In other words, why would people have fixed onto the bacon metaphor when it was no longer a staple and essential presence in people’s diets? Fascinatingly the establishment and popularity of the expression was perhaps also supported if not actually originally underpinned by the intriguing 13th century custom at Dunmow in Essex, apparently (according to Brewer) founded by a noblewoman called Juga in 1111 and restarted in 1244 by Robert de Fitzwalter, whereby any man from anywhere in England who, kneeling on two stones at the church door, could swear that for the past year he had not argued with his wife nor wished to be parted from her, would be awarded a 'gammon of bacon'. Seemingly this gave rise to the English expression, which according to Brewer was still in use at the end of the 1800s 'He may fetch a flitch of bacon from Dunmow' (a flitch is a 'side' of bacon; a very large slab), which referred to a man who was amiable and good-tempered to his wife. This meaning is very close to the modern sense of 'bringing home the bacon': providing a living wage and thus supporting the family. The precise source of the 'Dunmow Flitch' tale, and various other references in this item, is Ebeneezer Cobham Brewer’s 1870 Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, revised and enlarged in 1894 (much referenced on this page because it is wonderful; not to be confused with modern etymology dictionaries bearing the name Brewer, which are quite different to the original 1870/revised 1894 version). Regrettably Cobham Brewer does not refer specifically to the 'bring home the bacon expression' in his 1870/1894 work, but provides various information as would suggest the interpretations above.
S ave your bacon — to save from injury or loss (material, reputation, etc) — Brewer refers to this expression in his 1870 dictionary so it was certainly established by then, and other etymologists suggest it has been around at least since the 17th century. B rewer says one origin is the metaphor of keeping the household’s winter store of bacon protected from huge numbers of stray scavenging dogs. I n that sense the meaning was to save or prevent a loss. T
he establishment of the expression however relies on wider identification with the human form: Bacon and pig-related terms were metaphors for 'people' in several old expressions of from 11th to 19th century, largely due to the fact that In the mid-to-late middle ages, bacon was for common country people the only meat affordably available, which caused it and associated terms (hog, pig, swine) to be used to describe ordinary country folk by certain writers and members of the aristocracy. N orman lords called Saxon people 'hogs'. A 'chaw-bacon' was a derogatory term for a farm labourer or country bumpkin (chaw meant chew, so a 'chaw-bacon' was the old equivalent of the modern insult 'carrot-cruncher'). 'Baste your bacon', meant to strike or scourge someone, (bacon being from the the outside of a side of pork would naturally be imagined to be the outer-body part of a pig — or person — to receive a blow). See also 'bring home the bacon'.
T akes the biscuit/takes the bun/takes the huntley/takes the kettle/takes the cake — surpasses all expectations, wins, or ironically, achieves the worst outcome/result. T akes the biscuit seems (according to Patridge) to be the oldest of the variations of these expressions, which essentially link achievement metaphorically to being awarded a baked confectionery prize. &# 39;Takes the bun' means the same, and may or may not allude to the (originally US) version 'takes the cake'. 'Takes the Huntley and Palmer (s)', or 'takes the Huntley' are more recent adaptations, (Huntley and Palmers is a famous British biscuit brand).
&# 39;Takes the kettle' is a weirdly obscure version supposedly favoured by 'working classes' in the early 1900s. H eaven knows why though, and not even Partridge can suggest any logic for that one.
&# 39;Takes the biscuit' is said to have been recorded in Latin as Ista Capit Biscottum, apparently (again according to Patridge), in a note written as early as 1610, by the secretary of the International Innkeepers' Congress, alongside the name of the (said to be) beautiful innkeeper’s daughter of Bourgoin. Incidentally, the expression 'takes the biscuit' also appears (thanks C Freudenthal) more than once in the dialogue of a disreputable character in one of James Joyce’s Dubliners stories, published in 1914.
2.2 Structural classification of idioms with household component in modern English
The structural classification of phraseological units is based on the presence of different parts of speech in the idiom. Having investigated all practical material in lexicographical sources we distinguish the following principal groups of phraseological units with household component:
A. Verbal phraseological units have the verb as the main component of the idiom. For example:
Buy A Lemon: To purchase a vehicle that constantly gives problems or stops running after you drive it away.
Can’t Cut The Mustard: Someone who isn’t adequate enough to compete or participate.
Cry Over Spilt Milk: When you complain about a loss from the past.
Drive someone up the wall: To irritate and/or annoy very much.
