may express fibronectin-like protein in the hippocampus of epileptic rats. // Neurosci Lett. 1994b. — V. 180. — P. 13−16.
- Ohkawa H., Ohishi N., Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. // Anal. Biochem. 1979. — V.95. — P. 351 360.
- Olney J.W., Fuller Т., de Gubareff T. Acute dendrotoxic changes in the hippocampus of kainate treated rats. // Brain Res. 1979. — V. 176. -P. 91−100.
- Olsen R.W. The GABA postsynaptic membrane receptor-ionophore complex.
- Site of action of convulsant and anticonvulsant drugs. // Mol. Cell. Biochem. 1981.-V. 39.-P. 261−279.
- Olsen R.W., Wamsley J.K., Lee R.J., Lomax P.
- Benzodiazepine/barbiturate/GABA receptor-chloride ionophore complex in a genetic model for generalized epilepsy. // Adv Neurol. -1986.-V. 44.-P. 365−378.
- Oppenheim R.W., Flavell R.A., Vinsant S., Prevette D., Kuan C.Y., Rakic P.
- Programmed cell death of developing mammalian neurons after genetic deletion of caspases. // Neurosci. 2001. — V. 21. — P. 47 524 760.
- Osawa M., Uemura S., Kimura H., Sato M. Amygdala kindling develops without mossy fiber sprouting and hippocampal neuronal degenerationin rats. //Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2001. — V. 55. — P. 549−557.
- Parent J.M., Lowenstein D.H. Seizure-induced neurogenesis: are more new neurons good for an adult brain? // Prog Brain Res. 2002. — V. 135. -P. 121−131.
- Pasinelli P., Borchelt D.R., Houseweart M.K., Cleveland D.W., Brown R.H. Jr.
- Caspase-1 is activated in neural cells and tissue with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-associated mutations in copper-zinc superoxide dismutase. // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1998. — V. 95. — P. 15 763−15 768.
- Patrylo P.R., Schweitzer J.S., Dudek F.E. Abnormal responses to perforant path stimulation in the dentate gyms of slices from rats with kainate-induced epilepsy and mossy fiber reorganization. // Epilepsy Res. -1999. V. 36.-P. 31−42.
- Pavone, P., Bianchini, R., Trifiletti, R.R., Incorpora, G., Pavone, A., Parano, E., Neuropsychological assessment in children with absence epilepsy. //Neurology. 2001. — V. 56. — P. 1047−1051.
- Peele D.B., Gilbert M.E. Functional dissociation of acute and persistent cognitive deficits accompanying amygdala-kindled seizures. // Behav Brain Res. 1992. — V. 48. — N. 1. — P. 65−76.
- Penfield W., Jasper H. Epilepsy and the Functional Anatomy of the Brain. Boston, USA: Little, Brown. 1954.
- Pohle W., Becker A., Grecksch G., Juhre A., Willenberg A. Piracetam prevents pentylenetetrazol kindling-induced neuronal loss and learning deficits. // Seizure. 1997. — V. 6. — P. 467−474.
- Pohle W., Rauca C. Hypoxia protects against the neurotoxicity ofkainic acid. //Brain. Res. 1994/ - V. 644. — P. 297−304.
- Pollack M., Leeuwenburgh C. Apoptosis and aging: role of the mitochondria. //J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001. -V. 56. — N 11. — P. B475−482.
- Pollard H., Charriaut-Marlangue С, Cantagrel S, Represa A, Robain О, Moreau J, Ben Ari Y. Kainate-induced apoptotic cell death in hippocampal neurons. // Neuroscience. 1994. — V. 63. — P. 7−18.
- Portera-Cailliau C., Price D.L., Martin L.J. Non-NMDA and NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxic neuronal deaths in adult brain are morphologically distinct: further evidence for an apoptosis-necrosis continuum.//J Comp Neurol. 1997.-V. 378.-N.1.-P. 88−104.
- Pretel S., Applegate C.D., Piekut D. Apoptotic and necrotic cell death following kindling induced seizures. // Acta Histochem. 1997. V. 99. P. 71−79.
- Racine R., Rose P.A., Burnham W.M. Afterdischarge thresholds and kindling rates in dorsal and ventral hippocampus and dentate gyrus. // Can J Neurol Sci. 1977. — V. 4. — P. 273−278.
- Racine R.J. Modification of seizure activity by electrical stimulation: II. Motor seizure. Electroencephalogr. // Clin. Neurophysiol. 1972. — V. 32. -P. 281−294.
- Racine R.J. Modification of seizure activity by electrical stimulation. I. Afterdischarge threshold. // Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1972a. -V. 32.-P. 269−279.
