Особенности пунктуации в английском языке

For example:

We spent a long time walking about the noisy streets flanked by high stone walls, watching the working of cranes and engines and often being shouted at for our immobility by the drivers of groaning carts.

Those were old worldish days, loyal times in joyous townlands, old times in the barony.

A stout lady stopped, took a copper coin from her purse and dropped it into the cap held out to her.

He swung himself forward in vigorous jerks, halted, lifted his head towards a window and bayed deeply…

Come. To me, to him, to her, you too, me, us.

To live, to err, to fall, to triumph, to recreate life out of life!

9). Parts of compound sentences connected with the conjunctions such as and, but, for, or, nor, that, when, while (in the meaning of but). For example:

At Annesley bridge the tram halted and, when it was about to go, an old woman rose suddenly from her place to alight.

He walked there, reading in the evening, and heard the cries of the boys' lines at their play, young cries in the quiet evening.

There was a fire there, but the hall was still dark.

I too listened; but there was no sound in the house…

So then, of course, when they saw that, that made them think that there was something gone wrong with him…

We were serious to the point of solemnity, but once during the short voyage our eyes met and we laughed.

10). Direct speech. For example:

—It's very close, the constable said.

—It's very close, the constable said.

—Sister Mary Patrick, Maggy said.

—Because there is a thigh in it, he said.

—Oh, I see, Stephen said.

—That's an old riddle, he said.

" Ah, I can see you are a bookworm like myself. Now," he added, pointing to Mahony who was regarding us with open eyes, «he is different; he goes in for games.»

" Of course," he said, «there were some of Lord Lytton’s works which boys couldn’t read.»

" Tell us," said Mahony pertly to the man, «how many have you yourself?»

11). Repetition. For example:

Ya! yaka, yaka, yaka!"

Sss. Dth, dth, dth! Three days imagine groaning on a bed with a vinegared handkerchief round her forehead, her belly swollen out.

Terrible, terrible!

12). Interrogative part of disjunctive questions. For example:

—A merchant, Stephen said, is one who buys cheap and sells dear, jew or gentile, is he not?

He’s not going out in bluey specs with the sweat rolling off him to baptize blacks, is he?

—Mrs B. is the bright particular star, isn’t she? says Joe.

She’s ripping, isn’t she, Wallis?

She’s from Connacht, isn’t she?"

" But he’s an Orangeman, Crofton, isn’t he?" said Mr. Power.

13). In four and more digit numbers figures after one thousand are separated by the comma. For example:

Four polygonal fragments of two lacerated scarlet betting tickets, numbered 8 87, 88 6.

…and, in support of his political convictions, had climbed up into a secure position amid the ramifications of a tree on Northumberland road to see the entrance (2 February 1888) into the capital of a demonstrative torchlight procession of 20,000 torchbearers…

A solution of the secular problem of the quadrature of the circle, government premium 1,000,000 pounds sterling.

14) Decimal numbers. For example:

In Bernard Kiernan’s licensed premises 8, 9 and 10 little Britain street: in David Byrne’s licensed premises.

Comma as well as full stop is the most widespread punctuation mark in the analyzed work of literature.

2.

1.4 Emissive punctuation marks

Emissive punctuation marks are brackets (()) ([ ]) ({ }) (< >) and quotation marks («»).

Brackets are also the punctuation marks of the sentence.

1). Additional information, comments or date of birth is put in brackets. For example:

July 1st, 1895 The Rev. James Flynn (formerly of S. Catherine’s Church, Meath Street), aged sixty-five years. R. I. P.

My literary efforts have had the good fortune to meet with the approval of the eminent poet A. E. (Mr Geo. Russell).

2). Sometimes the whole sentence is enclosed in brackets. In such cases enclosed sentence as well as a main sentence begins with the capital letter. For example:

There is a young student comes here some evenings named Bannon his cousins or something are big swells and he sings Boylan’s (I was on the pop of writing Blazes Boylan’s) song about those seaside girls.

He stopped at each, took out a communion, shook a drop or two (are they in water?) off it and put it neatly into her mouth.

The esthetic emotion (I used the general term) is therefore static.

No, by the Lord Jesus (God forgive me) not half dead.

—A holy saint (one of our own fathers I believe it was) was once vouchsafed a vision of hell.

