Ирония как важный стилистический прием в романе Дж. Оруэлла «Скотоферма»

Как фактор сюжетообразования комическое дает Дж. Оруэллу прежде всего неожиданный ракурс в освещении событий, сообщает острую перипетийность, парадоксальность повествованию.

Заключение

«Скотный двор» считается единственным не автобиографическим произведением Оруэлла просто потому, что его персонажи-животные. Но и эта книгавыросла из воспоминания. Оруэлл любил ее той особенной любовью, которую называют «первой» (часто вопреки арифметике).

Она была для него первой потому, чтов ней он впервые совершенно сознательно попробовал слить воедино политическую и художественную задачи. Он искал единой «политически-художественной» мелодии, в основе которой должен лежать отчетливый, запоминающийся и вместе с тем лирический, трогательный мотив. Что-то совсем простое, безусловное, нежное, печальное. Одна из особенностей его личности — исключительная родственная привязанность к животным. Величественный и агрессивный Наполеон явно списан со Сталина — использование репрессий, взращивание культа личности роднит сказочного и исторического персонажей. Подобных аналогий можно провести множество — сказка наводнена символами, иносказаниями, намеками. Несомненно, знакомство с ней будет особенно интересным тем, кто хорошо знаком с историей России. Стоит заметить, что Оруэлл действительно мастерски описывает действие пропаганды, наглядно и детально рассказывает о процессе перестройки общества. В то же время «Скотный двор» написан со злой иронией, местами даже с издевкой, что, впрочем, не умаляет заслуги автора — стоит учитывать, что на одни и те же события Оруэлл и российский читатель смотрят с принципиально разных точек зрения. Иронию можно рассматривать в качестве одной из фундаментальных особенностей художественного языка ХХ в., так как иронический принцип, понятый как принцип дистанцирования от непосредственно высказанного, принцип неуверенности в возможности прямого высказывания является конститутивной чертой мышления ХХ в. Список использованных источников

Арнольд И. В. Стилистика. Современный английский язык: Учебник для вузов. — 4-е изд., испр. и доп. — М.: Флинта: Наука, 2002.

— 384 с. Бахтин М. М. Вопросы литературы и эстетики. -

М.: Педагогика, 1975. — 468 с. Знаменская Т. А. Стилистика английского языка. Основыкурса / StylisticsoftheEnglishLanguage: FundamentalsoftheCourse.

— М.:ЛКИ, 2008. — 224 с. Иванова И. П., Бурлакова В. В., Почепцов Г. Г. Теоретическая грамматика современного английского языка. — М.: Высшая школа, 1981. -

286 с. Игошева Т. В. Современная русская литература. Учебное пособие к курсу лекций «Введение в современную литературу». — Великий Новгород, 2002

Кьеркегор С. О понятии иронии. — М.: «Логос», 1993. № 4Ломоносов М.

В. Полное собрание сочинений. — М.: Феникс, 1998. — 258 с. Морозов А. А.

Пародия как литературный жанр. — М.: Наука, 1997. — 101 с. Оруэлл Дж. Материал из Википедии — свободной энциклопедии [Электронный ресурс]: Режим доступа:

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Оруэлл, свободный

Оруэлл Дж. Материал из Лаборатории Фантастики [Электронный ресурс]: Режим доступа:

http://fantlab.ru/autor238, свободный

Пивоев В. М. Ирония как феномен культуры. — Петрозаводск, 2000

Сергиенко А. В. Языковые возможности реализации иронии как разновидности импликации в художественных текстах: Автореф. дис. … канд. филолог.

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B. I rony in the drama. — The University of North Carolina, 1999

Приложение 1Sometimes the work was hard; the implements had been designed for human beings and not for animals, and it was a great drawback that no animal was able to use any tool that involved standing on his hind legs. B ut the pigs were so clever that they could think of a way round every difficulty. A

s for the horses, they knew every inch of the field, and in fact understood the business of mowingand raking far better than Jones and his men had ever done. T he pigs did notactually work, but directed and supervised the others. W ith their superiorknowledge it was natural that they should assume the leadership. B oxer andClover would harness themselves to the cutter or the horse-rake (no bits or reinswere needed in these days, of course) and tramp steadily round and round the field with a pig walking behind and calling out `Gee up, comrade!' or `Whoaback, comrade!' as the case might be.