Get Up On The Wrong Side Of The Bed: Someone who is having a horrible day.
Have an Axe to Grind: To have a dispute with someone.
Hit The Sack: Go to bed or go to sleep.
Kick The Bucket: Die.
Liquor someone up: To get someone drunk.
To throw the baby out with the bathwater: lose a good opportunity as part of a bigger clear-out
To bring home the bacon: to earn your family’s living
To clear the table: to remove the dishes and other eating utensils from a table after eating
To cook (someone's) goose: to damage or ruin someone
To cook (something) to perfection: to cook something perfectly
To cook (something) up: to cook something, to make some kind of plan
To eat (someone) out of house and home: to eat a lot of food in someone’s house
To hand (something) to (someone) on a silver platter: to give a person something that has not been earned
To have a lot on one’s plate: to have a lot of things to do or deal with
To hit the sauce: to drink alcohol (usually regularly)
To stew in one`s own juice: to suffer from something that you yourself have caused to happen
To take (something) with a grain of salt: to accept or believe something with much doubt, to not give much credit or importance to something that was said
To take the cake: to be the best or worst of something
B. Substantive phraseological units have the noun (or in some cases pronoun) as the main component of the idiom. For example:
Drop in the Bucket: A very small part of something big or whole.
Piece of Cake: A task that can be accomplished very easily.
Axe To Grind: To have a dispute with someone.
Cup Of Joe: A cupl of coffee.
Everything but The Kitchen Sink: Almost everything and anything has been included.
Everything from soup to nuts: almost everything that one can think of
Flash In The Pan: Something that shows potential or looks promising in the beginning but fails to deliver anything in the end.
In The Bag: To have something secured.
No Room to Swing a Cat: An unusually small or confined space.
On Pins And Needles: Anxious or nervous, especially in anticipation of something.
On The Fence: Undecided.
Bad/rotten apple: a bad person
Bad egg: a bad person, a bum
Bear fruit: to yield or give results
Big cheese: an important person, a leader
Bread and butter: one’s income/job to buy the basic needs of life like food/shelter/clothing
Bread and water: the most basic meal that is possible (just as you would get in prison)
Coffee break: a break from work to rest and drink coffee/tea
Fine kettle of fish: a mess, an unsatisfactory situation
One’s salad days: to be in one’s youth
In the soup: in serious trouble, in a bad situation
Out of the frying pan and into the fire: to go from something bad to something worse
C. Adjectival phraseological units have the adjective as the main component of the idiom. For example:
Drink like a fish: To drink very heavily.
As flat as a pancake: very flat
As nutty as a fruitcake: silly, crazy
As sour as vinegar: sour and disagreeable
As sweet as honey/sugar: very sweet
As thick as pea soup: very thick (can be used with fog as well as with liquids)
As warm as toast: very warm and cozy
Full of beans: to feel energetic, to be in high spirits
Packed in like sardines: to be packed in very tightly
So clean you can eat off the floor: very clean
D. Adverbial phraseological units have the adverb as the main component of the idiom. For example:
Against The Clock: Rushed and short on time.
E. Proverbs. For example:
Don’t Put All Your Eggs In One Basket: Do not put all your resources in one possibility.
A House Divided Against Itself Cannot Stand: Everyone involved must unify and function together or it will not work out.
A Picture Paints a Thousand Words: A visual presentation is far more descriptive than words.
Elvis has left the building: The show has come to an end. It’s all over.
Every Cloud Has A Silver Lining: Be optimistic, even difficult times will lead to better days.
Until (till) the cows come home: A long time.
Born with a silver spoon in one’s mouth: to be born to a wealthy family with many advantages
You can’t make an omelette without breaking the eggs: you cannot do something without causing some problems or having some effects
Someone’s made his/her own bed; now let him/her lie in it: someone has caused his/her own problems; he/she will have to solve them himself/herself.
2.3 Semantic classification of idioms with household component in modern English
Having investigated all practical material in lexicographical sources we distinguish the following principal groups of phraseological units with household component according to their meaning:
A) Products idioms
Buy A Lemon: To purchase a vehicle that constantly gives problems or stops running after you drive it away.
Can’t Cut The Mustard: Someone who isn’t adequate enough to compete or participate.
Cry Over Spilt Milk: When you complain about a loss from the past.
Liquor someone up: To get someone drunk.
