Explication is often used as well when there are doubts that the phenomenon or thing named are likely to be misunderstood by the addressee.
Thus, belletristic or literary texts have a certain structure and systematisation of various figurative means (tropes) and realities indicating distinctive features of the area where narration takes place and refer to.
Exact translation of the logic contents, sense and structure of the literary texts into another language without taking account on the addressee’s capability of understanding the words used does not give due effect from the point of view of stylistics.
Realities are usually translated by means of transcription or transliteration depending on their character, occasionally (more often in a form of comment) explication or descriptive translation is used if there’s a doubt that transliterated or transcribed reality is likely to be misunderstood by the addressee.
While translating belletristic texts full of cultural realities, social and cultural contexts are extremely important, as adequacy of translation is connected with the contents and form of the speech message translation. The form of the speech message appears to be a priority if the text deals with cultural and social stereotypes of each separate language community.
Chapter 3. Distinctive features of use and translation of Russian realities in the novel «Gorky Park».
In the novel «Gorky Park» by M.K.Smith, the object of our research, there is a huge number of the Russian national, political, household and cultural realities which are connected mainly with the place of narration, necessity to reflect and reveal various features human life in Russia, historical, cultural and philosophical traditions, features of political and economic life, demographic specificity of area, personal and geographic proper names of the given region of the world.
Communication with another linguistic culture is expressed, first of all, by the proper names and forms of address the characters and the author, underlining ethnic accessory of heroes, not only real surnames and or names of heroes, but also colloquial variants and nicknames being used.
Russian realities used by M.K.Smith in his English novel as we’ll see are translated from English into Russian by means of the following translation methods:
changing class of words,.
concretization,.
explication,.
logic synonymy,.
tracing,.
transcription,.
transliteration,.
word omission,.
word order change.
We have to change class of words due to widespread use of conversion in English. In this case most of all we have to translate a noun as an adjective.
We have to deal with concretization when Russian realities used in the novel were explicated by the author.
Explication (comprehensive exposition or description) is used often when translating realities, but when Russian realities are translated into Russian use of it is very rare because Russian realities are well known to the addressees (Russian speakers).
Logic synonymy is used to change semantics of the word a little bit so as to attain a more common collocation.
Tracing or word for word transcription is used when translating realities consisting of two and more words.
Transcription means changing sounds of the original language with those of another language. Transliteration means changing letters of the original language with those of another language. Quite often transliteration and transcription result in the same version of translation, therefore using the term ‘transliteration' in the table we quite often imply application of transliteration or transcription.
Word omission is needed in translation when instead of pronoun in another language we use a special form of case or when reality is so well known that its part is often omitted.
We have to use word order change as well to attain a more common version of translation.
Examples from the text containing national Russian realities Our translation Specific features of reality translation «A squad of KGB agents in plainclothes wereled from the cars by a squat, vigorous major called Pribluda.» [Smith 2007: 4] KGB — КГБ.
Pribluda — Приблуда Transliteration.
Transliteration «Pasha returned pumped up with outrage. 'What kind of madman could do that?'» [Smith 2007: 5] Pasha — Паша Transliteration Detective Fet arrived. He was nearly as young as the trainees, with steel-rimmed glasses and blue ball-bearing eyes. [Smith 2007: 12] Fet — Фет Transliteration 'Uncle Seva, who dyes his hair and wears a sportsjacket with a false foreign label?' [Smith 2007: 22] 'Uncle Seva — дядя Сева Transliteration and tracing 'Comrade General, Chief Investigator Renko reporting,' Arkady said, according to ritual. [Smith 2007: 14] 'Comrade General — товарищ Генерал.
Chief Investigator -главный следователь Transliteration and tracing.
tracing Levin’s assistant, an Uzbek with a runny nose, was adding new embellishments, cutting into the chest cavities with a rotary saw. [Smith 2007: 16] Uzbek — узбек Transliteration Fertilize a glorious roe of young Greater Russians lest all theinferior nationalities, the swarthy Turks and Armenians, sly Georgians and Jews, traitorous Estonians and Latvians, swarming hordes of ignorant yellow Kazaks, Tartars and Mongols, backward and ungrateful Uzbeks, Ossetians, Circassians, Kalmuks and Chuckchis tip with theirupraised organs the necessary population ratio betweenwhite, educated Russians and dark… [Smith 2007: 43] Turks and Armenians — турки и армяне.
Estonians and Latvians — эстонцы и латыши.
Kazaks, Tartars and Mongols — казахи, татары и монголы.
Uzbeks, Ossetians, Circassians, Kalmuks and Chuckchis — узбеки, осетины, чекасцы, калмыки и чукчи Transliteration.
