Олександр II
Aea aoea ua aeoaea aaaeeeaa x00F0ena. Ix00F0ioyaii 50-oe x00F0iex00B3a aex00B3yeueiinoe cainoa o x00F0x00B3cieo? o onoaiiaao aeaooiaoaaeenue ethaee, yex00B3 c ix00F0e/eie iiex00B3oe/ii? ia-aeaaiiaaex00B3eiinoe" ia iiaee ciaeoe ix00F0aoex00B3 a aeax00F0aeaaieo onoaiiaao: ex00B3eax00F0x00B3, a/eoaex00B3; noaoenoeee, aaoax00F0eiax00F0e x00B3 o. i. Cainoaa aoee ox00B3nii iia «ycaix00B3 c oex00F0a… Читать ещё >
Олександр II (реферат, курсовая, диплом, контрольная)
Ieaenaiaex00F0 II (855−1881), iieiaeee, ex00B3aax00F0aeueieo iiaeyaex00B3a aeoiaaiaoeue iiaoa A. AEoeianueeiai, aa/ea onx00B3 aaaee x00F0aaeeio Ieeiee x00B2. x00D0ieo 1856 Ex00F0einueea ax00B3eia caex00B3i/eeany iex00F0iaei eiiax00F0anii o Iax00F0eaex00B3, x00B3 a x00D0inx00B3enueex00B3e x00B3iiax00F0x00B3? ii/aeeny eax00F0aeeiaeueix00B3 x00F0aoix00F0ie. Iax00F0oith ax00B3ae/oea iiao aeiao Oex00F0a? ia. Oaea 1855×00F0ieo.
Ieaenaiaex00F0 x00B2x00B2 aeaa aiix00B3nox00B3th /eaiai Eex00F0eei-Iaoiaex00B3?anueeiai Ax00F0aonoaa, yex00B3 iax00F0aaoaaee ia caneaiix00B3. Aeaeaoix00B3 /eaie eiai — I. Eoex00B3o, I. Einoiiax00F0ia, A. Ax00B3eicax00F0nueeee, a ox00F0ioe ix00B3cix00B3oa O. Oaa/aiei — cx00B3ax00F0aeeny a Iaoax00F0aox00F0cx00B3.
1856×00F0ieo oeax00F0 Ieaenaiaeax00F0 II iox00B3oex00B3eii cayaea ix00F0aaenoaaieeai aeaix00F0yinoaa, ui ex00F0x00B3iaoeoai iax00BA aooe neaniaaii, x00B3 ui ex00B3ioa cx00F0iaeoe oea «caax00F0oo, ix00B3ae aei/aeaoeny, eiee aiii ii/ia neaniaoaaoeny cieco».
C oiai /ano x00F0icii/aeany ix00B3aeaioiaa aei neanoaaiiy ex00F0x00B3iaoeoaa. Ii aoaax00F0ix00B3yo noaix00F0aii eiix00B3oaoe, yex00B3 x00F0icx00F0iaeyee ieyie cax00B3eueiaiiy naeyi, ax00F0aoiaoth/e ix00B3noeaax00B3 oiiae, x00B3 iax00F0aaeaaaee nai? ix00F0iaeoe ia x00F0icaeyae aieiaiiai eiix00B3oaoo a Iaoax00F0aox00F0cx00B3. *eaiaie aieiaiiai eiix00B3oaoo aoee ix00F0aaenoaaieee ax00B3ae aoaax00F0ix00B3yeueieo eiix00B3oaox00B3a. Aoei oai aeaa oex00F0a? inueeeo aex00B3aee/x00B3, Aaneeue Oax00F0iianueeee oa Ax00F0eaix00F0x00B3e Aaeax00B4ai, iaeaeaa c x00F0iaeei, aex00F0oaeix00B3o x00B3c Oaa/aieii, iaeaeaa oaax00F0aei aix00F0iieee x00B3ioax00F0ane naeyi. Ix00F0ioa, ianox00F0i? /eaix00B3a eiix00B3oaox00B3a aoee x00F0icax00B3aeix00B3: iaeix00B3 aaaeaee aeaoe yeiiiaa iaioa caiex00B3 naeyiai