Use of British/American English vocabulary in the corpus of Global Web-based English

T he businesses seriously operating their businesses should carefully learn the differences. I n this case the GloWbE again is a powerful tool. A lthough the target audiences are united by one language, their language habits and features vary a lot.

T here is something that many underestimate. W e are talking about the similarities between the American and British English. T he universal part of two languages is especially evident in theinflectional (cannot be changed) system and in syntax. T he inflections of the verb or the use of the Genitive case are the same in bothconsidered standard variants of the English language.

O f course, the frame of the standard language is the same for both languages. The subject always precedes the verb in the statements, and the adjective comes before the noun no matter where English may be spoken (Tottie, 1991:

47). T his structure gives the simplicity to the English language. American speakers tend to use perfect forms less often than British speakers substituting them by simple past as we observe simplification, especially in sentences with adverbs just, yet, already etc.:Br E: Have you eaten yet? A m E: Did you eat yet? B.

r E and Am E: Has Sam just left? S am has left already. A m E: Did Sam just leave?

S am left already. &# 171;Have and have got (= possess) are often interchangeable, but there are differences between British and American usage. I n Br E, have got can be used as the perfect form of get to mean «have obtained»: Go and get the tickets. — W hat have you obtained?

— I' ve got the tickets. (= I have obtained them). T his meaning is emphasized in the Am E form have gotten, which always means «have obtained». However, Br E (more rarely in Am E) have got can alsomean «to possess»: Have you got the tickets? — Y es, I’ve got the tickets.

(=I possess the tickets), so that e. g. I have the tickets and I’ve gotthe tickets are equivalents. Indeed, in spoken, idiomatic Br E, I’ve got, etc.

is more common than I have. In object clauses after verbs expressing an order, a request or a suggestion either should + infinitive (Br E) or the present subjunctive (Am E) is used, the first form being more common than the second: We urged that in future these relations should be more friendly (Br E). I suggested that she give up driving, but she looked too miserable (Am E). T he same form is used after the predicative such as sorry, glad, pleased, vexed, eager, anxious, determined, etc., if the action is regarded as an imagined one: His brother’s suggestion was absurd.

H e was vexed his relatives should interfere into his private matters (Br E). I am sorry shetakessuch needless trouble (Am E).There is less number of structures that represent certain grammatical sense in the American English. S.

till there are more similarities than differences and the first is prevailing in Englishes. L exeme variations can be met seldom and only in certain sections and do not spread the entire vocabulary. M.

oreover, inflections and syntax are generally uniform throughout the entire English-speaking world. I nteresting and important aspect of linguistics is study of metaphor. M etaphor is considered to be the main mechanism through which people comprehend abstract concepts and perform abstract reasoning. T his aspect acquires a new vision under the usage of Corpus of the GloWbE. E.

nglish language as well as many other languages is very metaphoric. T here are some concepts that could not be comprehend except via metaphor. M etaphor contributes to better comprehension with simple language structure at the same time. A nalysis of the GloWbE corpus shows that the phrase structure is left simple under the utterances with metaphor.

M etaphor structure considers concepts and images that are naturally used by native speakers but hardly known to foreigners. U sage of metaphor is closely related to idioms. G loWbE statistics shows that in recent times have seen much scholarly interest in phenomena of grammatical variation in general, and in those that concern constituent ordering in particular.

T here could be used methodologies that capture the interaction of such factors in a multifactorial analysis of quantitative data. T he empirical findings of the presentGloWbE corpus study support a usage-based and probabilistic approach to grammar. T he analysis identifies both semantic and lexical effects as significant correlates in the corpus data.

A nalising the data of GloWbE, we may observe the examples of language innovation that could be explained by that the words are brought in English from another languages. G loWbE allows to analyse whether participants' language usage goes beyond the basic need to make themselves understood and points towards a more assertive and creative perspective on language, reflecting (inter)cultural influences. T.

he corpus allows researchers to use n-gram analysis and to count word frequency in combination with qualitative analysis to extract non-standard features from the corpus data. U sing diffusion as a criterion, there could be drawn «error» or «conventionalized innovation», or according to more flexible approach (Kachru, 2006: p. 247), distinction between «errors» and «functionally appropriate innovation"such as new word formations, hybridization, collocations and idioms.

C reative language exploitation, and code-switching, might rather have positive effects on the communicative environment and promote concordance between communicating groups. A corpus-based analysis is well suited for isolating and illustrating linguistic innovation as well in a context of English as a foreign language. A s more young people use the Corpus and immerse into the web communication, the English languages will tend to merge and finally create a new English.

