Диплом. 
Переводческий факультет. 
ТЕМА: Online Shopping

(30).

Isidor «Izzy» Einstein was an immigrant from Austria-Hungary who had no experience in law enforcement. — Изидор «Иззи» Эйнштейн, иммигрировавший из Австро-Венгрии, не имел никакого опыта, связанного с принудительным осуществлением сухого закона. (30).

It was a time for him and his staff to relax at the end of the day, so for him this cocktail set had a very positive association," says Bustard. — В это время он и его сотрудники расслабиться после рабочего дня, так что для него лично этот комплект для коктейля имел весьма позитивные ассоциации," - говорит Бастард. (30).

The idea that last orders at 11pm were to become a thing of the past had dominated headlines for months. — Идея об отмене запрета продажи в Великобритании спиртных напитков после 23.00, доминировала в заголовках прессы в течение многих месяцев. (30).

Humphreys conducted a study in Manchester after the new act was introduced. — Хамфриз провел свое исследование в Манчестере после введения этого нового закона. (29).

Изменение времени— 9 примеров Данная трансформация обусловлена различием системы времен в двух языках При переводе не обязательно указывать причинно-следственные связи, столь хорошо отраженные английскими временами Present Perfect и Present Continuous, потому что смысл сохраняется и при использовании настоящего времени без каких-либо уточнений.

By the late 19th Century, dipsomania, or alcoholism, was being treated as a disease.- К концу 19-ого столетия дипсоманию или алкоголизм, стали рассматривать как болезнь. (30).

The Royal College of Physicians said it would increase alcohol consumption. — Королевский Колледж Врачей заявил, что употребление алкоголя, скорее всего, увеличится. (30).

Замена части речи — 85 примеров Данная трансформация мотивирована не только несовпадением английского и русского языков по частям речи (например, необходимостью передать семантику артикля, части речи, не имеющей аналога в русском языке), но и желанием сделать тест перевода максимально стилистически адекватным.

You may find a brief history of the bank, the official name and address of the bank’s headquarters, and information about its insurance coverage from the FDIC. — Там Вы можете обнаружить краткую историю банка, его официальное наименование, адрес его основного офиса, а также получить информацию о страховом покрытии по страхованию депозитов. (31).

To verify a bank’s insurance status, look for the familiar FDIC logo or the words «Member FDIC» or «FDIC Insured» on the Web site. — Чтобы проверить страховой статус банка, найдите знакомую Вам эмблему федеральной корпорации по страхованию депозитов, ссылку «федеральная корпорация по страхованию депозитов Участника» или же найдите слова «федеральная корпорация по страхованию депозитов Застрахована» на данном Вебсайте. (31).

Some bank Web sites provide links directly to the FDIC’s Web site to assist you in identifying or verifying the FDIC insurance protection of their deposits. — Отдельные Вебсайты банков непосредственно связаны с Вебсайтом федеральной корпорации по страхованию депозитов, так что Вы можете узнать, имеют ли они страховую защиту своих депозитов в Федеральной корпорации страхования банковских вкладов. (31).

This means, for example, that to determine your maximum FDIC insurance coverage, your deposits at the parent bank will be added together with those at the separately named bank Web site and will be insured for up to the maximum amount covered for one bank. — Это означает, например, что, для обеспечения Вас максимальным страховым покрытием со стороны федеральной корпорации по страхованию депозитов, Ваши депозиты в головном банке будут добавлены вместе с другими Вашими депозитами в отдельно названном банке Вебсайт и будут застрахованы на максимальную сумму, не возможную для одного банка. (31).

Don’t worry about your deposit insurance coverage if you or your family have less than $ 100,000 in all your accounts combined at the same FDIC-insured bank.- Не волнуйтесь о своем страховом покрытии депозита, если совокупный баланс на Вашем счете или счете Вашей семьи (по всем депозитам) не превышает 100 000 $ в одном и том же банке застрахованном федеральной корпорации по страхованию депозитов. (31).