aai cianx00B3i ia aeaaaoe, x00B3iox00B3 noiyee ca nix00F0aaaaeeeaa x00F0x00B3oaiiy nix00F0aae e aeinoaoix00B3 caaacia/aiiy naeyiai caieath. *ooee ix00F0i oex00B3 noiax00F0a/ee aeioiaeeee aei naeyi, oaeethaaee? o. O aaaaoueio ix00B3noeyo, iniaeeai a Eaoax00F0eiineaanueex00B3e oa *ax00F0ix00B3ax00B3anueex00B3e aoaax00F0ix00B3yo, naeyie naiiax00B3eueii ix00F0eieieee ix00F0aoeth ia aex00B3aee/x00B3a. Aoaei aaaaoi iianoaiue, iax00F0aaaaeii ia Ix00F0aaiaax00F0aaeix00B3e Oex00F0a? ix00B3, aea iiix00B3ueoeueea ainiiaeax00F0noai iax00F0aoiaeeei ia eaix00B3oaex00B3noe/ix00B3 iniiae, x00B3 ex00B3aee/x00B3 oiox00B3ee cax00B3eueieoe naeyi cianx00B3i aac caiex00B3, uia caaacia/eoe naaa x00F0iax00B3oieeaie. Ia Ex00B3aiaax00F0aaeaex00B3, ciex00F0aia ia Iieoaaueix00B3, oiox00B3ee aeaoe naeyiai ox00B3eueee naaeeaix00B3 caiex00B3, a a Ix00B3aaeaiix00B3e Oex00F0a? ix00B3, aea x00F0iax00B3oieo x00F0oe aoei iaei, aex00B3aee/x00B3 aex00F0x00B3oeee caox00F0eiaoe iaiueio ua ia 10−12×00F0iex00B3a, a naeyi cax00B3eueieoe aac caiex00B3. Oex00B3 ix00F0iaeoe nax00B3ae/aoue, ye oyaeea aoei ix00F0aoethaaoe eiix00B3oaoai.
19 ethoiai 1861×00F0ieo ix00F0iaieioaii iaix00B3oano ix00F0i neanoaaiiy ex00F0x00B3iaoeoaa, aea cax00B3eueiaiiy naeyi iaei ianooieoe ox00B3eueee /ax00F0ac aeaa x00F0iee. O iaix00B3oanox00B3 naeyi iacaaii «oei/aniai ciaia «ycaieie», a naiee noai — iax00F0aoiaeiaei. Naeyie aex00B3noaaaee iax00F0niiaeueio naiaiaeo, iacaeaaeix00B3noue ax00B3ae aex00B3aee/a oa aeax00B3x00F0 x00B3c naaeeaiith caieath, aea ix00F0io caieth iaee iaeax00F0aeaoe ox00B3eueee /ax00F0ac 20×00F0iex00B3a, ix00B3ney aeeoio ?? o aex00B3aee/a. Oeae x00F0a/aiaoeue caex00B3i/oaaany 1881×00F0ieo. «Iieiaeaiiy ix00F0i cax00B3eueiaiiy naeyi ax00B3ae ex00F0x00B3iaoeoaa» aoei oeeaaeaia aeoaea iaynii. Ianaiiax00F0aae — ia anoaiiaeaii iaeiaeiaiai iaaex00B3eo ia aeooo: x00F0icix00B3x00F0 oeae aaaaany o ca «yceo c x00F0x00B3cieie ix00F0e/eiaie a x00F0x00B3cieo aoaax00F0ix00B3yo x00B3 caeaaeii ax00B3ae yeinoe caiex00B3; ex00F0x00B3i oiai a caeaaeiinox00B3 x00B3 ax00B3ae x00F0icix00B3x00F0x00B3a iiix00B3ueoeueeiai iax00BAoeo. Ax00F0aoox00B3, yeui iiiaae iaaex00B3eueiith iix00F0iith caeeoaeany caiey, yeith aei x00F0aoix00F0ie eix00F0enooaaeeny naeyie, oi aiia iax00F0aoiaeeea aei aex00B3aee/a.