C ommunicative adaptations should not be considered defective but rather as enriching and enhancing the communicative properties of English in an international context. 2 ANALISYS OF BRITISH AND AMERICAN LEXEMESINCLUDED INTO THE STRUCTURE OF THE GLOBALWEB-BASED ENGLISH CORPUSIn our research we have analysed the usage of the words in the corpus of blogs of British and American Englishes. I' m aware of usage a word «attorney». It is used preferably in American English. L.

et’s analyse usage of this word with the help of GloWbe. A word «Attorney» is used in American blogs 19 296 times. M ost used combination of words «the Attorney General of the United States» I took one of the context phrases, showing the meaning of this word: «Most individuals require the assistance of an attorney to file a lawsuit». In British blogs this wordhas been used 4434 times both in General genre.

S o, that means in the US this word is used 4.3 times more often. A gain, here is a phrase out of the context:"…to write and sign a living Will, with directions to the Power of Attorney on how to act on their behalf". The usage particularly of this word is defined by the constitutional differences in the American and British system and has the synonym in American English of «lawyer». As we refer to the GloWbe and look at the word «lawyer» then it has been used 12 343 times in American blogs and 9823 in the British blogs. I nteresting fact has been discovered, that in British English the word «lawyer» is used twice more often. Analysis of phrases that accompany the usage of this word I came to the conclusion that «lawyer» is used in situation where is general statement of the presence or a reference to a person as a defender by law. A.

nd the word «attorney» is more often used in the context of a title or a post. F or example, the phrase of American usage: «hey, we’re in burst your lost wages and mileage and then last minute the lawyer tells you that you won’t be able to get nothing because the driver…».Let's look the usage of words «Barrister» and «solicitor» then. T he first one has been used 75 times in American blogs in most cases with the reference to the UK. I have found an interesting phrase from the American blog: «Sir Joseph Porter would clearly have been qualifying as a Solicitor not a Barrister and hence would have sat the Law Society’s exams». This phrase makes sense that there is a difference between these two words.

T hen I looked at the British blogs for «barrister». It has been met 1547 times. O ne of the common phrases is «Society is not frightened to judge — any barrister can tell you that». And «Solicitor"has been observed 4929 times in the British blogs and 578 times in American blogs. F rom the most phrases presented in the corpus, I realized that «Solicitor» is closer in the meaning to «Attorney» in American usage. Now let’s analyse the words that do not refer to political or law system of both countries.

F or example, the word «candy». It has been met 6867 times in American blogs and 2419 in the British. O bviously, it is used more frequently in the US. T.

he word «candy» in American contexts is usually combined with names of holidays. F or example, «I think it was left over Halloween candy». In relation to this word, I looked at the word «sweets». It has been met 1012 times in the American blogs and twice more 2001 times in the British. L ooking through the contexts these two words used, I couldn’t realise any difference in the meaning. S o, as I understood, there is a difference between «candy» and «sweets» only that candy is used preferably in the US and «sweets» in the UK. Also, I was interested to analyse the words «vehicle» and «car» in respects of their usage and meaning.

I realized that usage of «vehicle» in both languages is approximately the same (16 139 time in the US blogs and 15 654 UK). T he meaning in British contexts is much closer to the meaning of the word «car» while in American contexts «vehicle» refers to any moving device. F or example, from American blog: «H.R. 3590 is the only legislative vehicle to have passed both houses…»; from British blog: «However, Caroline says he didn’t buy a new vehicle simply put a reconditioned engine…».Analysis of usage and meaning of words «elevator» and «a lift» showed that inAmerican blogs «elevator» has been met 4510 times and in British — 1248 while «a lift» 338 times in American blogs and 1261 in British. T.

hus, the elevator is used in the US and «a lift» in the UK showing the same meaning for the machine that lifts weights and people to the upper floors in the buildings. F or example, from American blog:"Visitors can take a quick elevator ride to the top of this tower". Another American usage: «successful experience — bring a positive attitude, finely turned listening skills and a great elevator pitch». Another British usage: «The win gives me a lift, renders me undisturbable for the rest of the afternoon». Corps manager allows to search different kinds of information: searching for specific word forms; search of word forms by Lemma (search all forms of the same lexeme encountered in the text); the search is contiguous and discontinuous phrases. W.

ith the appropriate labeling is performed search by a set of morphological features (e.g., search for all phrases of the form 'preposition + the noun in the prepositional case'), etc. information corresponding to levels of linguistic markup provided in the casing. D ue to the presence of meta-tokens the user has the ability to create your own subcorpus of texts selected by genre, subject, time of creation etc. the search result is a concordance (the set of contexts in which was found the requested linguistic expression). E ach of the examples supplied with information about the source of the example. I.