- Racine R.J. Modification of seizure activity by electrical stimulation. II. Motor seizure. // Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1972b. — V. 32. -P. 281−294.
- Racine R.J., Steingart M., Bureau Y., Mclntyre D.C. Differential sensitivity of genetically Fast vs. Slow kindling rats strains to GABAergic convulsive agents. //Neuropharmacology. 2003. — V. 45. N 7. P. 918−924.
- Racine R.J., Steingart M., Mclntyre D.C. Development of kindling-prone and kindling-resistant rats: selective breeding and electrophysiological studies. //Epilepsy Research. 1999. — V. 35. — P. 183−195.
- Ramanjaneyulu R., Ticku M.K. Interactions of pentamethylenetetrazole and tetrazole analogues with the picrotoxinin site of the benzodiazepine-GABA receptor-ionophore complex. // Eur J Pharmacol. 1984. — V. 98.-N. 3−4.-P. 337−45.
- Randic M., Jiang M.C., Cerne R. Long-term potentiation and long-term depression of primary afferent neurotransmission in the rat spinal cord. //J Neurosci. 1993. — V. 13. N. 12. — P. 5228−5241.
- Rauca C., Pohle W., Grunenberg K., Franze S. Hypothermia inhibits pentylenetetrazol kindling and prevents kindling-induced deficit in shuttle-box avoidance. // Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2000. — V. 65. N l.-P. 23−30.
- Rauca C., Pohle W., Grunenberg K., Franze S. Hypothermia inhibits pentylenetetrazol kindling and prevents kindling-induced deficit inshuttle-box avoidance.// Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2000. — V. 65. -N 1. — P. 23−30.
- Rauca C., Zerbe R., Jantze H. Formation of free hydroxyl radicals after pentylenetetrazol kindling-induced seizure and kindling. // Brain Res.- 1999.-V. 847.-P. 347−351.
- Represa A., Ben Ari Y. Kindling is associated with the formation of novel mossy fibre synapses in the CA3 region. // Exp Brain Res. 1992. -V. 92.-P. 69−78.
- Rocha L.- Ackermann R.F., Engel J. Jr. Chronic and single administration of pentylenetetrazol modifies benzodiazepine receptor-binding: an autoradiographic study. // Epilepsy Res. 1996. — V. 24. — P. 65−72.
- Rothman S.M., Thurston J.H., Hauhart R.E. Delayed neurotoxicity of excitatory amino acids in vitro. //Neuroscience. 1987. — V. 22. — P. 471−480.
- Roux P.P., Colicos M.A., Barker P.A., Kennedy Т.Е. p75 neurotrophin receptor expression is induced in apoptotic neurons after seizure. // J Neurosci.- 1999. V. 19. — P. 6887−6896.
- Saint-Hilaire J.M. Counselling the Patient With Epilepsy. / In: Demystifying Epilepsy Management in Primary Care (Bruni J, ed), Montreal, Canada: Grosvenor House Inc. — 1995b. — P. 79−89.
- Saint-Hilaire J.M. Defining Epilepsy. / In: Demystifying Epilepsy Management in Primary Care (Bruni J, ed), Montreal, Canada: Grosvenor House Inc. — 1995a.-P. 13−23.
- Sakhi S., Sun N., Wing L.L., Mehta P., Schreiber S.S. Nuclear accumulation of p53 protein following kainic acid-induced seizures. // Neuroreport. -1996.-V. 7. P. 493−496.
- Sander J.W. The epidemiology of epilepsy revisited. // Curr Opin Neurol. -2003.-V. 16.-P. 165−170.
- Sankar R., Shin D.H., Liu H., Mazarati A., Pereira D.V., Wasterlain C.G.
- Patterns of status epilepticus-induced neuronal injury during development and long-term consequences. // J Neurosci. 1998. — V. 18.-P. 8382−8393.
- Sarkisian M.R., Holmes G.L., Carmant L., Liu Z., Yang Y., Stafstrom C.E.
- Effects of hyperthermia and continuous hippocampal stimulation on the immature and adult brain. // Brain Dev. 1999. — V. 1. — P. 318 325.
- Scheepers M., Kerr M. Epilepsy and behaviour. // Curr Opin Neurol. 2003. -V. 16.-P. 183−187.
- Scher M.S. Seizures in the newborn infant. Diagnosis, treatment, and outcome. //Clin Perinatol. 1997. — V. 24. — P. 735−772.
- Schmidt J. New aspects in the pharmacology of kindling implications for mechanism of of action in kindling.// Pol. J. Pharmacol. Pharm. -1987.-V. 39.-P. 527−536.
- Schroeder H., Becker A., Hoellt V. Sensitivity and density of glutamate receptor subtypes in the hippocampal formation are altered in pentylenetetrazole-kindled rats. // Exp Brain Res. 1998. V. 120. -N. 4. -P. 527−530.
