At a time when the world increasingly fears an approaching peak and subsequent decline in oil production (even if the current economic crisis has temporarily obscured this view), it may be surprising to learn that most of the planet’s known resources are left unexploited in the ground, and that even more still wait to be discovered.
Double inversion is determined by the fact that the Adverbial Modifier of Time is placed before the Subject and Predicate and in this sentence the formal Subject it is used
2.
2.3. There + to be inversion
F or one thing, there is a type of declarative sentence in which the order «predicate + subject» is normal. T hese are sentences stating the existence or the appearance of something in a certain place. T he most widely known type of such sentences is the one beginning with the words There is … (we take the two words there and is as constituting together the predicate of the sentence).
E xamples of such sentences are too well known to need illustration here. B esides the type There is …, there are also sentences beginning with the words There came …, as There came a thunderstorm; There appeared …, and others of the same kind, and also sentences without there, beginning with an adverbial modifier, mostly denoting place, and followed by the predicate and the subject. T
he verbs most usually found in such sentences are, sit, stand, that is verbs indicating the position of a body in space. For instance:
If you could «see» an oil reservoir, you would only notice a rocky structure, in which there seems to be no room for oil.
… in addition, there are such factors as appearance of new infectious agents with yet unknown mechanisms of spreading and ways of their inactivation in environment; irrational application of antibiotics leading to appearance of a number of resistant microorganism strains;
2.
2.4. Inversion in questions
The most common use of inversion is in the forming of questions. We use the auxiliary verbs be (for progressive and passive forms), have (for perfect forms) and do (for most other forms). Modal verbs can also be inverted to form questions.
What is your reaction to Maugeri’s assertion that «most of the planet’s known resources are left unexploited in the ground, and even more await to be discovered,» which seems counterintuitive given the view by many experts that we have already reached «peak oil» and that today’s focus should be on new sources of renewable energy?
Does Maugeri present a persuasive case that «the difficult oil of today will be tomorrow’s easy oil, thanks to the learning curve of technology expertise» ?
What are your thoughts on the author’s estimation that the world has enough oil for the rest of the 21st century?
What effect will the state of the economy have on Maugeri’s observations and predictions? Would a look at this same issue a year from now likely yield very different results?
The examples of such kind are very rear in the analyzed scientific texts.
2.
2.5. Inversion in Conditionals
In formal English, the if clause in conditional sentences can be rephrased through inversion:
Were you to win the election, what’s the first thing you’d do? = If you won the election …
Had we known what the weather would be like, we wouldn’t have come = If we had known what …
In the analyzed articles we can found no examples of inversion of such type.
2.
2.6. Inversion in sentences introducing direct speech
" This is what I want", said my friend.
" I think it’s all delightful", murmured Emily.
In the analyzed articles we can found no examples of inversion of such type.
Inversion may be the result of emphasis, when the author wishes to produce a certain stylistic effect. Here we must distinguish between the following cases:
2.
2.7. The adverbial modifier (of place, time or manner opens the sentences)
In 2008, just before the economic meltdown that slashed oil consumption, the world consumed around 30 billion barrels of oil per year, or roughly 85 million barrels per day, with the U.S. leading the rush with more than 21 million barrels consumed every day.
But with today’s technology, know-how and prices, only part of that oil can be recovered economically and is thus classified as a proven reserve.
But beyond the reach of the human eye, a world of often-invisible pores and microfractures entrap minuscule droplets of oil, together with water and natural gas.
At that time, production came from fields that lay below 300 to 600 feet of water and 3,000 feet under the seabed. But in the last few years, the industry has succeeded in striking oil at depths below 10,000 feet of water and 20,000 feet below the seabed—as it occurred in the Gulf of Mexico and the Brazilian offshore.
At the same time, the fire itself breaks the larger and heavier molecules of oil, once again making it mobile.
In 1942, after more than four decades of modest production, the field was estimated to still hold 54 million barrels of recoverable oil.
As pointed out in 1995 by Morris Adelman, professor emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and one of the few remaining energy gurus, «in the next forty-four years, it produced not 54 million barrels but 736 million barrels, and it had another 970 million barrels remaining.»
In any sphere of medical service from out-patient medical centers up to high-tech treatment-and-prophylactic establishments infection safety issue is always of vital importance.
In October 2005, at its forum in Geneva, WHO accepted the project: «World Alliance for Patient’s Safety» .
For the first time in history of public healthcare, the strongest global mechanism of arresting spread of infections was developed for therapeutic institutions in the whole world, the key action of this Project being the Program named «Cleanness is guarantee of patient’s safety» .
Examples of such kind are the most common in the analyzed scientific texts.
CONCLUSION
Having investigated the life and career of one of the most prominent figure in American culture we achieved the following results:
Analyzed the phenomena of Predication in English sentence;
Analyzed the Functions of the word order in Modern English;
Taking into account all the known classifications of English sentences we developed out own Classification of the sentences in Modern English;
Analyzed the Inversion as a linguistic phenomena;
Gave The definition of «inversion»;
Taking into account all the known classifications of English sentences we developed out own Classification of inversion which takes place in scientific texts, that is The it-inversion, There + to be inversion, Double inversion, Inversion in questions, The adverbial modifier (of place, time or manner) opens the sentences;
As a material for for analysis wee used some articles in American newspapers of the issues of 2009 in the section of «Science», to be exact — «Squeezing More Oil Out of the Ground», «Our scientific publications».
Made a conclusion — in scientific texts the most common cases of inversion are the following: The it-inversion, There + to be inversion, Double inversion, Inversion in questions, The adverbial modifier (of place, time or manner) opens the sentences.
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LIST OF USED SOURCES
Squeezing More Oil Out of the Ground:
http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=squeezing-more-oil-edit-this&page=1
Squeezing More Oil Out of the Ground:
http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=squeezing-more-oil-edit-this&page=2
Our scientific publications:
http://www.lysoform.ru/en/articles/publication/
Смирницкий А. И. Синтаксис английского языка. 2 изд. Издательство ЛКИ. — 2007. — С.
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http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=squeezing-more-oil-edit-this&page=2
http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=squeezing-more-oil-edit-this&page=2
http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=squeezing-more-oil-edit-this&page=1
http://www.lysoform.ru/en/articles/publication/
http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=squeezing-more-oil-edit-this&page=2
http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=squeezing-more-oil-edit-this&page=2
http://www.lysoform.ru/en/articles/publication/
http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=squeezing-more-oil-edit-this&page=1
http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=squeezing-more-oil-edit-this&page=1
http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=squeezing-more-oil-edit-this&page=1
http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=squeezing-more-oil-edit-this&page=1
http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=squeezing-more-oil-edit-this&page=2
http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=squeezing-more-oil-edit-this&page=2
http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=squeezing-more-oil-edit-this&page=2
http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=squeezing-more-oil-edit-this&page=2
http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=squeezing-more-oil-edit-this&page=2
http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=squeezing-more-oil-edit-this&page=1
http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=squeezing-more-oil-edit-this&page=1
http://www.lysoform.ru/en/articles/publication/
http://www.lysoform.ru/en/articles/publication/
http://www.lysoform.ru/en/articles/publication/