Transliteration and tracing.
Transliteration.
Transliteration On the far embankment across the Moskva River he saw the first stroke of light on the Defense Ministry buildings, theonly moment of the day when those endless, dun-colored walls had a touch of life. [Smith 2007: 8−9] the Moskva River — река Москва.
Defense Ministry — министерство обороны Transliteration, word order change.
Tracing and word order change Arkady took Fet’s buff-and-red militia car and drove off, crossing the Krimsky Bridge to the north side of the city. [Smith 2007: 12] Krimsky Bridge — крымский мост Transliteration and tracing The Moscow town prosecutor’s office was south of the river on Novokuznetskaya Street in a section of nineteenth-century shops. [Smith 2007: 21] Novokuznetskaya Street -Hовокузнецкая (улица) Transliteration and word omission Alone, Arkady called headquarters on Petrovka to send a republic-wide west-of-the-Urals bulletin for information on crimes by firearm, just to keep the militiacommissioner content. [Smith 2007: 31] Petrovka — Петровка.
Urals — Урал.
bulletin for information on crimes — Сводка по преступлениям Transliteration.
Transliteration.
tracing Six weeks before, two bodies had been found on a bank of the Kliazma two hundred kilometers east of Moscow near Bugolubovo, a village of potato farmers. [Smith 2007: 37] Kliazma — Клязьма.
BugolubovoБоголюбово Transliteration.
Transliteration Why Gorky Park? The city had bigger parks to leave bodies in — Izmailovo, Dzerzhinsky, Sokolniki. Gorky Park was only two kilometers long and less than a kilometer across at its widest point. It was the first park ofthe Revolution, though, the favorite park. [Smith 2007: 11] Gorky Park — Парк (имени) Горького.
Izmailovo- Измайлово.
Dzerzhinsky — Дзержинский.
Sokolniki — Сокольники.
first park of the Revolution — первый советский парк Transliteration, tracing, word order change.
Transliteration.
Transliteration.
Transliteration.
Logic synonymy North, only a bend of the river cut off a view of the Kremlin. [Smith 2007: 11] Kremlin — Кремль Transliteration He looped around the Kremlin on Marx Prospekt and turned up Petrovka Street three blocks to the yellow six-story complex that was Moscow Militia Headquarters, where he parked in the basementgarage and rode an elevator to the third floor. [Smith 2007: 13] Marx Prospekt — проспект Маркса.
Petrovka Street — Петровка.
Militia Headquarters — главное управление милиции Transliteration, word order change.
Transliteration, word omission.
Transliteration, explication Belorussia Station, a short walk from the Kremlin, was where Stalin boarded the Czar’s train from Potsdam and, afterward, where Krushchev and then Brezhnev boarded their special trains for Eastern Europe to inspect their satellites or to launch detente. RizhskyStation took you to the Baltic states. [Smith 2007: 150] Belorussia Station — Белорусский вокзал.
Stalin — Сталин.
Czar — царь.
Rizhsky Station — Рижский вокзал Transliteration, changing class of words, tracing.
Transliteration.
Transliteration.
Transliteration, tracing Kursky Station suggested suntanned vacations on the Black Sea. [Smith 2007: 150] Kursky Station — Курский вокзал.
the Black Sea — Черное море Transliteration, tracing.
tracing.
From the small Savelovsky and Paveletsky stations no one worthwhile traveled — only commuters or hordes of farmers as dusty as potatoes. [Smith 2007: 150] Savelovsky station — Савеловский вокзал.
Paveletsky station — Павелецкий вокзал.
Farmers — колхозники Transliteration, tracing.
Transliteration, tracing.
concretization Most impressive by far were Leningrad, Yaroslavl and Kazan stations, the three giants of Komsomol Square, and the strangest of these wasKazan Station… [Smith 2007: 150] Leningrad station- Ленинградский вокзал.
Yaroslavl station — Ярославский вокзал.
Kazan station — Кзанский вокзал Transliteration, tracing, changing class of words.
Transliteration, tracing, changing class of words.
Transliteration, tracing, changing class of words Over his shoulder, beyond the Donskoy Monastery, the night was fading. [Smith 2007: 5] Donskoy Monastery — Донско́й монасты́рь Transliteration, tracing The militia — the police arm of the MVD — directed traffic, chased drunks and picked up everyday corpses. [Smith 2007: 4] militia — милиция.
MVD — МВД Transliteration.
Transliteration The Committee for State Security — the KGB — was charged with grander, subtler responsibilities, combating foreign and domestic intriguers, smugglers, malcontents, and while the agents had uniforms, they referred anonymous plainclothes. [Smith 2007: 4] Committee for State Security — Комитет Государственной Безопасности.
the KGB — КГБ Tracing, word omission.