- Schroeder H., Becker, A., Lossner, B. Glutamate binding to brain membranes is increased in pentylenetetrazol-induced kindled rats. // J. Neurochem. -1993.-V. 60.-P. 1007−1011.
- Schwob J.E., Fuller Т., Price J.L., Olney J.W. Widespread patterns of neuronaldamage following systemic or intracerebral injections of kainic acid: a histological study.//Neuroscience. 1980. — V. 5. P. 991−1014.
- Scott B.W., Woj’towicz J.M., Burnham W. M Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the rat following electroconvulsive shock seizures. // Exp Neural. -2000.-V. 165.-P. 231−236.
- Sedlak J., Lindsay R.H. Estimation of total, protein-bound, and nonprotein sulfhydryl groups in tissue with Ellman’s reagent. // Anal. Biochem. -1968.-V.25.-P. 192−205.
- Seidel W.T., Corcoran M.E. Relations between amygdaloid and anterior neocortical kindling. // Brain Res. 1986. V. 385. — P. 375−378.
- Shimohama S., Tanino H., Fujimoto S. Changes in caspase expression in Alzheimer’s disease: comparison with development and aging. // Biochem. Biophys. Res. Com. 1999. — V. 256. P. 381−384.
- Shinnar S., Berg A.T., Moshe S.L., Petix M., Maytal J., Kang H., Goldensohn E.S., Hauser W.A. Risk of seizure recurrence following a first unprovoked seizure in childhood: a prospective study. // Pediatrics. -1990.-V. 85.-P. 1076−1085.
- Shmidt K.F. Uber den Imin-Rest. // Ber. Dtsch Chem Ges. 1924. — V. 57. — P. 704−706.
- Shorvon S.D. The epidemiology and treatment of chronic and refractory epilepsy. //Epilepsia. 1996. — V. 37. — N. 2. — P. S1-S3.
- Sies H. Oxidative stress: Introdactory remarks. / Oxidative stress. Academic Press, London. — 1985. — P. 1−8.
- Sies H., Cadenas E. Oxidative stress: damage to intact cells and organs. // Philos
- Trans RSoc Lond В Biol Sci. 1985.-V. 311.-N. 1152.-P. 617 631.
- Simon H.U., Haj-Yehia A., Levi-Schaffer F. Role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in apoptosis induction. // Apoptosis. 2000. — V. 5. — N 5. — P. 415−418.
- Sirven J.l. Classifying seizures and epilepsy: a synopsis. // Semin Neural. 2002 — V. 22. P. 237−246.
- Sloviter R.S. «Epileptic» brain damage in rats induced by sustained electrical stimulation of the perforant path. I. Acute electrophysiological and light microscopic studies. // Brain Res Bull. 1983. — V. 10. — P. 675 697.
- Sloviter R.S. Decreased hippocampal inhibition and a selective loss of interneurons in experimental epilepsy. // Science. 1987. — V. 235. -P. 73−76.
- Sloviter R.S., Damiano B.P. Sustained electrical stimulation of the perforant path duplicates kainate-induced electrophysiological effects and hippocampal damage in rats. // Neurosci Lett. 1981. — V. 24. — P. 279−284.
- Sloviter R.S., Dean E., Sollas A.L., Goodman J. HApoptosis and necrosis induced in different hippocampal neuron populations by repetitive perforant path stimulation in the rat. // J Comp Neurol. 1996. — V.366.-P. 516−533.
- Snead O.C. 3rd. Pharmacological models of generalized absence seizures in rodents // J. Neural Transm. Suppl. 1992. — V. 35. — P. 7−19.
- Snead O.C., Banerjee P.K., Burnham M., Hampson D. Modulation of absence seizures by the GABAA receptor: a critical role for metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 (mGluR4). // J. Neurosci. 2000. — V. 20. — P. 6218−6224.
- Soderfeldt В., Kalimo H., Olsson Y., Siesjo B. Histopathological changes in the rat brain during bicuculline-induced status epilepticus. // Adv Neurol. 1983.-V. 34.-P. 169−175.
- Spiller A.E., Racine R.J. The effect of kindling beyond the 'stage 5' criterion on paired-pulse depression and hilar cell counts in the dentate gyrus. // Brain Res. 1994. — V. 635. — P. 139−147.
- Stefan H., Pauli E. Progressive cognitive decline in epilepsy: an indication of ongoing plasticity. // Prog Brain Res. 2002. — V. 135. P. 409−417.