3). Additional comments oа the author or a character is put in brackets. For example:

A garland of grey hair on his comminated head see him me clambering down to the footpace (_descende_!), clutching a monstrance, basiliskeyed.

Bringing his host down and kneeling he heard twine with his second bell the first bell in the transept (he is lifting his) and, rising, heard (now I am lifting) their two bells (he is kneeling) twang in diphthong.

Specially in these black clothes feel it more. Black conducts, reflects, (refracts is it?), the heat.

Excuse, miss, there’s a (whh!) just a (whh!) fluff.

It was a cold day and to keep up my heart I had (saving your presence, ma’am) a quid of Tullamore in my mouth and sure I couldn’t say a word in any case because my mouth was full of tobacco juice.

It is a tradition that is unique as far as my experience goes (and I have visited not a few places abroad) among the modern nations.

Night after night I had passed the house (it was vacation time) and studied the lighted square of window: and night after night I had found it lighted in the same way, faintly and evenly.

Brackets are frequently used punctuation marks in literature.

Quotation marks

1). Quotation marks are used to distinguish direct speech, quotations, names of literature works, newspapers, enterprises and separate words in ironical sense. For example:

" Come back, come back, you pretty little boy,

And play your ball again."

" Ah, well, he’s gone to a better world."

" He was quite resigned."

" He looks quite resigned," said my aunt.

2). Quotation marks can be both double («…») and single (‘…'). For example:

When I handed her back the mug at last she took my hand to draw me in over the threshold and said: 'COME IN AND STAY THE NIGHT HERE. YOU’VE NO CALL TO BE FRIGHTENED. THERE’S NO ONE IN IT BUT OURSELVES…'

'Hardly had the day'… Go on! What day? 'Hardly had the day dawned'…

'I won’t keep you,' I say. 'You must get a job for yourself.'

3). Sometimes the author uses both double and single quotation marks in one sentence. It occurs when in direct speech one more direct speech is used. For example:

" Sure, amn’t I never done at the drunken bowsy ever since he left school? 'I won’t keep you,' I say. 'You must get a job for yourself.' But, sure, it’s worse whenever he gets a job; he drinks it all."

" He wouldn’t promise. He said: 'I won’t tell anyone what way I’m going to vote.' But I think he’ll be all right."

4). Titles of books, magazines, films are also quoted. For example: Voyages in China_ by «Viator» (recovered with brown paper, red ink title).

5). Some term or word which is not connected with the sentence. For example:

…and 91 Dame street: a box containing the remainder of a gross of gilt «J» pennibs, obtained from same department of same firm…

Quotation marks are frequently used punctuation marks in the analyzed work of literature as it contains many examples of direct speech.

2.2 Omitting of punctuation marks in literature

As stylistic features of punctuation marks are not investigated properly we can tell some words about quotation marks. The omitting of quotation marks creates dynamism. For example:

—You did not, John, said Mr Dedalus.

—Why then, said Mr Casey, it is a most instructive story. It happened not long ago in the county Wicklow where we are now.

—The more shame to you now, Dante said, to speak as you do.

—The story, John, said Mr Dedalus smiling. Let us have the story anyhow.

Omitting of punctuation marks in very significant in literature. This stylistic device is frequently used by modern authors. Omitting of punctuation marks is used when the author uses some poems or parts from songs or words of other writers. For example:

Wolsey died in Leicester Abbey

Where the abbots buried him.

Canker is a disease of plants,

Cancer one of animals.

On a cloth untrue

With a twisted cue

And elliptical billiard balls.

Mr Dedalus, still crooning and swaying his head, began to sing in a

grunting nasal tone:

O, come all you Roman catholics

That never went to mass.

Omitting of punctuation marks in literature is used when the text deals with some lists or narration. For example:

Stephen Dedalus

Class of Elements

Clongowes Wood College

Sallins

County Kildare

Ireland

Europe

The World

The Universe…

Roderick Kickham

John Lawton

Anthony MacSwiney

Simon Moonan…

IMPLETA SUNT QUAE CONCINIT

DAVID FIDELI CARMINE

DICENDO NATIONIBUS

REGNAVIT A LIGNO DEUS.

I am the boy

That can enjoy

Invisibility.

_—We are the boys of Wexford

Who fought with heart and hand._

_First he tickled her

Then he patted her

Then he passed the female catheter.