A nd every animal down to the humblestworked at turning the hay and gathering it. E ven the ducks and hens toiled toand fro all day in the sun, carrying tiny wisps of hay in their beaks. I n the endthey finished the harvest in two days' less time than it had usually taken Jonesand his men. M

oreover, it was the biggest harvest that the farm had ever seen. There was no wastage whatever; the hens and ducks with their sharp eyes hadgathered up the very last stalk. A nd not an animal on the farm had stolen somuch as a mouthful. All through that summer the work of the farm went like clockwork. T he animals were happy as they had never conceived it possible to be.

E very mouthful of food was an acute positive pleasure, now that it was truly their own food, produced by themselves and for themselves, not doled out to them by a grudging master. W ith the worthless parasitical human beings gone, there was more for everyone to eat. T here was more leisure too, inexperienced though the animals were. T

hey met with many difficulties, for instance, later in the year, whenthey harvested the corn, they had to tread it out in the ancient style and blowaway the chaff with their breath, since the farm possessed no threshing machine, but the pigs with their cleverness and Boxer with his tremendous musclesalways pulled them through. B oxer was the admiration of everybody. He had been a hard worker even in Jones’s time, but now he seemed more like threehorses than one; there were days when the entire work of the farm seemed to reston his mighty shoulders. F rom morning to night he was pushing and pulling, always at the spot where the work was hardest.

H e had made an arrangementwith one of the cockerels to call him in the mornings half an hour earlier thananyone else, and would put in some volunteer labour at whatever seemed to bemost needed, before the regular day’s work began. H is answer to every problem, every setback, was «I will work harder!» − which he had adopted as his personalmotto. But everyone worked according to his capacity. T he hens and ducks, for instance, saved five bushels of corn at the harvest by gathering up the straygrains.

N obody stole, nobody grumbled over his rations, the quarrelling andbiting and jealousy which had been normal features of life in the old days hadalmost disappeared. N obody shirked — or almost nobody. M ollie, it was true, was not good at getting up in the mornings, and had a way of leaving work earlyon the ground that there was a stone in her hoof. And the behaviour of the cat was somewhat peculiar. I

t was soon noticed that when there was work tobe done the cat could never be found. S he would vanish for hours on end, andthen reappear at meal-times, or in the evening after work was over, as thoughnothing had happened. B ut she always made such excellent excuses, and purredso affectionately, that it was impossible not to believe in her good intentions. Old Benjamin, the donkey, seemed quite unchanged since the Rebellion. H e didhis work in the same slow obstinate way as he had done it in Jones’s time, nevershirking and never volunteering for extra work either.

A bout the Rebellion andits results he would express no opinion. W hen asked whether he was not happiernow that Jones was gone, he would say only `Donkeys live a long time. N

oneof you has ever seen a dead donkey,' and the others had to be content with thiscryptic answer. Приложение 2Условные обозначенияA. — alliteration — аллитерацияAll. — allusion- аллюзияCon. -

contraction- сокращениеE. — epithet — эпитетE. conj. — conjunctionwithemphaticfunction — союзсэмфатическойфункциейExcl.

— exclamation — восклицаниеP -parallelconstructions — параллельныеконструкцииPhV — phrasalverb- фразовыйглаголPol. — polysyndeton- полисиндетонR. — repetition — лексическийповтор

Приложение 3Sometimes the work was hard; the implements had been designed for human beingsand not for animals, and it was a great drawback that no animal was able to use any tool that involved standing on his hind legs. B ut the pigswere so clever that they could think of a way round every difficulty. A

s for the horses, they knew every inch of the field, and in fact understood the business of mowingand raking far better than Jones and his men had ever done. T he pigs didn’tactually work, but directed and supervised the others. W ith their superiorknowledge it was natural that they should assume the leadership.