Transliteration Arkady left the bullets and went on to the Central Forensic Laboratory, a hall room of parquet floors, marble-topped tables, green chalkboards and knee-high ashtrays embraced by lead nymphs. [Smith 2007: 19] Central Forensic Laboratory — Центральная судебная экспертиза.
Tracing Chief Investigators Chuchin (Special Cases) and Belov (Industry)were in the hall. [Smith 2007: 21] Special Cases — Спецдела.
Chief Investigator — главный следователь.
Industry — вредительство Tracing.
Tracing.
explication Moscow Town Prosecutor’s Office, Moscow, RSFSR. Crime — Homicide. Victims — 2 Unidentified Men… [Smith 2007: 23] Moscow Town Prosecutor’s Office — Московская городская прокуратура.
RSFSR. — РСФСР Tracing, changing class of words.
Transliteration On the paneled walls were photographs ofIamskoy heading a delegation of prosecutors at a ceremonial meeting with General Secretary Brezhnev, shaking hands with the General Secretary, speaking to an international conference of prosecutors in Paris, swimming at Silver Grove, and — absolutely unique — the remarkable Pravda portrait of him arguing an appeal before the Collegium of the Supreme Court for a worker wrongly convicted of murder. [Smith 2007: 26] Iamskoy — Ямской.
General Secretary Brezhnev — (генсекретарь) Брежнев.
Pravda — Правда.
Collegium of the Supreme Court — Коллегия высшего суда Transliteration.
Transliteration, tracing, word omission.
Transliteration.
tracing, word omission Iamskoy consults me, the Party consults me, Mayor Promislov consults me, because I know how to reconcile this seeming contradiction.' [Smith 2007: 35] the Party — партия (Компартия).
Mayorмайор Tracing.
transcription In a store window shabby dolls were small, perfect Pioneers; a battery-drivenSputnik circled a moon-shaped lamp that urged 'Look to the Future!'[Smith 2007: 33] Pioneer — пионер
Sputnik — спутник Transliteration.
Transliteration Moscow was sleepwalking toward May Day. [Smith 2007: 272] May Day — Первомай, праздник труда explication Ranks of radio switches surrounded a communications desk where officers contacted patrol cars ('This is Volga calling fifty-nine') or, by code name, precincts ('This is Volga calling Omsk'). [Smith 2007: 13] patrol car — патруль, патрульная машина.
Volga — Волга.
Omsk — Омск Word omission, tracing.
Transliteration.
T ransliteration Unofficially, clients paid double or more, which was why Misha could afford good suits, a ruby ring on his little finger, furs for Natasha, a house in the country and a two-door Zhiguli in which to get there. [S mith 2007: 68] Zhiguli — жигули Transcription From the front of the dacha he watched Schmidt and Zoya drive off. H er lover’s car was an old two-seater Zaporozhets, not a limousine. [S.
mith 2007: 79] Zaporozhets — запорожец Transcription Bullet marked GP2-A recovered loose in skull cavity. [GP 2-A was the slug Pribluda had dug out.] Second wound 3 cms. left of sternum through heart region. B.
ullet marked GP2-B recovered from inside left shoulder blade. [Smith 2007: 17] GP2-A — ГП2 — А.
GP 2-B — ГП2 — Б Transliteration 'All the same gun,' the technician agreed. &# 39;All five.
T he 7.65 caliber is strange to me.' [Smith 2007: 21] 7.65 caliber — калибр 7.65 Transliteration The director and cameramen, in foul moods and stylish leather jackets, swore at the production assistants, who were pretty girls in Afghan coats. [S mith 2007: 55] Afghan coat — афганская дубленка Transliteration, logic synonymy The investigator suspected the poor dead bastards were just a vodka troika that had cheerily frozen to death. [S mith 2007: 3] vodka troika — водка «Тройка» Transliteration A chief investigator should have smoked a fine brand of cigarette; Arkady lit a cheap Prima and filled his mouth with the powerful taste of it — his habit whenever he dealt with the dead.
[S mith 2007: 4] Prima — Прима Transliteration They took place infrequently enough, and usually only involved one man reading aloud from the front page of Pravda while everyone else leafed through sports magazines. [S mith 2007: 254] Pravda — Правда Transliteration She leaned over the table to scan underlined passages in the Teachers Gazette, collecting orange pits in her hand along with the peels, her lips moving all the while.