For he was a medical

Jolly old medi…

Omitting of punctuation marks in literature is used in extracts of the text when it deals with names, surnames, ranks and titles. For example:

_HAMLET

ou

LE DISTRAIT

Piece de Shakespeare_

_Then outspoke medical Dick

To his comrade medical Davy…

The stylistic usage or omitting of punctuation marks in literature is quite different when speaking of one and the same author.

2.3 Interaction of graphic marks and sounding in speech and literature

The form of existence of literature work differs from that of piece of art by its relation to the material.

For creating a rhythmical impression in visual perception the division into verses, the whole view of the page and the way of line finishing play a great role. One of the features of poetry and its aesthetical impact depends on composition of graphic marks and sounding.

Graphic form of a poem reflects its structure and adjusts a reader to emotional expressivity of a message.

All these means are stylistically essential to tell the reader all that is told by prosodiacal elements, stress, tone of voice, pauses, sound length and so on.

Pauses and elision marks reflect different states of speakers. It can be used to draw the readers attention. Here are some examples:

1). _Laud we the gods

And let our crooked smokes climb to their nostrils

From our bless’d altars._

2). _But though she’s a factory lass

And wears no fancy clothes.

Baraabum.

Yet I’ve a sort of a

Yorkshire relish for

My little Yorkshire rose.

Baraabum._

3). Cowley sang:

_—M'appari tutt’amor:

Il mio sguardo l’incontr…_

4). _The curse of my curses

Seven days every day

And seven dry Thursdays

On you, Barney Kiernan,

Has no sup of water

To cool my courage,

And my guts red roaring

After Lowry’s lights._

The following poem has a strange form. It is in the form of a triangle. It is unusually emotional. And the peculiarities of the shape results from the sense of the message of the poem.

Tension in the given example is increasing with every next line.

_… la tua pace

… che parlar ti piace

… mentreche il vento, come fa, si tace._

The location of the next poem lines shows that the speech is level and smooth:

_Love's

Old

Sweet

Song

Comes lo-ove's old…_

Sentences consisting from one word with full stop at the end of the sentence creates the effect of snappish barken repeating sounds. For example:

Tap. Tap. Tap.

Far. Far. Far. Far.

—Say papa, baby. Say pa pa pa pa pa pa pa.

Fragments of songs which characters sing are also formed in the shape of a poem, but they have punctuation marks.

1). She sang:

I’m a… naughty girl.

You needn’t sham:

You know I am.

2). He opened it cautiously with his left hand lest he should waken the child and began to read the first poem in the book:

Hushed are the winds and still the evening gloom,

Not e’en a Zephyr wanders through the grove,

Whilst I return to view my Margaret’s tomb

And scatter flowers on the dust I love.

3). She sang I Dreamt that I Dwelt, and when she came to the second verse she sang again:

I dreamt that I dwelt in marble halls

With vassals and serfs at my side,

And of all who assembled within those walls

That I was the hope and the pride.

I had riches too great to count; could boast

Of a high ancestral name,

But I also dreamt, which pleased me most,

That you loved me still the same.

4). He cleared his throat once or twice and then began to recite:

He is dead. Our Uncrowned King is dead.

O, Erin, mourn with grief and woe

For he lies dead whom the fell gang

Of modern hypocrites laid low.

He lies slain by the coward hounds

He raised to glory from the mire;

And Erin’s hopes and Erin’s dreams

Perish upon her monarch’s pyre.

In palace, cabin or in cot

The Irish heart where’er it be

Is bowed with woe—for he is gone

Who would have wrought her destiny…

5). And lured by that ardent rose-like glow the choirs of the seraphim were falling from heaven.

Are you not weary of ardent ways,

Lure of the fallen seraphim?

Tell no more of enchanted days.

The given poem is interrupted by character’s comments.

Your eyes have set man’s heart ablaze

And you have had your will of him.

Are you not weary of ardent ways?

Comments are used after every tetrastich.

Above the flame the smoke of praise

Goes up from ocean rim to rim

Tell no more of enchanted days.

CONCLUSION

All analyzed works of James Joyce are different in their spirits and technique.