- Stefanis L., Park D.S., Yan C.Y., Farinelli S.E., Troy C.M., Shelanski M.L., Greene L.A. Induction of CPP32-like activity in PC 12 cells by withdrawal of trophic support. Dissociation from apoptosis. // J. Biol. Chem. 1996. — V. 271. — P. 30 663−30 671.
- Stepanichev M.Yu., Zdobnova I.M., Zarubenko I.I., Moiseeva Yu.V., Lazareva N.A., Onufriev M.V., Gulyaeva N.V. Amyloid-P (25−35) induced memory impairment correlates with cell loss in rat hippocampus. // Physiol. Behav. 2004. — V. 80. — P. 647−655.
- Stone W.E. Convulsant actions of tetrazol derivatives. // Pharmacology. 1970. -V. 3.- P. 367−370.
- Sutula Т., He X.X., Cavazos J., Scott G. Synaptic reorganization in the hippocampus induced by abnormal functional activity. // Science. — 1988. V. 239. — N. 4844. — P. 1147−1150.
- Sutula T.P., Pitkanen A. More evidence for seizure-induced neuron loss: is hippocampal sclerosis both cause and effect of epilepsy? // Neurology. 2001. — V. 57.-P. 169−170.
- Sutula TP, Hagen J, Pitkanen A. Do epileptic seizures damage the brain? // Curr Opin Neurol. 2003. — V.16. — N.2. — P. 189−195.
- Toth Z., Yan XX., Haftoglou S., Ribak C.E., Baram T.Z. Seizure-induced neuronal injury: vulnerability to febrile seizures in an immature rat model. // J Neurosci. 1998. — V. 18. — P. 4285−4294.
- Van der Vliet A., Bast A. Effect of oxidative stress on receptors and signal transmission. // Chem. Biol. Interactions. 1992. — V. 85. — P. 95−116.
- Velez L., Selwa L.M. Seizure disorders in the elderly. // Am Fam Physician. -2003.-V. 67.-P. 325−332.
- Victorov I.V., Prass K., Dirnagl U. Improved, selective, simple and contrast staining of acidophilic neurons with vanadium acid fuchsin. // Brain Res. Protocols. 2000. — V.5.- P. 135−139.
- Villa P., Kaufmann S.H., Earnshaw W.C. Caspases and caspase inhibitors. // Trends Biochem. Sci. 1997. — V. 22. — P. 388−393.
- Vincent C.I., Рае J.L., Hallows J.L. The cell cycle and human neurodegenerative disease. // Progr. Cell Cycle Res. 2003. — V. 5. — P. 31−41.
- Viskontas I.V., McAndrews M.P., Moscovitch M. Remote episodic memory deficits in patients with unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy and excisions. // J Neurosci. 2000. — V. 20. — P. 5853−5857.
- Westbrook G.L. Seizures and Epilepsy. / In: Principles of Neural Science (Kandel E.R., Schwartz J.H., Jessell T.M., eds), New York, USA: McGraw-Hill. — 2000.
- White H.S. Animal models of epileptogenesis. // Neurology. 2002. — V. 59. -N. 5.-P. S7-S14.
- Williams L.R. Oxidative stress, age-related neurodegeneration, and the potential for neurotrophic treatment. // Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev. 1995. -V.7.-N. 1.-P. 55−73.
- Wong M., Wozniak D.F., Yamada K.A. An animal model of generalized nonconvulsive status epilepticus: immediate characteristics and long-term effects. // Exp. Neurol. 2003. — V. 183. — P. 87−99.
- Yu B.P. Cellular defenses against damage from reactive oxigen species. // Physiol. Rev. 1994. — V. 74. — P. 139−162.
- Yuan J., Yankner B. AApoptosis in the nervous system. // Nature. 2000. — V. 407. — P. 802−809.
- Zhang L.X., Smith M.A., Li X.L., Weiss S.R., Post R.M. Apoptosis of hippocampal neurons after amygdala kindled seizures // Mol. Brain Res. 1998.-V. 55. — P. 198−208.
- Zhang X., Cui S.S., Wallace A.E., Hannesson D.K., Schmued L.C., Saucier D.M., Honer W.G., Corcoran M.E. Relations between brain pathology апв temporal lobe epilepsy. // J Neurosci. 2002. — V. 22. P. 60 526 061.
- Zhang X., Gelowitz D.L., Lai Chien-Tsai, Boulton A.A., Yu P.H. Gradation of Kainic Acid-induced Rat Limbic Seizures and Expression of Hippocampal Heat Shock Protein-70. // European Journal of Neurosience. 1997. — V. 9. — P. 760−769.
- Zola-Morgan S., Squire L.R. Memory impairment in monkeys following lesions limited to the hippocampus. // Behav Neurosci. 1986. — V. 100. — P. 155−160.