ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡ ΡΠΏΡΠ°ΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠ·ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠ° ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ
ΠΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΡΠ°ΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΡΠΌ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ; ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΈΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ° ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ; ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΡ; ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ΅, ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ… Π§ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΅ΡΡ >
ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡ ΡΠΏΡΠ°ΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠ·ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠ° ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ (ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ, ΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ, Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ)
Π¦Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠ·ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ (ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ, ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ, ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ) [25, Ρ. 4].
ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ, ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊ «ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ» ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ.
Π’Π°ΠΊ, Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π²ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠΏΡΠ°ΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ: ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΡΠ°ΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°, Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΡ — ΡΠΏΡΠ°ΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ — ΠΎΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π° Π΄ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠΈ.
ΠΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΠ― ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠΏΡΠ°ΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ.
Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ.
ΠΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΡΠ°ΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΡΠΌ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ; ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΈΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ° ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ; ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΡ; ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ΅, ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ; ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅; ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ, Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ (ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³), ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ (ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·), ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ (ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ)) [18, Ρ. 34].
ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΏΡΠ°ΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ (ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΎΠ²):
1) ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅: Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎ-ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΡΠ°ΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ — Π² ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π½Π° Π²ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ.
Complete the sentences to make a summary statement with «some» and «others»
a) Mountain ranges vary in age. The Alps are only 15 million years old, but the Urals and the Appalachians are over 250 million, and the Highlands of Scotland are 400 million years old.
Summary: Some mountain ranges are only 15 million years old, while others are 400 million years old.
b) Pine trees depend on birds to spread their seeds. The Monterey and pond pine, however, depend on forest fires, which release the seeds from the cone.
Summary: … to spread their seeds, while … to release the seeds from the cone.
c) Frogs jump from place to place using their powerful back legs. Asian gliding tree frogs (Rhacophorus reinwardtii), however, `fly' from tree to tree for as much as 12 metres using their webbed feet as parachutes.
Summary: … using webbed feet as parachutes, while …
d) Rivers generally flow into a larger river or a lake, or flow to the sea, but in some desert regions, they simply evaporate in the desert and disappear.
Summary: … evaporate in the desert and disappear, while … into rivers, lakes or into the sea.
e) The difference in sea level between high tide and low tide varies from the place to place. It can be almost nothing, while in Alaska and eastern Canada the difference can be as great as 10 to 15 metres.
Summary: … the difference in sea level … as great as 10 to 15 metres.
2) ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅: Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ — Π² ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠ΅Π΅ ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ» ΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ.
Read the statement from a news conference held at an archaeological site. Then answer the questions.
`Good morning everyone, my name is Julia Richmond, and I’m the director of this dig. Thank you for coming to this news conference. First I want to explain how we found this site, and what we’ve been doing here. I’m sure you have read the publicity handout, so you know something about this. It’s important to give you the latest information. Then I’m going to give a description of some of the interesting discoveries we have made here. I’ll give you a general account of the project, and I’ll show some slides of the site. Then there will be a chance for all of you to look at some fascinating objects. We’ve brought some of the more spectacular finds. They are waiting for you in the room next door, and you will be able to take photographs. You’ve been very patient. So now let’s begin …'.
What did the archaeologist say about …
a) … her job?
She told the journalists… (that) she was the director of the dig.
b) …finding the site?
She said…
c) … the publicity handout?
She told…
d) … the latest information?
She said…
e) … interesting discoveries?
She told…
f) … a general account of the project?
She said…
g) … slides?
She told…
h) … fascinating objects?
She said …
i) … spectacular finds?
She told…
j) … the room next door?
She said…
k) … photographs?
She told…
l) … being patient?
She said…
3) ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅: Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Π·, ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ; ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ — Π² ΠΈΠ·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ Π² Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ.
Complete each sentence so that it means the same as the first sentence, using either make or let in a suitable form.
a) In ancient Sparta, girls had to practice running, wrestling and throwing javelins.
The ancient Spartans made girls practice running, wrestling and throwing javelins.
b) A baby was not allowed to live if it not fit a strong.
The ancient Spartans did not …
c) They encouraged young children to fight each other to make them tough.
The ancient Spartans…
d) People were not allowed to take a lot of baths.
The ancient Spartans didn’t…
e) The children had to sleep on rushes, a kind of glass.
The ancient Spartans…
f) Eating a lot of food was not allowed.
The ancient Spartans…
g) All the boys had to join the army.
The ancient Spartans…
h) Boys were not allowed to cry when they fought.
The ancient Spartans…
4) Π΄Π΅ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅: Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² (ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊ, Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²), ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ — Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Π·Π²ΡΠΊ Π·ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Π°, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅;
Say what you think will happen in each picture. Use a verb from the list.
