Способы словообразования в современном английском языке

juxtaposition compound Adj+N

17. bass-walk — n., juxtaposition compound N+N

18. hi-de-ho — adj., sound imitation

Teal’s powerful jazz credentials are more to the fore on this album, however, notably in her light-stepping swing over a fast bass-walk on Cheek to Cheek, the Ella Fitzgerald scat-jam at the end, and the Cab Calloway hi-de-ho references in the finale of Moondance.

http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/feb/22/jazz.shopping1

GUARDIAN 30 Mar 2008

19. car-music — n., juxtaposition compound N+N

You wait years for a car-music spectacular and then two come along at once, rather like the Number 9 bus. No one has yet turned that into a timpani, but it can only be a matter of time.

http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/mar/30/classicalmusicandopera.theatre

20. dance-brat — n., juxtaposition compound N + N

21. lowest-slung — adj., juxtaposition compound Adj + PartII

The picture’s stars are 21 year-old Hollywood dance-brat Briana Evigan, who unleashes Sims’s moves in the lowest-slung pants you’ve ever seen, and former New Adventures principal Will Kemp, who does a hilarious turn as a ballet-school headmaster with a poster of himself as Matthew Bourne’s Swan in his office.

http://www.guardian.co.uk/stage/2008/mar/30/dance

GUARDIAN 30 Apr 2008

22. book-influenced — PartII., juxtaposition derivative compound N + PartIIder

Featuring books and book-influenced works by contemporary artists from Matisse to Damien Hirst, Blood on Paper: The Art of the Book is a beautiful morgue.

http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/booksblog/2008/apr/30/forabooktotouchyouyoune

23. songtronica — n., blending song + electronic+a

The truth: It’s not quite in the same league as Vulnerabilia, the astonishing 2002 debut album of wan songtronica by defunct Manchester duo My Computer … but as digital melancholia goes, it’s pretty good.

http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/apr/30/popandrock2

24. puckhead — n., juxtaposition compound N+N

Hockey is a game that derives its energies from both pluses and negatives, and so too do its fans. This moral duality (I condemn what that bloke just did there can’t wait to see what kind of trouble it causes) is something every serious puckhead should wrestle with.

http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2008/apr/30/ussport

GUARDIAN 29 May 2008

25. re-icing — n., affixation re + N

Flynn proposed re-icing the Arctic using 8,000 giant floating platforms that would draw salty water from the ocean and spray it on to winter ice, dramatically increasing its thickness. It would continue to do this in the summer, which would then melt the ice and send tonnes of salty water plunging into the Gulf Stream.

http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2008/may/29/greentech.geoengineering

26. lesbian-shaped — adj., juxtaposition derivative compound N + PartII

Total Global Nightmare Financial Apocalypse. It’s all the papers are going on about apart from the Daily Mail, which has had a small lesbian-shaped bee in its bonnet recently about Cynthia Nixon and Jodie Foster respectively.

http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/may/29/television1

27. fun-filled — PartII, juxtaposition derivative compound N + PartIIder

28. laugh-crazed — PartII, juxtaposition derivative compound N + PartIIder

Lesson two: avoid heavy irony because it always rebounds. If you begin a review by saying «Anyone looking for a riotous, fun-filled, laugh-crazed extravaganza would do well to avoid the new musical version of Proust’s A la recherche du temps perdu» is asking for trouble.

http://www.guardian.co.uk/stage/theatreblog/2008/may/29/michaelbillingtontheatremuc

GUARDIAN 29 Jun 2008

29. cross-Midlands — n., juxtaposition compound V+N

Even cross-Midlands travel is difficult, making commuting to Birmingham relatively unattractive.

http://www.guardian.co.uk/money/2008/jun/29/houseprices.property?gusrc=rss&feed=business

30. nearliness — n., affixation Adv+ness

It was rather a tight fit during Andrew Murray’s first match, with Henman, Andrew Castle (who was only nearly a nearly man) and the peerless John McEnroe all squeezed into a room in which there was not enough space to swing a wooden racket. But such was the fanfare surrounding Murray, who shows promise of nearliness, that no doubt only health and safety rules prevented the BBC from cramming in a fourth expert.

http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2008/jun/29/television.bbc

31. people-spot — v., juxtaposition compound N+N, verbification

32. Beatles-mad — adj., juxtaposition compound N+Adj

In Liverpool itself, make the pilgrimage to the Cavern Club to drink and people-spot (particularly Beatles-mad American golfers).

http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2008/jun/29/golf1

33. chobble — v., sound imitation

At the opening hole I take an air shot (that is, miss the ball entirely), chobble one along the path, duff another, play my fourth from next to the women 's tee and tank it so far out of bounds that not even a Lancastrian would bother looking for it.

http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2008/jun/29/golf

34. half-haemophiliac — adj., juxtaposition derivative compound N+Adjder

A sickly child, a 'half-haemophiliac', he was diagnosed with a heart defect, suffered frequent infections, and spent much of his childhood in confinement, with no company beyond books, and his own thoughts.