Starting July 2001, banks are required to give you a copy of their privacy policy once you become their customer, regardless of whether you are conducting business online or offline. — С июля 2001 года, банки обязаны давать свои клиентам копию своей политики обеспечения секретности, независимо от того, руководите ли Вы своими счетами онлайн или офлайн. (31).

As of July 2001, your bank should provide a clear method for you to «opt out» of this type of information sharing. — Начиная с июля 2001 года банк должен обеспечить ясный для клиента метод, чтобы тот мог «отказаться» от этого типа информационного обмена. (31).

You may want to ask whether your bank tracks your browsing habits if these practices concern you. — Вы, возможно, захотите спросить, отслеживает ли Ваш банк Ваши Интернет привычки, если эти методы касаются Вас. (31).

Banks chartered by states also have the choice of whether to join the Federal Reserve System. — У банков, обладающих лицензией того или иного штата, также, могут выбирать, присоединиться ли им к Федеральной резервной системе или нет. (31).

The proportions have remained steady. — Эти пропорции остались устойчивыми и ныне. (29).

ВЫВОДЫ Выполняя данную выпускную работу мы стремились не только перевести англоязычный текст максимально точно и вместе с тем стилистически адкватно, но и сопоставить его с русским переводом, систематизировать и объяснить необходимость опоры на различные переводческие трансформации, то есть осуществить сопоставительный количественный анализ лексического и грамматического состава текста перевода и оригинала. Цель эту мы успешно выполнили.

Анализ показал, что в данной работе переводческие трансформации были использованы 536 раз. Лексические трансформации были применены в 319 случаях, грамматические трансформации — в 217 случаях.

Среди лексических трансформаций чаще всего использовался прием добавления слов (85 примеров), а также следующие: прием смыслового развития опущение слов (79 примеров), (49 примеров), конкретизация значения (36 примеров), прием целостного преобразования (31 пример). Менее популярными оказались: метонимический перевод (21 пример), генерализация значения (12 примера), антонимический перевод (6 примеров). По данным видно, что многие особенности английского и русского языков, сложность переводимых текстов с точки зрения прагматики, стилистики, синтаксиса, грамматики и лексики, нашли свое выражение и в тексте нашего перевода.

Мы также использовали грамматические трансформации, наиболее востребованными из которых были: изменение порядка слов (99 примеров), замена части речи (85 примеров), добавление и опущение придаточных предложений (11 примеров), разделение предложений (7 примеров); изменение времени (9 примеров).

Таким образом, главные задачи, поставленные нами в данной выпускной работе, мы выполнили. Работая над переводом, мы стремились сделать его качественным, информативно точным, стилистически адекватным, интересным для восприятия целевой аудиторией (бизнесменами) и соответствующим лексическим, грамматическим и стилистическим нормам русского языка.

Алексеева И. С. Профессиональный тренинг переводчика. — СПб.: Союз, 2004. — 288 с.

Бархударов Л. С. Язык и перевод. — М.: ЛКИ, 2013. — 240с.

Белянин В. П. Психолингвистика.- М.: Флинта, Моск. психолого-социальный ин-т, 2003. — 356 с.

Брандес М. П. Стиль и перевод. — М.: URSS ЛИБРОКОМ, 2009. — 126 с.

Бреус Е. В. Основы теории и практики перевода с русского языка на английский. — М.: УРАО, 2002. — 208 с.

Винокур Т. Г. Закономерности стилистического использования языковых единиц. — М., 2009. — 242с.

Влахов С. И., Флорин С. П. Непереводимое в переводе. — М.: Астрель, 2000. — 239с.

Вольф Е. М. Функциональная семантика оценки. — М.: Наука, 1985. — 228 с.

Гарбовский Н. К. Теория перевода. — М.: Изд-во Моск. ун-та, 2002. — 474 с.

Казакова Т. А. Практические основы перевода. — СПб.: Союз, 2008. — 320 с.