[S mith 2007: 42] Teachers Gazette — Учительская газета Transliteration, changing class of words 'We could have had the ZIV or the Riga in four months, but we wanted the best.' Misha picked up a copy of The Commercial Bulletin, which had been lying on the toilet. [Smith 2007: 110] ZIV — ЗИВ.
Riga — Рига.
The Commercial Bulletin — Коммерческий бюллетень, сводка коммерческих новостей Transliteration.
Transliteration.
Transliteration, tracing They were Viskov, R N., and Viskova, I. L. In 1946they constituted a 'center of anti-Soviet activity' byoperating a rare-book store that harbored the scribblers Montaigne, Apollinaire and Hemingway. [Smith 2007: 32] anti-Soviet activity — антисоветская деятельность. шпионаж.
Transliteration, tracing, concretisation 'It is Chekhov,' she said, 'and it stinks. You’re notmissing a thing.'[Smith 2007: 60] Chekhov — Чехов Transliteration, 'Individualism is just another name for Vronskyism,' the first secretary said. [Smith 2007: 137] Vronskyism — вронскизм, индивидуализм.
the first secretary — первый секретарь Transliteration, explication.
tracing Number fifteen, sure enough, is from Swan Lake. Number fourteen, you want to guess? The «1812 Overture». Smith 2007: 67] Swan Lake — Лебединое озеро.
1812 Overture — увертюра «1812 год» (П.И. Чайковского) Tracing, changing class of words Above the drabness of Moscow, on the brow of Lenin Hills, was Mosfilm studio. There were other studios in the country: Lenfilm, Tadjifilm, Uzbekfilm. [Smith 2007: 54] Lenin Hills — Ленинские горы.
Mosfilm — Мосфильм.
Lenfilm — Ленфильм.
Tadjifilm — Таджикфильм.
Uzbekfilmузбекфильм Transcription, tracing, changing class of words.
Transliteration.
Transliteration.
Transliteration.
Transliteration Stalin gothic was not so much an architectural style as a form of worship. [Smith 2007: 101] Stalin gothic — сталинская готика, сталинский ампир Transliteration, tracing, concretisation.
To sum up we can say that Russian realities are translated into Russian by means of a number of various methods of translation. The most widespread one is transliteration / transcription (72 times). Tracing is used 33 times. Application of other methods of translation takes place much more rarely: we have to change class of words 8 times, omit word 6 times, explicate and change word order 4 times, concretization and logic synonymy are used only twice.
Conclusion.
Relations between language and culture can be considered as the relation of a part and whole. Each language can be apprehended as a component of culture and as a culture tool. However language at the same time is independent in relation to the culture in whole, and it can be considered as an independent semiotics system having specific features of its own. As each native speaker at the same time is a representative of this or that culture or a number of cultures (bilinguals and polyglots) language symbols get an ability to carry out function of the culture linked with the language spoken and serve as a means of representation of the basic installations of culture. For this reason language is capable of displaying cultural-national mentality of its speakers.
Cultural traditions define mentality of this or that language community and the picture of the world presented in the given language, having something in common with other language pictures of the world, but at the same time possessing distinctive features of its own, which do not have analogue in any other languages I n general and any definite language of translation in particular.
Linguistic and cultural traditions determine what words and concepts are essentially dramatic or important for representatives of the given culture and language. They also influence the features of interpretation of the world at level of language, a unique reliable way of storage and translation of various information concerning the definite area lifestyle and the most common way of the world perception.
In realities the affinity between the language and culture is shown most visually. Occurrence of new realities in social, political, economic and spiritual sphere results in occurrence of realities and in the language, as the speakers need a word or word combination to refer to what they consider a most significant feature of their existence.
Occurrence of realities is also promoted due to increase of intercultural communications in the modern age of globalization. National realities are a significant part of each literary text portraying present-day, past or future (probable) reality either in the native country of the author or in any other country where the author prefers to generate his narration. The novel written by M.K. Smith is devoted to past life in the USSR. The novel action occurs in the USSR, the heroes of the book are Russians loving their native land, culture and language, who suffer from the repressive regime ignoring personal freedom and making everybody subject to the political system persecuting any source of alternative and independent thinking.
The place of narration in the novel is Russia. So it is no wonder that this or that Russian national reality appears in the text to refer to some particular place or thing having national specificity, some particular way of address or social position, some particular well-known Russian person, authority, organization, way of thinking and behaving and so on.
A bright national colour of the novel is motivated by the desire of the author of the novel to recreate a different picture of the world, a different system of values, a different specificity of existence in such another region of the world as the former USSR as precisely as possible y and in details. Without finding adequate means of expression of Russian realities in the English language the author has to use realities well-known to the citizens of the former USSR in that age.