http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2008/jun/29/olympicgames

35. travelogue — n., phonemic overlap blending travel + catalogue

36. word-roots — juxtaposition compound N+N

The result is a crazy, twisting travelogue, unstoppably digressive, overgrown with tangled word-roots, charged with faith in language and the natural world, outraged at globalisation, in love with the noble savage.

http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2008/jun/29/features.review1

37. wide-leg — adj., juxtaposition compound Adj + N

38. pleat-front — adj., juxtaposition compound N + Adj

39. Twenties-era — adj., juxtaposition compound Num+N

Gary Edgley, menswear buyer for Selfridges Wide-leg trousers. There have been a lot of wide-leg, pleat-front, Twenties-era trousers this season.

http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2008/jun/29/fashion

40. motor-porn — n., juxtaposition compound N+N

11th Three days of motor-porn begins at the Goodwood Festival of Speed.

http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2008/jun/29/1?gusrc=rss&feed=fromtheobserver

As it can be seen from the above examples, there are 17 nouns, 15 adjectives, 5 participles (only in past) and 2 verbs. Thus, word building in modern English newspaper texts is mostly used for the creation of new nouns, adjectives and participles II, where adjectives and participles represent features of a noun.

F rom the point of view of types of word formation, the most productive way of word-building in modern English mass media texts is composition — 29 newly created words. F rom them 25 neologisms were formed by mere juxtaposition of stems, sometimes with the use of hyphen. I t is also worth to say, that there is no examples of composition of roots with some linking element such us vowel or consonant.

H owever, composition with linking elements represented by preposition or conjunction stems is represented in four examples of lexicalised phrases: well-worth-it, this-morning-I-had-breakfast, son-of-an-immigrant, alpha-plus-male. A ccording to the structure of immediate constituents of compounds, we distinguish 23 compounds consisting of simple stems and 6 compounds consisting of derivative stems. Moreover, there is one interesting example of composition followed by verbification: people-spot — is a juxtaposition compound consisting of two simple noun stems, that was then conversed and became a verb.

Speaking about noun compounds, it should be mentioned that the most frequent model of composition is combining two noun stems N + N, however there are some examples of combining noun stem with verb or adjective: mouth-fill, cross-Midlands, freediving. Models of creating adjective compound in above examples are numerous: Adv+PartII — never-sold, N+Adj — Beatles-mad, Adj + N — wide-leg etc. Participle compounds are mostly created by combining one participle II stem and a noun stem: book-influenced, laugh-crazed, fun-filled.

Affixation is less frequent type of word-formation in contemporary English newspapers texts. We found out only 6 examples of neologisms created with the help of affixes: 3 nouns, 2 adjectives and 1 participle. It is interesting, that among above examples the most frequent are prefixes — 5 neologisms (super-handy, re-included, re-icing, retro-rumor, superfuture), while suffix is used only once: nearliness.

Analyzed examples of neologisms revealed also rare examples of sound imitation (hi-de-ho, chobble) and blending as types of word creation. Thus songtronica is built combining stem ‘song' with a part of ‘electronic' stem, with parallel addinf of affix -a; travelogue is created by combining stem ‘travel' with a part of the stem ‘catalogue' with the phonemic overlap of consonant l.

Concluding it all, it can be said that word-building in contemporary newspaper texts reflects the common for the modern English tendencies of word-building.

CONCLUSION

In a conclusion it is worthwile to say that the purpose of our work set in the introduction was achieved in full measure. We have revealed the most productive ways of word-building in Modern English by the example of word-formation in mass media texts.

At first, we have observed the following ways of word-formation typical for English language: affixation, conversion, composition and some non-productive ways: sound imitation, blending, clipping acronyms etc.

Then we have looked through online version of Guardian newspaper (UK), found out forty different neologisms and determined types of their creation in order to analyze methods of formation of new recently created words. It allowed us to reveal the following English word-building tendencies in contemporary mass media texts:

1. Word-building in modern English newspaper texts is mostly used for the creation of new nouns, adjectives and participles II, where adjectives and participles represent features of a noun.

2. The most productive way of word-building in modern English mass media texts is composition, while compounds are formed by mere juxtaposition of stems, sometimes with the use of hyphen. I

3. According to the structure of newly created compounds, most of them consist of simple stems, while there are only few examples consisting of derivative stems.

4. The most frequent model of creating new nouns is combining two noun stems N + N, while adjectives are created according to Adv+PartII, N+Adj and Adj + N models. Participle neologisms are mostly created by combining one participle and one noun stems.

5. Affixation is less frequent type of word-formation in contemporary English newspapers texts. However there were some examples of adding prefixes to the noun or adjective stems.

6. In a modern English mass media texts there are some rare examples of such word-building types as sound imitation and blending. They are not frequent and as follows non-productive.

Concluding it all, it can be said that mass media texts are the up-to-date linguistic information. Thus, word-building in contemporary newspaper texts reflects actual for the modern English tendencies of word-building.

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WEB-Sources

www.guardian.co.uk