Noaiiaeua naeyi a Oex00F0a? ix00B3 a oex00B3eiio aoei ax00B3x00F0oei, ix00B3ae o x00D0inx00B3?, ai a Oex00F0a? ix00B3 iaaex00B3ee? o aei x00F0aoix00F0ie aoee ax00B3eueox00B3, ix00B3ae ox00B3, yex00B3 aaiaeeea x00F0aoix00F0ia. Caaaeii o Iieoaanueex00B3e x00B3 Eaoax00F0eiineaanueex00B3e aoaax00F0ix00B3yo naeyie aox00F0a/aee ii x00F0aoix00F0ix00B3 40% naiai iiiax00F0aaeiueiai iaaex00B3eo, a a Oax00F0ex00B3anueex00B3e — 31%. O anx00B3o aoaax00F0ix00B3yo Oex00F0a? ie iaaex00B3ee ix00B3ney x00F0aoix00F0ie x00F0x00B3cei ciaioeeeny. O ix00F0aaiaax00F0aaeieo aoaax00F0ix00B3yo iaaex00B3e aoa ieae/ee, ix00B3ae anoaiiaethaaee «Ax00B3ax00B3eianueex00B3 x00B3iaaioax00F0x00B3» 1848×00F0ieo. Oianex00B3aeeo x00F0aoix00F0ie iaaex00B3ee ia x00F0aax00B3cx00B3eio aeooo, naaoi ia naeyieia, ui aoa caienaiee ii x00F0aax00B3cx00B3? x00B3 ieaoea iiaeaoie aeax00F0aeaax00B3, ciaioeeiny.
Ianex00B3aeeii x00F0aoix00F0ie aoei eaoanox00F0iox00B3/ia cax00B3eueoaiiy /enea iaeicaiaeueieo naeyinueeeo ainiiaeax00F0noa; ui iaee aei 3-o aeanyoei. Ia Ex00B3aiaax00F0aaeix00B3e Oex00F0a? ix00B3 oaeeo ainiiaeax00F0noa aoei 43,3%, ia Ix00B3aaeaiix00B3e Oex00F0a? ix00B3— 27,6%.
Iaaeyae iaae nx00B3euenueeeie oa aieinieie oix00F0aaaie aoa iax00F0aaeaiee «iex00F0iaei iinax00F0aaeieeai», yeeo aoaax00F0iaoix00F0 ix00F0ecia/aa x00B3c ix00B3noeaaeo aex00B3aee/x00B3a. Oea aoea iinaaea oei/aniaa — aei aaaaeaiiy «onoaaieo ax00F0aiio», ui anoaiiaethaaee ax00B3aeiineie ix00B3ae aex00B3aee/aie x00B3 naeyiaie.
Naeyinueea x00F0aoix00F0ia aoea iax00F0oith a x00F0yaex00B3 x00B3ioeo x00F0aoix00F0i. x00D0ieo 1862-ai cx00F0aoix00F0iiaaii ox00B3iainiaa ainiiaeax00F0noai aeax00F0aeaae e cinax00F0aaeaeaii ana oix00F0aaex00B3iiy ox00B3iainaie a x00F0oeao ix00B3ix00B3nox00F0a ox00B3iainx00B3a.
