Neither of them can be considered absolutely explicit in its meaning, otherwise these fixed phrases would not be classified as phraseological units.
The connotative, expressive and implicit meaning they have is partly connected with interpretation of the noun «mind», which, for example, is «opinion or sentiment» in «keep one’s mind on something», «the faculty of original or creative thought; imagination» in «keep one’s mind on something», «recollection or remembrance; memory» in «have something/a lot/enough etc. on one’s mind» [51].
All of these meanings are semantically derived because the original meaning of this noun is «the human faculty to which are ascribed thought» [51].
All of these connotative, expressive and implicit meanings may be expressed by means of some other fixed phrases, which are not found in the dictionary by J. Seidl & W. McMordie «Oxford Pocket English Idioms», for example:
be in twenty minds — быть в нерешительности, колебаться, совершенно растеряться [30].
With this missive (which I was in twenty minds at once about recalling, as soon as it was out of my hands), the ticket-porter at last departed. (Ch. Dickens, ‘David Copperfield', ch. XXV) — Выпустив из рук это послание, я тотчас стал сомневаться, не взять ли его обратно. Но посыльный, к счастью, уже ушел.
be in two minds (be in (или have) two minds (be of two minds)) — быть в нерешительности, колебаться, стоять перед альтернативой, не знать, на что решиться [30].
We’d two minds to camp on the mountain.— Мы никак не могли решить, устроить ли привал на горе [30].
be printed on smb.'s mind — врезаться в память, запечатлеться [30].
His words, his face, his demeanour are for ever printed on my mind.— Его слова, лицо, манера вести себя — все это Навсегда врезалось в мою память. [30].
As we can see no one example of these verbal phraseological units is not translated word for word, is highly expressive unlike many other fixed phrases containing the same noun:
mind cure — лечение внушением (medical term),.
mind deafness — слуховая агнозия, акустическая агнозия, душевная глухота (medical term),.
mind breaker — головоломка, загадка (colloquial word) [34].
Such a fixed phrase is highly connotative but it is traditionally not viewed as a phraseological unit because it may be interpreted as a single word having options to be spelled as mind-breaker and mindbreaker as well.
We can see many other fairly expressive fixed phrases containing the same noun, which are commonly excluded from the phraseological unit fund:
mind bender — что-либо, воздействующее на сознание, меняющее образ мыслей (особенно наркотики, психотропные вещества),.
mind game — 1) (mind games) манипулятивные техники, попытки повлиять (на кого-л. при помощи обмана) 2) интеллектуальная игра,.
mind-bending []; 1) меняющий сознание, вызывающий галлюцинации (о наркотике),.
mind-boggling — невероятный, потрясающий, удивительный, ошеломляющий, поразительный,.
mind numbing — очень сильный (о скуке),.
mind (-)setсклад ума, (привычный) образ мыслей, тип мышления [34]…
All of them are traditionally not viewed as phraseological units too because they may be interpreted as a single word due to many other options of their spelling, for example, mind bending / mind-bending / mindbending or mind set / mind-set / mindset [34], [51].
2.3 Adjectival Phraseological Units and Fixed Phrases Having the Same Word Components.
To see that adjectival phraseological units and fixed phrases having the same word components let us have a look at some examples.
When having a look at the idioms we can find in the dictionary by J. Seidl & W. McMordie «Oxford Pocket English Idioms» we can see that lots of them may be understood both idiomatically and verbally as well.
Such an adjectival phraseological unit as few and far between can be understood right way considering its implicit meaning.
few and far between — seldom / немногочисленные и редко встречающиеся [60].
We enjoy having UncleAlex here, but unfortunately his visits are few and far between these days [60].
Pay rises are few and far between for British employees. — Повышение зарплаты — редкое явление для английских служащих [60].
As we see this adjectival phraseological unit has to be translated non-idiomatically, since in the Russian language there is no adjectival phraseological unit like that.
Implicit meaning this and many other phraseological units possess makes a great variety of choice for the interpreter to make his version sound expressive enough.
first and foremost — most important, coming before all other things / прежде всего, в первую очередь, во-первых [60].
