Warum sich Widerstand gegen Abschiebung lohnt.
25. In both languages with nouns preceded by an in or zu preposition: «zu Fall bringen / get in trouble»; «in not garaten / to knock down, to dislodge."26. In German often in stable combinations: «zu Bett gehen»; 27. In many paired expressions: «Schulter an Schulter / shoulder to shoulder»; «Schritt fΓΌr Schritt / step by step».
28. I n German in many phraseological terms: «aus groΓen FuΓ leben."But it should be noted that sometimes the use of the article affects the meaning of the sentence in both languages. I n this way, the article which is used before the own names, is an indicator the closeness of the proper name and the common noun. O ver time, the name increasingly departs from the correlative appellative, developing according to different, «onomastic» laws. T.
he name of a large city undergoes usually a longer transformation than the name of the village and the article can be omitted. W ith the passage of time, the article disappeared from the words with which they were previously used. One of the main trends of toponymic system is the tendency to isolation, separation from the appellative lexicon. T hese divergent processes find different manifestations: in the creation of their own arsenal of derivational means, in delineating a certain lexical-semantic field, the components of which are used most often in a special distribution of names. T he article is, as you know, the main determinant, the escort of the noun.
T herefore, the divergent processes of the toponymic system are also manifested in the use of the article: the less it is isolated, the closer its connection with the nominal vocabulary, the more frequent there are «oikonyms» and vice versa. C omplex oppositions testify to the complexitysystem. T.
he problem of using an article with any category substantives can be properly resolved only on the basis the action of the articles system. T hus, the articular system seeks to expand its sphere of use for different categories of nouns, toponymic system due to divergent processes tends to resist. O ver time, however, in connection with the enhancement of the toponymic system, the effect of the article system may decrease. S ometimes there is a reverse process β the replacement of the article from the sphere of toponymy. I.
n toponymy, two tendencies are encountered: a general tendency towards unification and the tendency of each name to uniqueness. T he toponymic system uses various means to overcome this. I t should be noted that due to the specificity of each language, the character of the relationship between the toponymic and the article systems is different in them and this causes a different degree of use of the article with proper names. C omparison of English and German shows that in the latter the system is much stronger. T.
his is due to a number of factors. F irst of all, German articles have a much larger number of forms. T he German definite article has 6 forms which, due to cooperation with a set of differentiated forms of the noun, constitute a paradigm of 16 members. T he indefinite article also has 6 different forms forming a paradigm of 12 members. I.
n English, a definite and indefinite article has only one relevant form with two variants, which are caused phonetically. Zero articles are also of great use in the newspapers in both German and English. T hese examples confirm the wide use of the zero articles. T.
hus, in the previous example, the article is omitted before each word. T his is especially true for scientific articles with a broad use of terminology. H owever, with the transition to the usual terms and expressions that familiar to readers, the definite article begins to be applied again:βͺ When you think about it, our island paradise, surrounded by coral reefs, is the perfect place to set the gold standard for the world to follow.βͺ Our reporting also showed that New Zealand schools vary alarmingly in the seriousness of their approach to bullying. Generally, the article in German performs a number of functions (in particular, grammatical β indicates genus, number, case), which are not peculiar to it in English. Due to this, the pressure of the article system in the German language is more significant than in English, which finds various manifestations in different lexical groups.
I n many cases, the member forms of geographical names in German have «zero-article» analogue in English. F or example, in German, the names of individual mountain peaks are used in the member-form and in English β in the non-member. T he noun in Modern English has only two grammatical categories, number and case.
T he existence of case appears to be doubtful and has to be carefully analyzed. The Modern English noun certainly has not got the category of grammatical gender, which is to be found, for example, in Russian, French, German and Latin. N ot a single noun in Modern English shows any peculiarities in its morphology due to its denoting a male or a female being.
T hus, the words husband and wife do not show any difference in their forms due to the peculiarities of their lexical meanings. In opposite, in the German language, the article is of a great importance. T hus, the article not only gives information about the definiteness / indeterminacy of the noun, but also indicates the gender, number and case of the noun.
I n the plural, there is no indefinite article. T he definite article in the plural for all genera is the same. T he article in German has the following functions: expresses the gender, number, case of the noun, indicates the certainty / indeterminacy of the noun. W.
hen the noun declines, the form of the article changes. T he form of the article, in the first place, determines the case of the noun. H owever, the nouns themselves in some cases receive case endings, in accordance with which all nouns are divided into three types of declension. Also, considering the case system in German, it should be noticed that in German it is far more developed comparing with English. I n English there are only two cases: common case and genitive case.