Oiai ae 1862×00F0ieo x00F0icii/aoi ax00B3enueeiao x00F0aoix00F0io: ix00F0iaaaeaii iax00F0aicax00F0ix00BAiiy ax00F0ix00B3?, aaeineiiaeaii iinoa/aiiy, oix00F0aaex00B3iiy — aaaee, ui? o aeyaeea c oaeith neeith eaoanox00F0ioa Ex00F0einueei? eaiiaix00B3?. Ax00B3enueeiao x00F0aoix00F0io caaax00F0oaii 1874×00F0ieo caix00F0iaaaeaeaiiyi caaaeueii? ax00B3enueeiai? iiaeiiinoe aeey anx00B3o /ieiax00B3ex00B3a o ax00B3oex00B3 21×00F0ieo. x00D0a/aiaoeue ax00B3enueeiai? neoaeae ciaioaii c 25×00F0iex00B3a aei 6-oe.
A 1864×00F0. ix00F0iaaaeaii noaeiao x00F0aoix00F0io. Noae anoaiiaeaiee aoa 3-io nooiaix00B3a: iex00F0iax00B3, noaee, ui? o iaex00F0aei ianaeaiiy, oa aeax00F0aeaaix00B3 .(iex00F0oaeiee noae x00B3 noaeiaa iaeaoa). Aeax00F0aeaaiee noae iiaex00B3eyany ia oeeax00B3eueiee x00B3 ex00F0eix00B3iaeueiee, a yeiio ieoaiiy aeie ix00B3aenoaeiiai aex00F0x00B3ooaaee ix00F0enyaeix00B3 noaeaex00B3, iax00F0aix00B3 ianaeaiiyi. Noaeiax00B3 canx00B3aeaiiy aoee ax00B3aeex00F0eox00B3, x00B3 a ieo ax00F0aee o/anoue noix00F0iie, ix00F0ieox00F0ix00F0 oa iaix00F0iioex00B3.
1864-ai x00F0ieo aix00F0iaaaeaeaii cainueea naiioix00F0aaex00B3iiy. Iaeei x00B3c iaeex00F0aueo ciaaoex00B3a cainoaa a Oex00F0a? ix00B3, I. Iix00F0aoi, ienaa oae: «Cainueea — naiiox00F0yaeoaaiiy aoei iaeiei x00B3c iaeaeaeaoix00B3oeo yaeu o nonix00B3eueiiio, aeiiiix00B3/iiio e eoeueoox00F0iiio aeeoox00B3 Oex00F0a? ie ex00B3ioey XIX no.» Cainueea naiioix00F0aaex00B3iiy ioiiethaaei ana aeiiiix00B3/ia oa eoeueoox00F0ia aeeooy aoaax00F0ix00B3e. O iueiio ax00F0aei o/anoue ana ianaeaiiy, ui iaei caiaeueio aeanix00B3noue: aeaix00F0yinoai, aeooiaainoai, ix00B3uainoai oa naeyie. Oey aeiiaa iaiaaeoaaea o/anoue o naiioix00F0aaex00B3iix00B3 iinox00B3eieo iaoeaioex00B3a iiax00B3oo. x00D0ac ia x00F0x00B3e ia caaaeueieo cx00B3ax00F0aiiyo aeaiooaox00B3a iaex00F0aeinue cainueeo iiax00B3oiao oix00F0aao, yea aex00B3yea iinox00B3eii. Iiax00B3oiax00B3 cainueex00B3 oix00F0aae iaex00F0aee aoaax00F0ix00B3yeueio oix00F0aao. Ooieoex00B3? cainoa aoee aeoaea oex00F0iex00B3, a? o eiooe neeaaeaeeny c «naiiiaeeaaeaiiy» ianaeaiiy c eiaeii? aeanyoeie. Cainoaa aeaaee ix00F0i naix00B3oax00F0x00B3th oa ax00B3ax00B3x00BAio, oox00F0eioaaee oieoaex00B3,, ex00B3eax00F0x00B3a, oaeueaeoax00F0x00B3a, -aeooax00F0ie. Iaaee/ia aeiiiiiaa aoea aacieaoiith: aeey anx00B3x00BA? ethaeiinoa, iacaeaaeii ax00B3ae oiai, /e iaoex00B3x00BAio ieaoea cainueex00B3 iiaeaoee, /e ix00B3. Ix00F0ioyaii iaeaea 50-ex00B3oiueiai x00B3nioaaiiy cainoaa cx00F0aceiai iinoaaeee nix00F0aao iaaee/ii? ianeoae a oex00F0a? inueeeo aoaax00F0ix00B3yo.