When writing his book the novelist had to translate Russian realities finding out this or that specific way of their representation. The translator of this novel has to do the reverse book trying to give back Russian realities their former, most common way of designating what is well known to every Russian in its most typical form.
While translating realities in the structure of this or that text social and cultural contexts are extremely important, as adequacy of belle-lettres translation, therefore reality translation should and has to take into consideration each speech message containing such an item of translation as household, political, social, mythological or any other reality. It is the form of the speech message, its brevity and laconicism that must be given priority so as to make inter-language communication possible and to promote its efficiency (therefore as a matter of fact foreign realities are transcribed or/ and transliterated, with explication given as a comment so as to render distinctive features of each reality the author uses in his narration.
The problem of explication by the translator of literary texts does not arise casually. The solution of the given problem demands from the translator an ingenuity, an ability to describe value realities, words or expressions having specific national and cultural features and lacking equivalents in any other languages capaciously enough and clearly, consideration of macro context and micro context, the account of awareness on other culture in the new cultural environment (culture of a target language), use of word or word combination, which is well-known and clear to the representatives of another language picture of the world.
Cultural realities in many cases complicate achievement of as much as possible adequate translation of belletristic texts, proving the thesis of impossibility of the translation belletristic texts, intensively using various rhetorical means and closely connected with the national culture of the heroes and the place of action.
Any thought in the literary text is connected with the tradition fixed in the original language. It is necessary to consider this specificity of the belletristic texts. Realities used in any belletristic text have their traditional character, therefore the cultural tradition measure should be taken account of when selecting a proper version of this or that reality translation. Pure traditionalism, or relativistic innovation can but make translation of realities worse, because it is not always necessary to translate them literally (by means of transliteration, transcription or tracing only without taking account of the addressee’s linguistic competence. Therefore explicative comments seem to be one of the most successful ways to make the reality used clearer to the potential readers of the translation.
When translating belletristic texts concrete relevance of the use of this or that cultural reality should be revealed and realised, and use translational comments with an explication of the realities would not be excessive.
For the translator of belletristic texts the principle of «ecology» of the target language is significant, that is necessity to keep advantage of the realities mentioned completely, to avoid tracing, to search and find equivalents, clear for the target language speakers. It is important to achieve the maximum coincidence of the original and its analogue (translation) so as not to misrepresent any realities used.
A s we have noticed, the above mentioned principles have to be considered in the translation of realities unknown to the potential readers, that is speakers of any foreign language. T he author as nobody else is aware of why realities are used in any particular fragment of his text. W.
hen narrating of the representatives of another country the author has to use their own realities, which when translated into the language of this particular country should have their most common way of reference. T o attain this the translator should be careful when selecting the most proper way of their translation. B ecause the potential readers are well aware of the realities used in this case the most common way of translating realities by means of explication takes its place much more rarely. Q.
uite often realities are translated by means of transcription or/and transliteration and tracing only. E xplication is needed very rarely. Among other ways of translation concretization, logic synonymy, word omission, changing class of words and word order seem to be those that are needed from time to time but much more rarely.
For convenience we may use a special diagram so as to show frequency of various translation methods used in the case of the novel «Gorky Par» by C.S.Smith we paid attention to in the practical part of the given research.
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Dictionaries.
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Нелюбин Л. Л. Толковый переводоведческий словарь. — М.: Флинта, Наука, 2003. — 260с.
Рум А.Р. и др. Лингвострановедческий словарь. Великобритания. — М.: Междунар. отношения, 1980. — 386с.
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Чернявская Т. Н. Художественная культура СССР: Лингвострановедческий словарь. — М.: Международные отношения 1984. — 428с.
Belles-lettres used.
Тагор Р. Дом и мир (Перевод с бенг. В. Новиковой) // Тагор Р. Сочинения в 8 томах. Т.
3. — М.: ГИХЛ, 1955.- С. 7−202.
Тагор Р. Крушение (Перевод с бенг. Е. Смирновой и И. Товстых) // Тагор Р. Сочинения в 8 томах. Т.
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Smith C.S. Gorky Park. — L.: Pan Books, 2007. — 581p.
Tagore R. The Home and the World. — Leipzig: Bernhard Tauchnitz, 1921. — 299p.
Tagore R. The Wreck. — Leipzig: Bernhard Tauchnitz, 1921. — 342p.
Word omission.
Concretization.
4 times.
2 times.
8 times.
4 times.
33 times.
Explication.
Logic synonymy.
Changing class of words.
72 times.
Transliteration or / and transcription.
Tracing.
Changing word order.
TRANSLATION OF REALITIES.
4 times.
6 times.
