Фразеология и ее стилистическое использование на примере произведения Артура Хейли «Аэропорт»

The short runway 2:5 is also later inadequate to land TA flight two which has suffered major mechanical damage due to explosive decompression caused by the detonation of the bomb brought on board by D.O. Guerrero.

Joe Patroni is also characterized with a complex of the set phrases and praseologisms. He is the tough, grizzled, head of maintenance operations for Trans World Airlines (TWA), at Lincoln, who is drafted in by Bakersfeld to move the disabled aircraft. He will hold the things down — this is the main characteristic of this hero, Mel waits Patroni to come and get the plain out of the mud, he thinks that it is the most reliable person in the TWA. Patroni fights to do so under the aircraft’s own power without damaging it. This is in spite of the emergency, which could require the airplane be pushed off by snow plows (which would destroy the aircraft).

D.O. Guerrero is a desperate man (His financial rating was minus zero, as Arthur Hailey said) who is determined to find a way to solve his financial problems, regardless of what it will cost others. He builds a carry-on suitcase bomb that he takes onto Trans America Flight Two, «The Golden Argosy», a Rome-bound Boeing 707, in the hope of providing an insurance-fraud death benefit to his wife. The bombing plot is foiled with the assistance of a little old woman, Ada Quonsett, a habitual stowaway, whose help is enlisted by the flight crew of flight two to get at the bomb being held by Guerrero.

«You"ve done this before,» Tanya said. «Haven't you?»

«Oh yes, my dear. Quite a few times.» (Hailey describes the pattern of the behavior of the old woman using praseological unit.)

Vernon Demerest is a womanizing pilot for Trans America Airlines and brother-in-law to Bakersfeld, who opposes him on a number of issues. The author characterizes him using a phraseological unit in that way: «Unusual for one who never lacked confidence with women, he had at such moments a sense of wonder that he had ever possessed Gwen at all.» Vernon’s lover, airline stewardess Gwen Meighan, reveals to him that she is pregnant («Well, goddamit, Gwen!», said Vernon when he got to know it.). They are both on duty aboard the Trans America flight that Guerrero bombs.

The separate plot line concerns Mel’s brother Keith (he lost the picture), an air traffic controller tormented by guilt and flashbacks from a past mid-air collision («Far below, out of control and spinning crazily, the Beechcraft Bonanza, with the Redfern family still inside, was failing to earth», the description of that air crash).

As we see, there a lot of phraseological units of different types used in the text of the novel in order to give the characterization to the heroes of the book.

Types of the phraseological units used in the novel «Airport»

In the text of the novel the author, pursuing those or other art aims, uses phraseological units of all three types. In total in the text of the novel it was revealed nearby 200 phraseological units various types, approximately half from them are phraseological unities, 35% are phraseological combinations, and 15% are phraseological unions.

1. Phraseological unions. There are not so many phraseological unions in the novel text, basically, these are phraseologisms with a lexeme hell, carrying out expressional function, acting in a role of interjections: And what the hell it is necessary to do it?; Everybody voted to get the hell out;.

In the text we also can find examples of from morphological point of view different phraseological unions, but similar in their stylistic functions:

But meanwhile I don’t want anybody sitting on their hands until he [Joe] gets here (‘doing nothing');

We’ll get them from Santa Claus (‘we don’t know, where we’ll find them');

In aviation there was never a status quo. There was another factor.

Phraseological unions are adjoined by phrasal verbs which we can very often meet in the text of the novel. As we have already found out, phrasal verbs as a whole do not concern a layer of phraseological units in English language. However some of phrasal verbs are a part of the phraseological units, fixed in monoand bilingual phraseological dictionaries. We will illustrate this statement with examples.

Danny Farrow answered without looking up. «I hear the captain put it to the passengers.» The phrasal verb to look up is officially not the phraseological union, but in the reality it does. Also in this example we can find a phraseological unity put something to the somebody — ‘to allow somebody to decide what to do'.

«I was going to call you,» Danny said. «I just had a report on that stuck 707 of Aereo-Mexican.» — «Go ahead.»

2. Phraseological unities. In the text meet phraseological unities, various on the origin and a stylistic accessory: to put on all power (‘to allow full gas'), to wove the dreams into the reality, to be a relief.

He sensed she was making fun of him.

The two requirements — contradictory in terms of human nature — were exhausting mentally and, in the long run, took a toll. In this fragment of text Hailey uses two phraseological unities together.

Everything looked good, though Perry knew he would be easier in mind [he will fell himself more confident] when Keith Bakersfeld was back… No sing of Keight yet. In this piece of the text Hailey puts together two phraseological unities that work together describing the mental and emotional condition of an air controller.

3. Phraseological combinations. Phraseological combinations are the most frequent from the rate of phraseological units used in the text. We will show some examples: to be at a stake (‘to be staked'), to intake someone’s breath (‘to hold breath'), as best as smb can, to be out of control, to change smb’s mind.

Hailey uses the phraseological combinations in the speech of the heroes. Here is the example of the part of the dialog between Cindy and Derek Eden:

«Do you have any preference? I mean where we’ll go?»

«That's entirely up to you.»