Aex00F0oaith aaeeeith aaeoccth aex00B3yeueiinoe cainoa aoea inax00B3oa. Cainoaa ix00F0aaix00B3coaaee oeiee: /ioex00F0ix00F0x00B3/ix00B3, ii/aoeiax00B3, ax00B3iiacx00B3?, ix00F0ioanx00B3eix00B3, oaoix00B3/ix00B3, eox00F0ne aeey ix00B3aeaeuaiiy inax00B3oe a/eoaex00B3a, eox00F0ne oex00F0a? iiciaanoaa. Cainueex00B3 oeiee eix00F0enoaeeny aeiax00F0ith neaaith. Cainoaa iinoaaeee nai? i caaaeaiiyi — iiaix00B3noth ioiieee inax00B3oith iieiaeue, x00B3 a aaaaoueio iiax00B3oao oea aoei aeinyaiaia iaiax00F0aaeiaeix00B3 x00F0aaiethoex00B3?. Ox00F0aaa aeiaeaoe, ui a nix00F0aax00B3 oex00B3eueii? inax00B3oe c ox00B3iainiaith aeiiiiiaith cainoao ix00F0eoiaeeei ix00B3ix00B3noax00F0noai inax00B3oe, yea aeanoeai iax00F0aaeaei cainoao ana oex00B3eueieoeoai ia naex00B3.
Aea aoea ua aeoaea aaaeeeaa x00F0ena. Ix00F0ioyaii 50-oe x00F0iex00B3a aex00B3yeueiinoe cainoa o x00F0x00B3cieo? o onoaiiaao aeaooiaoaaeenue ethaee, yex00B3 c ix00F0e/eie iiex00B3oe/ii? ia-aeaaiiaaex00B3eiinoe" ia iiaee ciaeoe ix00F0aoex00B3 a aeax00F0aeaaieo onoaiiaao: ex00B3eax00F0x00B3, a/eoaex00B3; noaoenoeee, aaoax00F0eiax00F0e x00B3 o. i. Cainoaa aoee ox00B3nii iia «ycaix00B3 c oex00F0a? inueeeie ax00F0iiaaeaie. Aeaeaoieie cainueeeie aex00B3y/aie aoee: ix00F0io. x00B2. Eo/eoeueeee, x00F0iaeeia Aeix00F0ioaiex00B3a, A. Oax00F0iianueeee, I. x00D0onia (cainueeee noaoenoee), x00B2. Ix00B3x00F0aa, A. Ax00F0x00B3i/aiei, A. Naix00B3eeaiei, I. Eioethaeinueeee, I. Eaoeaae/ oa nioix00B3 x00B3ioeo. Cainueeo x00F0iaioo aieiaiei /eiii aaee-nax00F0aaeix00B3 caieaaeanieee-aeaix00F0yie, nax00F0aae yeeo iaix00F0eex00B3ioex00B3 XIX no. aoei aaaaoi x00F0aaiethoex00B3eia ianox00F0ix00BAieo nax00B3aeiieo oex00F0a? ioex00B3a. Ex00F0auee x00B3noix00F0ee cainoa, A. Aanaeianueeee, ix00B3aeex00F0aneea, ui «ooo ia aoei ix00B3noey aeey cex00B3nii? aix00F0ioueae eeyn».
Ia iiaeia aeioneaoe c iea, ui iaeax00B3eueox00B3 iiaeaoee ia cainoai ieaoeee aaeeex00B3 caieaaeanieee, ai iiaeaoee, ye caaaeaii aeua, eoee c aeanyoeie, aea eix00F0enoue ax00B3ae cainueeeo onoaiia iaee iax00F0aaeonx00B3i naeyie oa aex00F0x00B3aix00B3 caieaaeanieee.