t is also possible to obtain statistical information on the requested language expression: its relative frequency throughout the corpus, the distribution of genres or temporary sections, information about the frequency of its compatibility. Creating a database such as the GloWbEis the key technology of computer lexicography. M odern dictionaries are based on stored in a computer memory context to create use of a program that allows a formal way to represent morphological, derivational, syntactic and even semantic characteristics of words. T he knowledge to be learned in philological universities in large numbers be contained on magnetic media and on the Internet. T.

he benefits of using a corpus: compactness (information stored in the database, there is no need to store voluminous paper filing);speed (speed of information processing (search, changes) the computer is much higher manual handling);low labor costs (no need for tedious manual work on the data); applicability (always available fresh information).Additional advantages appear when using the database in a multiuser environment because it is possible to carry out centralized management of data. M odern database management system provides both physical (independent from the storage method, and access method) and logical data independence (the ability to change one application without changing the other applications running with the same data). N ow we can draw a conclusion that corpus of GloWbEis a powerful tool for researchers and all who interested in learning the language. N umerical data clearly show that more preferably for use in one or another language. Context analysis allows to comprehend the semantic of the words that is important for professional linguists as well as for people who studies or interested in languages. T.

he GloWbE may contribute into the rapid changing of the English language due to the process of communicative adaptations. A prediction for the long term may be made that world Englishes change towards the united hybrid English as more generations of young speakers use the GloWbE corpses. CONCLUSIONT he GloWbEis a powerful tool and a subject of research itself.

T he Corpus allows to collect the primary data from speakers of dialects, so professionals may carry the analyses of languages. T here could be pointed three main purposes for the creation of the GloWbE: size, genre balance, and accuracy in terms of identifying the dialect that it is representing. T.

he corpus includes informal communications. R eferring to its size, the GloWbEis large enough to permit research on a wide range of phenomena in World Englishes. B ased on web pages, it includes near 2 billion words. C orpus linguistics is viewed by some linguists as a research tool or methodology, and by others as a discipline or theory in its own right. Referring to the genres, the GloWbE corpus provides very interesting data on the distribution of the construction in blogs and other web pages from the different dialects.

W ritten texts within the corpus were selected using three criteria:"domain","time"and"medium".The components of spoken data complement each other because many types of spoken textsincluded in the Corpus on the base of newspaper, interview, e-mail conversations and demographic sampling techniques. In our research we have investigated the balance of the functioning of the British and American lexemes within The GloWbE corpus. There are numerical data of usage in American and British blogs that allows to draw a conclusion about any specific word. W e have analysed several words and clearly understood their usage along with collocations and semantic. A.

lso, we have considered the corpus concept and its main features, analysedapproaches to text corpuses classifications, consideredthe GloWbE corpus architecture and operation, compared the use of the English and American lexical units within The GloWbE corpus. T he GloWbE allows to analyse whether participants' language usage goes beyond the basic need to make themselves understood and points towards a more assertive and creative perspective on language, reflecting (inter)cultural influences. A.

nalysis of vocabulary used in American and British Englishes, shows that there are differences in the following aspects: Word choice — exactly the same objects are nominated by different lexemes;Spelling — same words have differences in endings. T he question is in usage vowels. A merican speakers tend to omit vowels and use different consonants at the endings;Semantic differences -same words may have different meanings;Specific terminology referring to political, law, etc.

systems of the US and the UK. Usage of collective nouns;Usage if past tense verbs;Usage of prepositions;Usage of numerals;Usage of perfect forms. T he GloWbE allows to eliminate those differences and make it clear for people studying the language. A corpus-based analysis is well suited for isolating and illustrating linguistic innovation. The GloWbE may contribute to communicative adaptations should not be considered defective but rather as enriching and enhancing the communicative properties of English in an international context. T hesesThe GloWbEis a powerful tool for linguists and those who interested in learning the language;The Corpus includes near 2 billion words from native speakers of Englishes all over the World;Analysis of blogs in the Corpus allows to compare number of usages in different Englishes and compare the meaning. Analysis of lexemes eliminated the differences between the American and British Englishes: in word choice; spelling; usage of specific terminology; semantic differences; usage of collective nouns, past tense verbs, prepositions, numerals and perfect forms. REFERENCESBiber, D., Conrad, S., Reppen, R.(2004) Corpus linguistics Investigating language structure and use. C ambridge: Cambridge University Press. Crystal, D. (.

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