To bring home the bacon: to earn your family’s living
To hit the sauce: to drink alcohol (usually regularly)
To stew in one’s own juice: to suffer from something that you yourself have caused to happen
To take (something) with a grain of salt: to accept or believe something with much doubt, to not give much credit or importance to something that was said
To take the cake: to be the best or worst of something
Piece of Cake: A task that can be accomplished very easily.
Everything from soup to nuts: almost everything that one can think of
Bad/rotten apple: a bad person
Bad egg: a bad person, a bum
Bear fruit: to yield or give results
Big cheese: an important person, a leader
Bread and butter: one’s income/job to buy the basic needs of life like food/shelter/clothing
Bread and water: the most basic meal that is possible (just as you would get in prison)
Coffee break: a break from work to rest and drink coffee/tea
One’s salad days: to be in one’s youth
In the soup: in serious trouble, in a bad situation
Drink like a fish: To drink very heavily.
As flat as a pancake: very flat
As nutty as a fruitcake: silly, crazy
As sour as vinegar: sour and disagreeable
As sweet as honey/sugar: very sweet
As thick as pea soup: very thick (can be used with fog as well as with liquids)
As warm as toast: very warm and cozy
Full of beans: to feel energetic, to be in high spirits
Packed in like sardines: to be packed in very tightly
Don’t Put All Your Eggs In One Basket: Do not put all your resources in one possibility.
You can’t make an omelette without breaking the eggs: you cannot do something without causing some problems or having some effects
B) Furniture and interior idioms
Get Up On The Wrong Side Of The Bed: Someone who is having a horrible day.
To clear the table: to remove the dishes and other eating utensils from a table after eating
Someone’s made his/her own bed; now let him/her lie in it: someone has caused his/her own problems; he/she will have to solve them himself/herself.
Ring down the curtain on: to lower the curtain at the end of a theatrical performance
Be curtains for: to be in a very bad situation
Come on the carpet: to appear
A magic carpet: a carpet that can fly
Roll out the red carpet for smb.: to meet smb. with great honor
Distorting mirror: a mirror that disfigures the reflection
Bed of roses: a situation of comfort or ease
Bed of thorns: difficult way of life
To go to bed in one’s boots: to be much drunk
Born in the chair: having an administrative or desk job rather than a more active one
C) Tableware idioms
To hand (something) to (someone) on a silver platter: to give a person something that has not been earned
To have a lot on one’s plate: to have a lot of things to do or deal with
Cup Of Joe: A cup of coffee.
Flash In The Pan: Something that shows potential or looks promising in the beginning but fails to deliver anything in the end.
Fine kettle of fish: a mess, an unsatisfactory situation
Out of the frying pan and into the fire: to go from something bad to something worse
Born with a silver spoon in one’s mouth: to be born to a wealthy family with many advantages
Before you can say knife: in no time, immediately
Play a good knife and fork: to eat with great appetite
That’s a different cup of tea: it’s smth. quite different
Fork over (something): to give much some of money on smth.
D) Idioms with component home/house and its elements
Drive someone up the wall: To irritate and/or annoy very much.
No Room to Swing a Cat: An unusually small or confined space.
So clean you can eat off the floor: very clean
A House Divided Against Itself Cannot Stand: Everyone involved must unify and function together or it will not work out.
Until (till) the cows come home: A long time.
Elvis has left the building: The show has come to an end. It’s all over.
On The Fence: Undecided.
People who live in glass houses should not throw stones: you can not judge other people.
Lock the barn door after the horse is stolen: to take precautions after harm has been done
Keep the wolf from the door: to ward off starvation or privation
Be in on the ground floor: to begin a business from the very beginning, from zero
To eat (someone) out of house and home: to eat a lot of food in someone’s house
At death’s door: likely to die soon
E) Home subjects and tools idioms
Have an Axe to Grind: To have a dispute with someone.
Hit The Sack: Go to bed or go to sleep.
Kick The Bucket: Die.
To throw the baby out with the bathwater
Drop in the Bucket: A very small part of something big or whole.
Axe To Grind: To have a dispute with someone.
Everything but The Kitchen Sink: Almost everything and anything has been included.
In The Bag: To have something secured.
On Pins And Needles: Anxious or nervous, especially in anticipation of something.
A Picture Paints a Thousand Words: A visual presentation is far more descriptive than words.
Every Cloud Has A Silver Lining: Be optimistic, even difficult times will lead to better days.
Against The Clock: Rushed and short on time.
A needle in a haystack: difficult to find smth.