First and foremost, the new sales orders will mean employing extra staff to deal with the extra work. [60].
First and foremost, the cinema show is a means of amusement. — Кино — это, прежде всего, развлечение [34].
neither here nor there — not important, not relevant / некстати, не относится к делу; несущественно, не имеющий значения (= ни к селу ни к городу) [60].
The fact that she’s Lord Dunvale 's daughter is neither here nor there. She 'II lose her driving licence, as would anyone else caught driving a car in that condition [60].
Art was neither here nor there; money was the issue. — Искусство тут было ни при чём, весь вопрос был в деньгах.
Comfort is neither here nor there to a real sailor. — Для настоящего моряка комфорт не имеет никакого значения.
Now it was apparently neither here nor there. — Теперь это было, очевидно, без разницы.
When we deal with idiomatic fixed phrase like that the problem of translation is maximal because word for word translation (neither here nor there — ни здесь, ни там) is absolutely irrelevant.
There are lots of adjectival phraseological unit, whose structure and implicit meaning are fairly clear, since they can be seen as both fixed phrases and phraseological units.
more or less — approximately, roughly; practically. более или менее, до известной степени; приблизительно, примерно [60].
He seemed more or less familiar with the subject. — Он был более или менее знаком с этим предметом [34].
We came to more or less the same conclusion. — Мы пришли примерно к одному и тому же выводу [34].
As we can see this adjectival phraseological unit is just a fairly expressive synonym of such words as approximately, roughly, about, some…
We can find lots of other adjectival phraseological units that can be interpreted word for word.
We can find lots of other adjectival phraseological units that encourage the interpreter to look for some other idiomatic words of expressions.
right, left, and centre — everywhere; to extremes [60].
I have been borrowing money right, left and centre. — Я занимал деньги направо и налево [60].
But I found he was robbing us right, left and centre. — Я обнаружил, что он без зазрения совести обкрадывал нас [60].
They’re a right lot — let you down right, left and centre. — Ну они и дают! Насаживают тебя как хотят [60].
As we can see the implicit meaning of this adjectival phraseological unit makes the interpreter to look for more or less idiomatic Russian equivalent fixed phrases.
When looking for adjectival phraseological units consisting of adverb + adjective we can see that such an adverb as too is used fairly often.
too big for one’s boots /breeches — too conceited; behaving in a superior manner [60].
You’re getting too big for your boots talking to me like that and I’m not having it. — Ты уже совсем обнаглел. Но я не позволю разговаривать со мной таким тоном. [60].
Too big for your breeches. That’s your trouble. — Ты слишком много из себя ставишь [60].
too close for comfort — (often a vehicle) very close, making one nervous or afraid [60].
That car nearly hit me! That was too close for comfort. — Этот автомобиль чуть не сбил меня с ног. Он буквально проехал в сантиметре от меня [60].
I nearly died from pneumonia. Believe me, that was too close for comfort. — Я чуть не умер от воспаления легких. Еле ускребся, поверь мне [60].
The exams are getting too close for comfort. — Уже скоро сдавать экзамены, и я начинаю нервничать [60].
too funny for words (often a situation, a sight etc.) — very funny [60].
That man is too funny for words— Он такой смешной [60].
too good to be true (of news, a pleasant surprise etc.) — so good that one can hardly believe it [60].
it is too good to be true! — вашими бы устами да мед пить! [60].
too hot to handle — too dangerous or controversial to deal with, so that it is better not to become involved [60].
She’s too hot to handle. — Ее трудно удовлетворить [60].
When having a look at the fixed phrases, which are not found to be phraseological units the problem of idiomatic translation as a rule does no occur.
carry too far — заходить слишком далеко.
The hills are neither too prolonged nor too abrupt. — Холмы не очень длинные и не очень крутые.
too often — слишком часто, слишком много раз.
I hate being in a crowd, getting pushed too often. — Ненавижу людные места — слишком уж все толкаются.