B oxer andClover would harness themselves to the cutter or the horse-rake (no bits or reinswere needed in these days, of course) and tramp steadily roundandround thefield with a pig walking behind andcalling out «Gee up, comrade!» or «Whoaback, comrade!» as the case might be. A nd every animal down to the humblestworked at turning the hay and gathering it. E

venthe ducks and hens toiled toand fro all day in the sun, carrying tiny wisps of hay in their beaks. I n the endthey finished the harvest in two days' less time than it had usually taken Jonesand his men. M

oreover, it was the biggestharvest that the farm had ever seen. There was no wastage whatever; the hens and ducks with their sharp eyes hadgathered up the very last stalk. A nd not an animal on the farm had stolen somuch as a mouthful. All through that summer the work of the farm went like clockwork. T he animals were happy as they had never conceived it possible to be. E very mouthful of food was an acute positive pleasure, now that it was truly their own food, produced by themselves and for themselves, not doled out to them by a grudging master. W

ith the worthless parasiticalhuman beings gone, there was more for everyone to eat. T here was more leisure too, inexperienced though the animals were. T hey met with many difficulties, for instance, later in the year, when they harvested the corn, they had to tread it out in the ancient style and blow away the chaff with their breath, since the farm possessed no threshing machine, but the pigswiththeir cleverness and Boxerwithhistremendousmusclesalways pulled them through. B

oxer was the admiration of everybody. H e had been a hardworker even in Jones’s time, but now he seemedmore like threehorses than one; there were days when the entire work of the farmseemed to reston his mighty shoulders. F rommorning to night he was pushing and pulling, always at the spot where the work was hardest. H ehadmade an arrangement with one of the cockerels to call him in the mornings half an hour earlier thananyone else, and would put in some volunteerlabour at whatever seemed to bemost needed, before the regular day’s workbegan. H

is answer to every problem, every setback, was «I will work harder!» − which he had adopted as his personalmotto. Buteveryoneworked according to his capacity. T he hens and ducks, for instance, saved five bushels of corn at the harvest by gathering up the straygrains. N obodystole, nobodygrumbled over his rations, the quarrellingandbitingand jealousy which had been normal features of life in the old days hadalmost disappeared. N obody shirked — or almost nobody. M

ollie, it was true, was not good atgetting up in the mornings, and had a way of leaving work earlyon the ground that there was a stone in her hoof. And the behaviour of the cat was somewhat peculiar. I t was soon noticed that when there was work tobe done the cat could never be found. S he would vanish for hours on end, andthen reappear at meal-times, or in the evening after workwas over, as thoughnothing had happened. B ut she always made such excellent excuses, and purredso affectionately, that it was impossible not to believe in her good intentions. Old Benjamin, the donkey, seemed quite unchanged since the Rebellion. H

e didhis work in the same slow obstinate way as he had done it in Jones’s time, nevershirking and never volunteering for extra work either. A bout the Rebellion andits results he would express no opinion. W

hen asked whether he was not happiernow that Jones was gone, he would say only «Donkeys live a long time. N oneof you has ever seen a dead donkey,» and the others had to be content with thiscrypticanswer.R.R.A.Pol.R.A.E.P.A. E. conj.PhV.R.All.R.Pol.A.R.A.R.Con.E. conj.E.R.Pol.A.R.A.PhV.Excl.R. E. conj.R.A.PhV.R.A. E. conj.R.E. conj.R.A.E.R.R.PhV.R. E. conj.R.R.R.R.A.R.E.R.R.R.PhV.E. conj.E.R.E.R.R.R.P.PhV.PhV.R.R.A.A.R.E.PhV.R.R.R.A.R.A.R.E.R. E.

conjP.R.A.R.P.A.R.R.A.A.PhV.E.R.A.R.R.PhV.Excl.R. E. conjR.A.PhV.R.A.P.A.Pol.A.R.R.P.PhV.R.R.E. conjR.A.R.R.P.R.PhV.E. conjR.A.A.PhV.R.R.R.R.A.E. conjR.R.R.R.A.E.