Having investigated theoretical and practical material on the given theme we can achieve the following results:

1) We gave the definition of punctuation marks;

2) We analyzed the classification of punctuation marks, particularly apostrophe as a detached punctuation mark; external punctuation marks; internal punctuation marks; emissive punctuation marks

3) We investigated the usage of different punctuation marks in English literature;

4) We examined common and special cases of punctuation usage.

5) We analyzed the cases of omitting of punctuation marks in literature;

6) We examined the interaction of graphic marks and sounding in speech and literature.

We have examined all the most important and usual punctuation marks in their usage. Main conclusions we could make are:

1. The using of punctuation marks frequently breaks the general rules. It happens according to following purpose of writer:

when the writer wants to make his writing immediately understandable and to help his readers better grasp the meaning of his utterance. We showed how important to use right commas or hyphen to avoid misreading or readers' confusion.

when the writer wants to emphasize something that he considers important, he can ignore the rules and create an occasional usage (like in cases with using colon before extremely short quotation, or using quotation marks to express irony or sarcasm, or using extra exclamation or question marks to express writer’s feelings). It seems also that punctuation is connected with intonation to a greater extent than in Russian (see cases with quotation expressing emotions or opinions).

when there is option of free choice (like in cases with using single or double quotations or using upper case or lower case letters in headlines).

there are situations, when a writer does not notice difference in meaning, which is made because of the using of the punctuation marks, but he should notice it to avoid misreading (like in sentence To eat, children need smaller utensils. Of course, the meaning would be obvious without a comma too, but it could make undesirable re-readings of this part).

arrangement of the punctuation marks influences on appearance of the text, so the writer could want make text more attractive for readers and use for it occasional combination of punctuation marks (like in case with the using square brackets within the round ones).

2. However, there are punctuation rules covering large part of speech cases, and it is utterly necessary to know them to create own right texts.

3. There are many changes in the course of time. For example now there are differences between em dashes, en dashes and hyphen, which did not exist a while ago, before typewriting had spread.

4. There are many cases, when we have not any rules, but publishing-houses provide us with an option of choice between two variations. It means that rules for punctuation are still not completely uniform. They change over time and according to their location.

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James Joyce. Dubliners. Wordsworth Editions Limited. 2001.

James Joyce. ULYSSES. Penguin Books Ltd. 2000.

James Joyce. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Random House. USA. 1993.

James Joyce. ULYSSES. Penguin Books Ltd. 2000.

James Joyce. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Random House. USA. 1993.

James Joyce. Dubliners. Wordsworth Editions Limited. 2001.

James Joyce. Dubliners. Wordsworth Editions Limited. 2001.

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James Joyce. Dubliners. Wordsworth Editions Limited. 2001.

James Joyce. ULYSSES. Penguin Books Ltd. 2000.

James Joyce. ULYSSES. Penguin Books Ltd. 2000.

James Joyce. ULYSSES. Penguin Books Ltd. 2000.

James Joyce. ULYSSES. Penguin Books Ltd. 2000.

James Joyce. Dubliners. Wordsworth Editions Limited. 2001.

James Joyce. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Random House. USA. 1993.

James Joyce. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Random House. USA. 1993.

James Joyce. Dubliners. Wordsworth Editions Limited. 2001.

James Joyce. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Random House. USA. 1993.

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James Joyce. Dubliners. Wordsworth Editions Limited. 2001.

James Joyce. ULYSSES. Penguin Books Ltd. 2000.

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James Joyce. Dubliners. Wordsworth Editions Limited. 2001.

James Joyce. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Random House. USA. 1993.

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James Joyce. ULYSSES. Penguin Books Ltd. 2000.

James Joyce. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Random House. USA. 1993.

James Joyce. Dubliners. Wordsworth Editions Limited. 2001.

James Joyce. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Random House. USA. 1993.

James Joyce. ULYSSES. Penguin Books Ltd. 2000.

James Joyce. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Random House. USA. 1993.

James Joyce. ULYSSES. Penguin Books Ltd. 2000.

James Joyce. Dubliners. Wordsworth Editions Limited. 2001.

James Joyce. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Random House. USA. 1993.

James Joyce. ULYSSES. Penguin Books Ltd. 2000.

James Joyce. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Random House. USA. 1993.

James Joyce. Dubliners. Wordsworth Editions Limited. 2001.

James Joyce. ULYSSES. Penguin Books Ltd. 2000.

James Joyce. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Random House. USA. 1993.