Aoea ua aaaeeeaa caneoaa cainoa: aiie nix00F0eyee ix00B3aeianaiith iaoex00B3iiaeueii? nax00B3aeiiinoe, a c aex00F0oaiai aieo — noaee ox00B3x00BAth oeieith, yea ix00F0ea/aea ethaeix00B3noue aei naiioix00F0aaex00B3iiy. C ii/aoeii x00F0aaiethoex00B3? oea aex00F0acii aeyaeeiny, ai naia x00B3 cainueeeo onoaiia aeeoei aaaaoi ax00F0iiaaenueeeo x00B3 iiex00B3oe/ieo aex00B3y/x00B3a.
A 1864-io x00F0ioex00B3 cainoaa aoee caniiaaix00B3 ox00B3eueee ia Ex00B3aiaax00F0aaeix00B3e oa Ix00B3aaeaiix00B3e Oex00F0a? ix00B3. Ia Ix00F0aaiaax00F0aaeaex00B3, yea ox00B3eueeeui iax00F0aaeeei iieuenueea iianoaiiy, cainoaa iioex00F0eeenue uieii a 1911×00F0ioex00B3, ai ox00F0yae aiyany aeaoe iiaeeeax00B3noue iieuenueeiio oeyoaonoao aieeaaoe ia naiioix00F0aaex00B3iiy oeueiai ex00F0ath. Ax00F0ae cainueeeo onoaiia ix00F0ioyaii 37-ie x00F0iex00B3a iaaaoeaii ax00B3aeaeany ia inax00B3ox00B3, aeiiiix00B3oex00B3, a aieiaii ia iaoex00B3iiaeueix00B3e nax00B3aeiiinox00B3 ianaeaiiy ix00F0aaiaax00F0aaeieo aoaax00F0ix00B3e.
Inoaiiueith x00F0aoix00F0iith aoea ix00B3nueea — o 1870×00F0ioex00B3. O ix00B3noao anoaiiaethaaeiny ix00B3nueex00B3 x00F0aaee — «aeoie», /eaix00B3a yeeo iaex00F0aei ana ianaeaiiy, ui ieaoeei iiaeaoee, naaoi aeanieee aoaeeiex00B3a, ex00F0aiieoeue, ix00B3aeix00F0ex00BAinoa x00B3 o. i. Aeeiiaa/ei ix00F0aaiii x00F0aaee aoea oix00F0aaa c ix00B3nueeei aieiaith ia /iex00B3.
Eiiiaoaioex00B3y ix00B3nueei? x00F0aaee aoea aeoaea oex00F0iea: aiia iiaeiia aoea noaaeeoe ca ainiiaeax00F0noaii ix00B3noa, noaiii x00F0eiex00B3a, ix00B3nueei? oix00F0ax00B3aex00B3, ix00F0iieneiax00B3noth, ioix00F0iiith caeix00F0ia «y, naix00B3oax00F0x00B3x00BAth, oeieaie.
Nienie aeeix00F0enoaii? ex00B3oax00F0aoox00F0e.
Aoaecx00B3iianueeee A. Aax00F0ax00F0ix00B3 ax00B3aeiineie Aaee/eie // Cai. Iaoe. o-aa x00B3i. Oaa/aiea. 1894. Ei. 4.
Aex00B3oe/aiei A. Ax00B3aex00F0iaeaeaiiy iaoex00B3?. Ee? a; Ax00B3aeaiue, 1920. Aeoaiiae/ 1. x00B2noix00F0x00B3y Oex00F0a? inueeiai eiiiax00F0aoeaiiai x00F0ooo. Iueth-Eix00F0e, 1964.
Aieiua/ei A. Iax00F0ene c x00B3noix00F0x00B3? nonix00B3eueii-iiex00B3oe/iiai x00F0ooo ia Oex00F0a? ix00B3 a 70-o — ia ii/aoeo 80-o x00F0iex00B3a XIX no. E., 1974.
PAGE 1.