Каминская Э. Е. Лексические трудности перевода (на материале английского языка). — В. Новгород: Нов.

ГУ, 2000. — 20 с.

Комиссаров В. Н. Лингвистика перевода. — М.: Либроком, 2009. — 176 с.

Комиссаров В. Н. Современное переводоведение. — М.: ЭТС, 2001. — 424 с.

Комиссаров В. Н. Общая теория перевода. — М.: ЧеРо, 1999. — 133 с.

Крюкова Е.И., Голубых И. И., Голубых А. К. Языковое сознание личности в культуре перевода. — Ростов-на-Дону: РГПУ, 2004. — 194 с.

Нелюбин Л.Л.

Введение

в технику перевода. — М.: МГОУ, 2005. — 156 c.

Нелюбин Л. Л. Толковый переводоведческий словарь. — М.: Флинта, Наука, 2001. — 260 с.

Рецкер Я. И. Теория перевода и переводческая практика. — М.: Р. Валент, 2009. — 240 с.

Сдобников В.В., Петрова О. В. Теория перевода. — Н. Новгород: НГЛУ, 2001. — 304 с.

Тырыгина В. А. Жанровая стратификация масс-медийного дискурса. — M.: ЛИБРОКОМ (URSS), 2010 — 320 с.

Тюрина Н.А. Газетно-публицистический текст и прагматическое намерение автора // Материалы XXXI Всероссийской научной конференции 11−15 марта 2003 г. — СПб.: СПбГУ, 2003. — С. 59−67.

Федоров А. В. Основы общей теории перевода. — М.: В.Ш., 1983. — 304 с.

Чудинов А. П. Политическая лингвистика. — М.: Флинта, Наука, 2006. — 162с.

Швейцер А. Д. Теория перевода. Статус. Проблемы. Аспекты. — М., 1988. — 324 с.

Шейгал Е. И. Семиотика политического дискурса. — М.-Волгоград: Перемена, 2000. — 174с.

Fowler R. Language in the News: Discourse and Ideology in the Press. — London and New York: Routledge, 1991. — 254 p.

Список использованных лексикографических источников Ермолович Д. И., Красавина Т. М. Новый большой русско-английский словарь. — М.: Русский язык-Медиа, 2004.

Мюллер В.К. Англо-русский словарь. — М.: Советская энциклопедия, 2000.

Оригинальные тексты.

Did 24-hour drinking actually change anything? [BBC News, 24 November 2015].

http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-34 881 193 [07.

05.2016].

The time when Americans drank all day long [BBC News, 9 March 2015].

http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-31 741 615 [07.

05.2016].

Tips for Safe Banking Over the Internet.

http://www.bbb.org/blog/2013/10/8-important-tips-for-safe-online-banking [07.

05.2016].

Словари и справочная литература.

Апресян Ю.Д., Медникова Э. М., Петрова А. В. и др. Новый Большой англо-русский словарь: В 3 т. — М.: Русский язык, 2004.

Ермолович Д. И., Красавина Т. М. Новый большой англо-русский словарь. М.: Русский язык-медиа, 2004.

Мюллер В. К. Новый большой англо-русский словарь. М.: Альта-Принт, 2006.

Нелюбин Л. Л. Толковый переводоведческий словарь. М.: Флинта: Наука. 2003.

Collins English Dictionary. — HarperCollins Publishers, 2006.

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ 1. ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ТЕКСТЫ.

Tips for Safe Banking Over the Internet.

As use of the Internet continues to expand, more banks and thrifts are using the Web to offer products and services or otherwise enhance communications with consumers.

The Internet offers the potential for safe, convenient new ways to shop for financial services and conduct banking business, any day, any time. However, safe banking online involves making good choices — decisions that will help you avoid costly surprises or even scams.

It is of great importance for you to know how to:

Confirm that an online bank is legitimate and that your deposits are insured.

Keep your personal information private and secure.

Understand your rights as a consumer.

Learn where to go for more assistance from banking regulators.