It’s not too much to ask of you, to clean your own shoes. — Не такая большая просьба — попросить тебя почистить свои туфли [34].
2.4 Adverbial Phraseological Units and Fixed Phrases Having the Same Word Components.
To see that adverbial phraseological units and fixed phrases having the same word components let us have a look at some examples.
When having a look at the idioms we can find in the dictionary by J. Seidl & W. McMordie «Oxford Pocket English Idioms» we can see that lots of them may be understood both idiomatically and verbally as well.
Such an adverbial phraseological unit as as and when can be understood right way only as a fixed phrase used idiomatically.
as and when — whenever / всякий раз когда [60].
New catalogues will be sent to you from time to time, as and when they appear. [60].
Implicit meaning this phraseological unit possesses makes a great variety of choice for the interpreter to make his version sound expressive enough.
As and when she talks, she always likes to go back to her younger days. — Всякий раз, когда она что-нибудь рассказывает, она обязательно вспоминает дни своей юности [30].
As and when she shows up he seems to be falling apart at the seams. — При ее появлении он просто тает [30].
When we deal with non-idiomatic fixed phrase like «every time» the problem of translation is minimal.
Every time we come to that particular matter, the chairman skates over it. — Каждый раз, когда мы подходим именно к этой проблеме, председательствующий переходит к следующему вопросу [30].
Every time I ask that boy to do a job, he skips off to play with his friends! — Всякий раз, когда я прошу этого мальчика что-нибудь сделать, он увиливает и убегает играть со своими друзьями [30].
There are lots of adverbial phraseological unit, whose structure and implicit meaning are fairly clear, since they can be seen as both fixed phrases and phraseological units [30].
over and over again — снова и снова [34].
Mother and I did that scene over and over again… Mother running the whole gamut of emotions, instructing me. (N. Coward, ‘Present Indicative', part I, ch. 5) — Мы снова и снова отрабатывали с мамой эту сцену… Мама, наставляя меня, переживала гамму самых разнообразных чувств.
over head and ears — по уши [34].
up to the eyes — по уши [34].
A neighbour’s estate, mortgaged up to the eyes, was sold under the hammer. (Ch. Reade, ‘Good Stories', ‘Born to Good Luck') — Имение соседа, заложенное и перезаложенное, было продано с молотка.
over smb.'s head / above smb.'s head — выше понимания, недоступно пониманию [34].
I can’t remember much about the funeral except the young student preacher who gave a long, long address — far over our heads. (J. Walsh, ‘Not Like This', ‘War') — я не могу припомнить никаких подробностей похорон, помню только, что молодой проповедник долго-долго говорил что-то, но его слова как-то не доходили до нашего сознания.
We can find lots of other adverbial phraseological units that can be interpreted word for word.
loud and clear — very clearly/ чётко и ясно [60].
But the implicit meaning of this adjectival phraseological unit from time to time encourages the interpreter to look for more or less idiomatic Russian equivalent fixed phrases.
Using such a Russian this adjectival phraseological unit as «невооружённым глазом» we can render its meaning much more expressively.
And the trends are coming out loud and clear in the pages of our nation’s newspapers this morning. — И тенденции заметны невооружённым глазом — достаточно взглянуть на вышедшие сегодня утром газеты [34].
This adjectival phraseological unit is a synonym of another one.
with one’s eye / with the naked eye — невооружённым глазом [30].
‘The most short-sighted man could see that at a glance, with his naked eye', said Martin. (Ch. Dickens, ‘Martin Chuzzlewit', ch. XXII) — - Это голая истина, которая видна даже невооруженным глазом, — сказал Мартин.
Now that the haze was lifting the other bank came closer: he could make out now with the naked eye the details of the scene… (Gr. Greene, ‘The Heart of the Matter', book II, part I, ch. I) — Теперь, когда туман рассеивался, другой берег стал ближе; Скоби мог уже многое разглядеть…
We can find lots of other adverbial phraseological units that encourage the interpreter to look for some other idiomatic words of expressions.
now and again/then — not often; occasionally [60].