James Joyce. Dubliners. Wordsworth Editions Limited. 2001.

James Joyce. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Random House. USA. 1993.

James Joyce. Dubliners. Wordsworth Editions Limited. 2001.

James Joyce. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Random House. USA. 1993.

James Joyce. ULYSSES. Penguin Books Ltd. 2000.

James Joyce. Dubliners. Wordsworth Editions Limited. 2001.

James Joyce. ULYSSES. Penguin Books Ltd. 2000.

James Joyce. ULYSSES. Penguin Books Ltd. 2000.

James Joyce. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Random House. USA. 1993.

James Joyce. Dubliners. Wordsworth Editions Limited. 2001.

James Joyce. Dubliners. Wordsworth Editions Limited. 2001.

James Joyce. ULYSSES. Penguin Books Ltd. 2000.

James Joyce. ULYSSES. Penguin Books Ltd. 2000.

James Joyce. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Random House. USA. 1993.

James Joyce. Dubliners. Wordsworth Editions Limited. 2001.

James Joyce. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Random House. USA. 1993.

James Joyce. ULYSSES. Penguin Books Ltd. 2000.

James Joyce. ULYSSES. Penguin Books Ltd. 2000.

James Joyce. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Random House. USA. 1993.

James Joyce. ULYSSES. Penguin Books Ltd. 2000.

James Joyce. Dubliners. Wordsworth Editions Limited. 2001.

James Joyce. Dubliners. Wordsworth Editions Limited. 2001.

James Joyce. ULYSSES. Penguin Books Ltd. 2000.

James Joyce. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Random House. USA. 1993.

James Joyce. Dubliners. Wordsworth Editions Limited. 2001.

James Joyce. ULYSSES. Penguin Books Ltd. 2000.

James Joyce. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Random House. USA. 1993.

James Joyce. Dubliners. Wordsworth Editions Limited. 2001.

James Joyce. Dubliners. Wordsworth Editions Limited. 2001.

James Joyce. ULYSSES. Penguin Books Ltd. 2000.

James Joyce. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Random House. USA. 1993.

James Joyce. ULYSSES. Penguin Books Ltd. 2000.

James Joyce. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Random House. USA. 1993.

James Joyce. Dubliners. Wordsworth Editions Limited. 2001.

James Joyce. ULYSSES. Penguin Books Ltd. 2000.

James Joyce. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Random House. USA. 1993.

James Joyce. Dubliners. Wordsworth Editions Limited. 2001.

James Joyce. Dubliners. Wordsworth Editions Limited. 2001.

James Joyce. ULYSSES. Penguin Books Ltd. 2000.

James Joyce. ULYSSES. Penguin Books Ltd. 2000.

James Joyce. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Random House. USA. 1993.

James Joyce. Dubliners. Wordsworth Editions Limited. 2001.

James Joyce. ULYSSES. Penguin Books Ltd. 2000.

James Joyce. ULYSSES. Penguin Books Ltd. 2000.

James Joyce. Dubliners. Wordsworth Editions Limited. 2001.

James Joyce. ULYSSES. Penguin Books Ltd. 2000.

James Joyce. ULYSSES. Penguin Books Ltd. 2000.

James Joyce. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Random House. USA. 1993.

James Joyce. ULYSSES. Penguin Books Ltd. 2000.

James Joyce. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Random House. USA. 1993.

James Joyce. Dubliners. Wordsworth Editions Limited. 2001.

James Joyce. ULYSSES. Penguin Books Ltd. 2000.

James Joyce. Dubliners. Wordsworth Editions Limited. 2001.

James Joyce. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Random House. USA. 1993.

James Joyce. Dubliners. Wordsworth Editions Limited. 2001.

James Joyce. Dubliners. Wordsworth Editions Limited. 2001.

James Joyce. ULYSSES. Penguin Books Ltd. 2000.

James Joyce. ULYSSES. Penguin Books Ltd. 2000.

James Joyce. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Random House. USA. 1993.

James Joyce. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Random House. USA. 1993.

James Joyce. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Random House. USA. 1993.

James Joyce. ULYSSES. Penguin Books Ltd. 2000.

James Joyce. ULYSSES. Penguin Books Ltd. 2000.

James Joyce. Dubliners. Wordsworth Editions Limited. 2001.

James Joyce. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Random House. USA. 1993.