B ut in German language case system there are six cases: Nominative, German, Dativ and Akkusative. Thus, a comparative analysis of the British and German articles, let to make the following conclusions. In English there are three articles: definite (the), the indefinite (a, an) and the zero. I n German there are too, three types of articles, but their using in German is more complicated due to the existence in the latter four cases.
A rticles in the English language, unlike the German articles, do not give an indication of the genus of the noun. I n view of the general historical development of languages, in the English and German languages there are identical trends in the development, formation and use of categories of definiteness and indefiniteness. The only difference is that in German, unlike in English, articles vary depending on which member of the sentence is the noun which determinant it is. S o, it is possible to say that the use of the article in English is not as necessary as in German. N.
evertheless, the article is an important language tool that provides accurate expression and correct understanding of thoughts in English. U nskillful use of the article in the speech leads either to distortion of the meaning of the statement. So, it is possible to say that the use of the article in English is not as necessary as in German. N evertheless, the article is an important language tool that provides accurate expression and correct understanding of thoughts in English.
U nskillful use of the article in the speech leads either to distortion of the meaning of the statement, or to a mutual misunderstanding of the interlocutors. Thus, articles play a big role in English and German languages, both semantic and emotional, and also indicate the level of human education. B ut at the same time reading English magazines and newspapers, listening to the spoken language, one can see that sometimes articles are not used according to traditional, classical rules.
T here are many nouns used without the articles in cases where they should have been. I t also should be concluded that the main function of an indefinite article is as the classifier: the object is contrasted as one of this class. T he degree of concretization may be different, but complete identification, as there is for a definite article, is absent. A.
variant of the classifying value can be considered to be the generalizing value observed in some cases of using an indefinite article. A n analysis of examples from German and English newspapers showed that the article is more often omitted in English than in German. I n German, of the most frequent use is the definite article.
T he indefinite article is found more often than generally in the English language. CONCLUSIONA s it a well-known, articles are non-words and are used according to their meanings. C omparing the category of article, it is important to stress a difference between their uses in both languages. T.
hus, in modern German, the article is one of the main means of expressing the grammatical meanings of the genus, the number and the case of the noun. T he article, which is a service word, constantly accompanies the noun and forms together with it a single compound form of the word. D eclaring the article gives more information about each grammatical form of the noun than the declension of the noun, because its endings are more expressive. The classification of nouns in these two languages is similar; there are two classes: proper nouns and common nouns, but in English this classification is narrowed (class nouns, collective noun, nouns of material, abstract nouns).In German nouns of all types are capitalized, though. T.
he convention of capitalizing all nouns was previously used in English, but has long fallen into disuse. T hus, over the similarity in English and German nouns in general, that conclude the classification of nouns into proper nouns and common nouns, there exist others likenesses in these two languages that were investigated. T.
hey include wide application of various suffixes in the formation of nouns and the possibility of the formation of nouns from verbs, adjectives and adverbs in both languages. B ut at the same time in the German language the use of prefixes has become more widespread than in English. T he classification of nouns is far more complicated and the main reason of that is a high importance of articles in German. H.
owever, being individual names given to separate persons or things, proper nouns are staying similar in both languages. The case system in German is more developed comparing with English. I n English there are only two cases: common case and genitive case. B ut in German language case system there are six cases: Nominative, German, Dativ and Akkusative. The case system in German does two things. F irst, it marks the grammatical functions of nouns which are indicated by word order in English, that is, the subject, object and indirect object of the sentence. (T.
his means that these nouns are free to be ordered almost anywhere in the sentence since their function is clearly indicated by their form.) Second, cases mark certain adverbial functions such as the time, manner, and means of carrying our an action, which are marked by prepositions in English, for example by hand, on Friday, with enthusiasm This function leads to the case system being associated with prepositions. O ne should remember that in German all prepositions are associated with a case which is attached to their objects. S ince only nouns can express case, this means that only nouns may be objects of prepositions. Cases are something that is probably the most complicated concept in German language to the student that speaks only English. T.
hus, the article is a service word expressing the definiteness-indefiniteness of a noun, indicating its uniqueness or prevalence. I n English and German the types of articles are identical (definite, indefinite and zero). H owever, unlike the English article, the German article is consistent with nouns in number, gender and case. M.
oreover, in some cases the only way to distinguish a gender, number or case of a word in German is an article. E nglish article does not perform such functions. T he expression of the English and German language is performed by means of morphological and syntactic means declination systems and case endings, word order, indicative and possessive pronouns. T.
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