Think outside the box: to have nonstandard meaning
A brush with the law: to have problems with the law/police
Strike while the iron is hot: to act at an opportune moment
F) Idioms with component defining home process
To cook (someone's) goose: to damage or ruin someone
To cook (something) to perfection: to cook something perfectly
To cook (something) up: to cook something, to make some kind of plan
CONCLUSION
Having investigated all theoretical and practical material in lexicographical sources we got the following results:
Examined phraseology as a linguistic subject.
While the notion of phraseology is very widespread, just as with other linguistic concepts, different authors have defined it differently, sometimes not providing a clear-cut definition, or conflating several terms that many scholars prefer to distinguish.
Phraseology appeared in the domain of lexicology and is undergoing the process of segregating as a separate branch of linguistics. The reason is clear — lexicology deals with words and their meanings, whereas phraseology studies such collocations of words (phraseologisms, phraseological units, idioms), where the meaning of the whole collocation is different from the simple sum of literal meanings of the words, comprising a phraseological unit.
Gave definition of phraseological unit.
Phraseological units are (according to Prof. Kunin A.V.) stable word-groups with partially or fully transferred meanings («to kick the bucket», «Greek gift», «drink till all’s blue», «drunk as a fiddler (drunk as a lord, as a boiled owl)», «as mad as a hatter (as a march hare)»). We accept this definition as the main for our research work as it fully reflects the nature of the phenomena.
Also we gave definitions of phraseological unit proposed by many other dictionaries and scholars, for example: David Crystal’s Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics; Webster’s New World College Dictionary; The Random House Unabridged Dictionary, Second Edition; The new Collins dictionary and thesaurus in one volume and others.
Common features of phraseological units or idioms were distinguished. They are non-compositionality; non-substitutability and non-modifiability.
Gave classification of English idioms.
Idioms can be classified according to different principles. There are some of the classifications: the thematic classification; the academician V.V. Vidogradov’s classification; the structural classification; the Professor A.I. Smirnitsky’s classification; the Professor A.V. Koonin’s classification; the classification of phraseological units on the base of their origin; D. Gibbon’s classification.
Examined derivation of English idioms.
English idioms can have different sources. According to this principle they are subdivided into native and borrowed. The main sources of native phraseological units are:
1) Terminological and professional lexics; 2) British literature; 3) British traditions and customs; 4) Superstitions and legends; 5) Historical facts and events, personalities; 6) Phenomena and facts of everyday life.
The main sources of borrowed phraseological units are:
1) the Holy Script; 2) Ancient legends and myths belonging to different religious or cultural traditions; 3) Facts and events of the world history; 4) Variants of the English language; 5) Other languages (classical and modern).
Examined metaphorical character of English idioms.
In works of modern linguists concerning metaphors one can distinguish three main views on its linguistic nature:
• Metaphor as a means of presenting of word meaning;
• Metaphor as a phenomenon of syntactical semantics;
• Metaphor as a means of transferring of sense in communicative aspect.
In the first case metaphor is analyzed as a lexicological phenomenon. The second approach is based on metaphorical meaning occurring during words interaction in sentence or word group structure. This viewpoint is represented in works of Arutjunova N.D., Teliya V.N., Black M. and others. Adherents of the third approach consider metaphor as mechanism of meaning forming in different functional styles of speech.
Almost all household items used in idioms are endued with characteristic images that allow expressing the thought more eloquent.
Gave structural classification of idioms with household component in modern English.
The structural classification of phraseological units is based on the presence of different parts of speech in the idiom. we distinguish the following principal groups of phraseological units with household component:
A. Verbal phraseological units have the verb as the main component of the idiom.
B. Substantive phraseological units have the noun (or in some cases pronoun) as the main component of the idiom.
C. Adjectival phraseological units have the adjective as the main component of the idiom.
D. Adverbial phraseological units have the adverb as the main component of the idiom.
E. Proverbs.
The most numerous group of idioms containing household elements are verbal and substantive phraseological units.
Gave semantic classification of idioms with household component in modern English.
Having investigated all practical material in lexicographical sources we distinguish the following principal groups of phraseological units with household component according to their meaning:
A) Products idioms.
B) Furniture and interior idioms.
C) Tableware idioms.
D) Idioms with component home/house and its elements.
E) Home subjects and tools idioms.
F) Idioms with component defining home process
The most numerous group of idioms containing household elements are products idioms and home subjects and tools idioms.
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