Do you still go to the theatre every week?''Only now and again, not as regularly as we used to.' [60].
now and again/then — время от времени, иногда, изредка, нет-нет да и [34].
She earned a guinea now and then by playing accompaniments at concerts… (K. S. Prichard, ‘The Roaring Nineties', ch. 67) — Лишь изредка удавалось Лоре заработать гинею, аккомпанируя на концертах…
When looking for an idiomatic equivalent of the Russian phraseological units «время от времени» and «нет-нет да и» we can find a lot of English ones, with one of them (from time to time) having the same structure.
from time to time.
every so often.
once and again.
once in a while [30].
‘A nd do you aim, in case of war, to conquer and control whites as whites have conquered and controlled you?' ‘Oh, no. Y ou see, war as an instrument of progress is unthinkable. A s a measure of last-ditch defense, we may have to resort to it from time to time.' (W. Du Bois, ‘Worlds of Color', ch. XVIII) — - А в случае войны ставите ли вы своей целью, победив белых, властвовать над ними так, как они сами господствовали над вами?
— Конечно, нет. Мне кажется, что война вообще не может быть орудием прогресса. Возможно, время от времени нам и придется прибегать к ней, но лишь как к крайней мере защиты.
Every so often we would hear the tender melancholy note of the horn. — Время от времени мы слышали тихий, печальный звук рожка [30].
I have told you once and again that you must not smoke in this room. — Сколько раз я просил тебя не курить в этой комнате [30].
I am not strait-laced, and I don’t mind seeing a fellow throw in a drink once in a while; but when it comes to deliberately trying to get away with a lot of hell — raising all the while like the Doppelbraus do it’s too rich for my blood! (S. Lewis ‘Babbitt'; ch. III) — Я не святоша и не возражаю, если человек изредка выпьет стаканчик-другой, но когда люди вроде Доппельбраусов позволяют себе бог знает что и думают, что им все сойдет с рук, — этого я не терплю!
But we can see that sometimes instead of the Russian phraseological unit «время от времени» the interpreter uses some other expressive fixed phrases, which are not considered to be phraseological units, for example «cколько раз» or words like «изредка».
When dealing with such a adverbial idiom as «up and about» the problem of adequate translation encourages the interpreter to be as expressive as possible.
up and about — recovered and in good health / прийти в себя, быть снова на ногах [60].
‘Hunter is completely better,' he said. ‘He's up and about again…' (I. Murdoch, ‘The Flight from the Enchanter', ch. XXX) — - Хантер совершенно поправился, — сказал Питер. Он снова на ногах…
She was up and about, brisk as a bee, before sunrise every morning… (K. S. Prichard, ‘Potch and Colour', ‘The Siren of Sandy Gap') — Каждое утро Сузан вставала до восхода солнца и весь день трудилась как пчелка.
When looking for some other fixed phrases having the same meaning as «прийти в себя выздороветь» or «быть на ногах» we can find a great many of them.
Some of them are verbal phraseological units.
find one’s bearings — разобраться в происходящем, понять что к чему, прийти в себя.
come up for air — устроить передышку, отдохнуть, прийти в себя [30].
When looking at these phraseological units we can hardly find out what they mean just knowing the meaning of words they consist of.
Some of them are verbs or verbal fixed phrases, which are not counted to be phraseological units.
recover — regain (health, spirits, composure, etc.).
get well.
get — to become or cause to become or act as specified / становиться, делаться.
well — in good health / здоровый, выздоровевший, поправившийся (о человеке).
be well again [34]…
When looking at these fixed phrases we can easily find out what they mean just knowing the meaning of words they consist of.
2.5 Results and Discussion.
So, we can see that both phraseological units and fixed phrases can be classified as nominal, verbal, adjectival and adverbial due to their role in the sentence.
Both both phraseological units and fixed phrases can be expressive, implicit and idiomatic, but the percentage over here is different.
All the phraseological units are expressive, implicit and idiomatic, otherwise they would not be considered those.
There are lots of fixed phrases that are not expressive, implicit or idiomatic at all, since they are not semantically derived.