Blow down, hit, flood, disappear, snow, erupt.
Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 2.1 ΠΠ»Π»ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠ°ΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
a) The volcano is going to erupt. d___________________.
b) ________________________ e___________________.
c) _________________________ f____________________.
5) Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅: Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ — Π² ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ ΠΊ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ Π½Π΅ΠΉ;
Complete each sentence using will have (done) or won’t have (done) +the verb in brackets, according to your opinion
a) People (start) will have started living on other planets.
b) Scientists (invent) _______________ artificial food.
c) We (find) _________________ a solution to the problem of poverty.
d) Doctors (discovered) _____________ a cure for cancer.
f) We (use) ________________ all the fossil fuel on Earth.
g) The world (become) _______________ a peaceful place.
h) People (make) ________________ the environment cleaner.
6) ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅: Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Π½Π° Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π» (ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ), ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·; Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ — ΡΠ°Π·Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³;
Read the text. Then make up eight sentences explaining what people think might have happened to the Mayas.
Nobody is quite sure what exactly happened to the Mayan civilization. We know that in 900 A. D. their cities were still prosperous, but a hundred years later they had been abandoned. A number of theories have been put forward to explain this.
One theory is that Mayan ruling class died out because rulers did not work and so became unhealthy, and there was nobody to tell the farmers what to do. Another idea is what farmers were unable to grow enough food to support large populations in cities. Other people believe that a natural disaster, such as an earthquake, occurred, the cities were destroyed, and the people never moved back. Or perhaps another Mexican people conquered the Mayas, and destroyed their cities.
Another theory is that there was a resolution, in which the farmers killed their rulers. Some experts believe that an epidemic of some kind caused the disappearance of the Mayas. Other think that the Mayas cities suffered from an environmental disaster, caused by drought or overproduction. Finally, some people believe that the people abandoned their cities because their priests told them to do it.
a) The Mayan ruling class might have died out because rulers did not work.
b) ___________________________________________________________.
c) ___________________________________________________________.
d) ___________________________________________________________.
e) ___________________________________________________________.
f) ___________________________________________________________.
g) ___________________________________________________________.
7) ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅: Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ³ΡΡ, «ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ», «ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡ-ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ», ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ; ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ — Π² Π²Π΅ΡΠ±Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»Π° ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ;
Use the words to complete an «if-sentences» about solutions to environmental problems.
Solution A — recycle paper, metal and glass
a) everyone/recycle paper/companies/not cut down so many trees.
If everyone recycles paper, companies won’t cut down so many trees.
b) everyone/recycle metal and glass/we not waste valuable resources.
c) everyone/ recycle metal and glass/ we not produce so much rubbish.
Solution B — turn off lights, don’t drive so much, insulate your house
d) everyone/turn off unwanted lights/save a lot of electricity.
e) everyone/walk or cycle/not waste so much oil and petrol.
f) everyone/insulate their houses/not waste so much energy for heating.
Solution C — use renewable energy
g) countries use more wind and water power, not depend so much on power stations.
h) countries use power stations less, cause less air pollution.
8) ΠΈΠ³ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅: Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π·Π°Π³Π°Π΄ΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ, ΠΈΠ³ΡΡ.
Complete the sentence with «both … and» or «neither …nor». Check the factual answers.
a) Both Alexander and Napoleon were leaders who conquered a number of other countries.
b) … Alexander … Napoleon died in his country.
c) …Alexander … Napoleon successfully handed on power to a son.
d) … Alexander … Napoleon managed to completely defeat all their enemies.
e) …Alexander … Napoleon successfully invaded Egypt.
f) … Alexander … Napoleon were excellent generals who won a large number of battles.
g) …Alexander … Napoleon led their armies to far distant countries.
h) …Alexander … Napoleon married more than once, and had a number of children.
i) …Alexander … Napoleon lived to an old age.
j) … Alexander … Napoleon were poisoned, according to some historians.
ΠΠ°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠΏΡΠ°ΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π° Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ², Π²Π·ΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΎΠ². Π‘ΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π. ΠΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π²ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΏΡΠ°ΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ.
Π‘ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠΏΡΠ°ΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ° Π² 10 ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ΅. Π£ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠ·ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΡΠ°ΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ, Ρ. Π΅. ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ°, ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΡΠ°Π·Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ. Π£ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π°, Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠΏΡ ΡΠΏΡΠ°ΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ. ΠΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΡΠΏΡΠ°ΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΡΠ°ΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° ΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ.