ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ β4 Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ 2
Recording involves placing recording electrodes in specific brain structures and observing the electrical activity of these regions as a function of different activities. It has been found, for example, that the electrical activity of the brain is markedly different during the various stages of sleep and certain aspects of learning and that it is related to attentional state. The brain is studied… Π§ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΅ΡΡ >
ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ β4 Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ 2 (ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ, ΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ, Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ)
Π‘ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅
- I. ΠΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠ΅, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ
- Research Techniques
- II. ΠΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ
- III. ΠΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΊ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΌ
- IV. Π‘ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ
Imagine, that you have just graduated from the university. To find a job you need to write a resume and prepare yourself for the job interview with the following employer: Small clinic specializing in children.
ΠΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ. Π§ΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π½Π°ΠΉΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ, ΠΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠΌΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ: ΠΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡ .
I. ΠΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠ΅, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ
Research Techniques
The brain is studied primarily through three basic methods: ablation, stimulation, and recording. All three methods are used in conjunction with one another by brain researchers in order to obtain a picture of how various systems in the brain function dynamically in the mediation of specific behaviors.
Ablation, an experimental technique used for animals, involves selectively removing portions of the brain and trying to determine what the sum total of remaining parts can or cannot do. In this way it is possible, for example, to map out regions of the cortex responsible for auditory or visual functions or to determine which portions of the thalamus are involved in sensory or motor functions. The stimulation technique essentially involves placing small electrodes in specific portions of the brain and electrically activating them to observe the effect on some behavior or performed task. An alternative method of stimulation is through the implantation of small tubes that can carry chemicals to specific regions of the brain. Stimulation in certain portions of the hypothalamus with cholingeric drugs will elicit drinking, whereas stimulation of the identical regions with an adrenergic substance (norepinephrine) will elicit eating. As is the case in ablation, stimulation also produces an alteration in the normal functioning of the brain. A third method, recording, is passive and produces the least change in ongoing cerebral activity.
Recording involves placing recording electrodes in specific brain structures and observing the electrical activity of these regions as a function of different activities. It has been found, for example, that the electrical activity of the brain is markedly different during the various stages of sleep and certain aspects of learning and that it is related to attentional state.
Recent techniques for recording brain activity include computer axial tomography (CAT) and positron emission tomography (PET). These, coupled with EEC, are beginning to allow scientists to study the brain as it functions in normal activities.
ΠΠΎΠ·Π³ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½, ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ, Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²: ΡΠ΄Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π²ΠΎΠ·Π±ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³Π° Π² ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π² ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³Π° Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ.
Π£Π΄Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ , ΠΈΠ·Π²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°Ρ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π°Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΡ, ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΡΠ»ΡΡ ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π»Π°ΠΌΡΡΠ° Π²ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π² ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅… ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ.
Π’Π΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π²ΠΎΠ·Π±ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