Some of fixed phrases, which are fairly expressive, implicit or idiomatic, due to their structure, since they may be classified like compounds or words formed from two existing words or combining forms.
CONCLUSION.
We often see the phrase «language is a living thing», but we mostly do not stop to think what it really means, since living things grow and change, so does language, where some fixed phrases can become unique due to their idiomatic meaning, which results in considering them as phraseological units.
Phraseological units are just a type of many other fixed phrases, such as slang phrases, euphemistic phrases, terminological phrases and clichés, the boundary between which is highly changeable, so we can deal with fixed phrases, which are considered to be both phraseological units and slang phrases, phraseological units and euphemistic phrases, phraseological units and terminological phrases, with most of them being classified without such an ambiguity.
As the general tendencies of present-day English are towards more idiomatic usage, it is important that our research on phraseological units and fixed phrases should show the other people how the English language is nowadays and how it is developing.
Phraseological units are not a separate part of the English language, which one can choose either to use or to omit; they form an essential part of the vocabulary of fixed phrases having highly (idioms (=идиоматические фразеологические выражения) and phraseological fusions (=фразеологические сращения)), fairly (phraseological unities (=фразеологические единства)), or a little bit (phraseological combinations (=фразеологические сочетания)) idiomatic, connotative, expressive or implicit meaning.
All the types of phraseological units we mentioned are commonly popular in Russia. English-speaking linguists traditionally use such a term as idioms and classify them into slang-originated, euphemism-originated ones as well as highly, fairly or a little bit colloquial ones, those derived from some professional sphere, for example, economics or high technologies.
In any professional sphere (not only in economics or high technologies) there are a lot of terminological fixed phrases.
Since mostly they are not idiomatic, connotative, expressive or implicit they are not considered to be phraseological units.
Those of them, which are fairly idiomatic, connotative, expressive or implicit (Trojan horse, bull hour; bull market), are counted to be phraseological units as well.
The vocabulary of the English language grows continually with new developments in knowledge resulting in appearance of some new phraseological units and fixed phrases because new ideas need new labels to name them. Without new phraseological units and fixed phrases, communication of the contemporary ideas would hardly be possible. Many new phraseological units and fixed phrases come from the English of special subjects such as computer sciences, economics and many other professional spheres.
Words which already exist in the English language can take on an additional (implicit) meaning in a special context. For example, the field of industrial relations has given new meaning to such phrasal verbs as to walk out, to lock out, to sit in, which are not considered to be fixed phrases most of all since they are too many and they are too polysematical. The noun forms spelled as compound words walk-out, lock-out, sit-in are used almost exclusively in this context. The words leak, spill and waste result typically in some highly expressive fixed phrases that become very popular in the community and get some new idiomatic meaning.
The attitude of the English speakers towards style is also becoming more flexible. Several fixed phrases which were considered to be slang in the past have gradually been up-graded in status and are now often considered phraseological units. Much of what was labelled slang in the past is now considered neutral in style. This is partly due to the spread in the use of some highly expressive fixed phrases by educated English speakers.
It is important to realize that phraseological units are not only colloquial expressions, as many people believe. They appear in formal style and in slang, in poetry, in the language of the most gifted writers and the Bible.
Phraseological units take many different forms or structures.
A phraseological units can have a highly, fairly or a little bit implicit. The clarity of its meaning is not dependent on their structure.
Several phraseological units cannot be changed in any part (except the tense of the verb) (the devil’s advocate). Some of them are supposed to have some particular alternative options of their structure (take / get / have a breath of fresh air).
Another difficulty is that of phraseological units and some other fixed phrases with a number of their interpretation variants. It is most important to be exact in one’s use of phraseological units and other fixed phrases, as some little mistake may result in misunderstanding and communication failure.
Having a look at adequate interpretation of English phraseological units and some other fixed phrases we have come to the conclusion that above all, when interpreting any idiomatic fixed phrases (not only fixed phrases) any experienced translator should pay attention to the phraseological units and fixed phrases of another language neglecting their structure or different word components, since semantics of them is the most significant factor.
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