The author uses the phraseological combinations also to show the thoughts of the heroes: Common sense told her that sooner or later the showdown must come, so better to have it now and done with…

We can also give some examples, where we can see the use of phraseological combinations in wider context. There are a lot of phraseological units connected with the eyes in the text of the novel: A bright green dot without identification caught Keith’s eyes [it attracted his attention]; If she [Mrs. Quonsett] needs a ladies' room, wait outside; otherwise, don’t let her out of your sight [pay attention on her].

Stylistic features phraseological units in the novel text

In the novel text meet phraseological units, speeches belonging to different styles:

1) colloquial phraseology: by the way, just the same, to roast somebody alive (‘to punish somebody strictly'), to change one’s mind;

2) rough-colloquial phraseology: to ventilate one’s brains (‘to bring smb to his senses');

3) bookish phraseology: to gear to yesterday (‘to become irrelevant'), a sacrificial goat (‘a whipping boy');

4) official and business phraseology: The other thing is that with three zero out of use, we’re having to route takeoffs over Meadowood; to meet some of one’s conditions.

Jargon phraseology in the «Airport»

In the novel «Airport» an important role plays professional phraseology. Arthur Hailey uses precisely and skillfully different professional words and phraseological units which are adopted directly from the speech of the aviation workers

It was marked by American literary critics that one of the specific features of a fiction method of Arthur Hailey’s «production novels» was deep and comprehensive study of the sphere of public life that he wanted to show in the novel. Befor the writing of the novel Arthur Hailey delved into the minutest details of one or another subject or profession. This specific feature displays on the language level in the use of turns of speech, which are specific for one or another social group, for example, the airport workers as we see it in the novel ‘Airport'.

Let us give some examples:

As well as the usual ones, tonight there were several cherry pickers — trucks with high, maneuverable platforms. (20) As we see in this sentence cherry pickers is the name of special type of auxiliary machines used in airports. Hailey does the following thing: at first he gives this jargon idiom — the name — and then he explains the meaning of these words.

A controller’s nightmare was to «lose the picture», a situation where an overtaxed brain rebelled and everything went blank. Hailey uses here a professional slang idioms to rise the attraction of the text and to make it more interesting for the reader. As in the previous example first he gives this slang phrase and then he explains what it means.

Hailey show the peculiarities of the air controller’s work. When the shift of one air controller is over one, comes the person that should work in the next shift. But before the second person will start to do the duties, he should during several minutes, as Hailey said, absorb the «picture» in his mind in order to warm up and not to make an error. When the process of absorption is completed then the air controller says: «I have the picture.»

One more example from the slang of traffic controllers: Getting tensed — consciously and deliberately — was a part of the job. Controllers called it «sharpening to an edge»…

In the Part II of our work we have classified the phraseological units used in the text of the novel «Airport» according to different classification described in the Part I.

Conclusions

In our work the phraseological units, got for the text «Airport» written by Arthur Hailey using the method total sampling, were classified.

The first method of classification was based on the principle of taking into account the power of the figurative meaning of the praseological units. According to the classification of V.V. Vinogradov we have divided the phraseological units from the novel into three categories: 1) phraseological unions — the steady combinations, which a common meaning that is not deduced from value of components making them, i.e. does not motivate them from the point of view of a lexicon current state; 2) phraseological unities — the steady combinations, which a common meaning that is partly connected with semantics of the components making them used in figurative value; 3) phraseological combinations — the steady turns, in which the meaning is motivated by the semantics of the components making them one of which has phraseologically connected value.

The second method of classification was based on the morphological specific features of the phraseological units. We have divided the phraseological units into three categories: 1) nominal; 2) verbal; 3) adjective; 4) adverbial; 5) interjection phraseological units.

The third method of classification was based on the stylistic criteria. We classified the phraseological units according to the styles of English language: 1) colloquial phraseology; 2) rough-colloquial phraseology; 3) the bookish; 4) officially-business; 5) the scientific; 6) the publicistic phraseological units.

In the novel «Airport» written by Arthur Hailey the phraseological units of various kinds are actively used: phraseological unions, unities, combinations. It includes phraseological units both in speech of the story-teller, and in speech of heroes. Thus use of those or others phraseological units depends on specific features of the hero — its social status, sincere qualities.

In the novel text are available phraseological units various by origin: from bible to officially business (to hand over business in archive), the same it is possible to tell and about a stylistic variety presented phraseological units. Favourite author’s reception playing up meanings of phraseological units — actualisation of their literal sense — repeatedly meets on novel pages. Using this reception, the author destroys the settled stereotypes of word usage, forces the reader to concern more thoughtfully a said word, to use it as carelessly dropped word can return to the person, it told more accurately and more precisely.

As a whole, Hailey proves the professional in the field of possession of phraseological means of Russian and their use, its experience can form a basis for improvement of speech culture of modern native speakers of Russian.

Critics sometimes abused Hailey’s style, including it too journalistic, but they recognised a faultless scent of the writer on rather vital topics. Distinguished its and thorough studying of a problem which it was going to describe.

We have also marked that phraseological units are usually used in the dialogs, in the thoughts of heroes and, as a rule, in intensive moments of the plot. It shows us that the author intended to give to the heroes' speech naturalness and emotionality what is the benchmark of high stylistic level of the novel language.

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