Confirm that an Online Bank Is Legitimate and that Your Deposits Are Insured.

Whether you are selecting a traditional bank or an online bank that has no physical offices, it’s wise to make sure that it is legitimate and that your deposits are federally insured. Here are tips specifically designed for consumers considering banking over the Internet.

Read key information about the bank posted on its Web site.

Most bank Web sites have an «About Us» section or something similar that describes the institution. You may find a brief history of the bank, the official name and address of the bank’s headquarters, and information about its insurance coverage from the FDIC.

Protect yourself from fraudulent Web sites.

For example, watch out for copycat Web sites that deliberately use a name or Web address very similar to, but not the same as, that of a real financial institution. The intent is to lure you into clicking onto their Web site and giving your personal information, such as your account number and password. Always check to see that you have typed the correct Web site address for your bank before conducting a transaction.

Verify the bank’s insurance status.

To verify a bank’s insurance status, look for the familiar FDIC logo or the words «Member FDIC» or «FDIC Insured» on the Web site.

Also, you should check the FDIC’s online database of FDIC-insured institutions. You can search for an institution by going to Bank Find (formerly Is My Bank Insured?).

Search by name, city, state or zip code of the bank, and click the «Find» button. A positive match will display the official name of the bank, the date it became insured, its insurance certificate number, the main office location for the bank (and branches), its primary government regulator, and other links to detailed information about the bank. If your bank does not appear on this list, contact the FDIC.

Some bank Web sites provide links directly to the FDIC’s Web site to assist you in identifying or verifying the FDIC insurance protection of their deposits.

Also remember that not all banks operating on the Internet are insured by the FDIC. Many banks that are not FDIC-insured are chartered overseas. If you choose to use a bank chartered overseas, it is important for you to know that the FDIC may not insure your deposits. Check with your bank or the FDIC if you are not certain.

For insurance purposes, be aware that a bank may use different names for its online and traditional services; this does not mean you are dealing with separate banks.

This means, for example, that to determine your maximum FDIC insurance coverage, your deposits at the parent bank will be added together with those at the separately named bank Web site and will be insured for up to the maximum amount covered for one bank. Talk to your banker if you have questions.

Know where to get more information about FDIC insurance.

Don’t worry about your deposit insurance coverage if you or your family have less than $ 100,000 in all your accounts combined at the same FDIC-insured bank. But if your accounts total $ 100,000 or more, find out if they’re within the insurance limit. Contact your bank for more information.

For additional assistance from the FDIC about the legitimacy of an institution or the insurance of your deposits, call the FDIC’s Division of Compliance and Consumer Affairs toll-free at 800−934−3342 or send an e-mail via the FDIC’s online Customer Assistance page.

The FDIC’s Web site also has an interactive service called EDIE (Electronic Deposit Insurance Estimator) that can help you determine the amount of your insurance coverage. Or, you can read the online deposit insurance brochure «Your Insured Deposits.» .

It’s important to note that only deposits offered by FDIC-insured institutions are protected by the FDIC. Nondeposit investment and insurance products, such as mutual funds, stocks, annuities and life insurance policies that may be sold through Web sites or at the bank itself, are not FDIC-insured, are not guaranteed by the bank, and may lose value.

Protect Your Privacy.

Some consumers may want to know how their personal information is used by their bank and whether it is shared with affiliates of the bank or other parties.

Starting July 2001, banks are required to give you a copy of their privacy policy once you become their customer, regardless of whether you are conducting business online or offline. You may also see a copy of it posted at the bank’s Web site. By reviewing this policy you can learn what information the bank keeps about you, and what information, if any, it shares with other companies.

Banks may want to share information about you to help market products specific to your needs and interests. If you do not wish to participate in information sharing, however, you have the right to prevent your bank from sharing your private personal information with parties not affiliated with the bank, except in certain limited circumstances. As of July 2001, your bank should provide a clear method for you to «opt out» of this type of information sharing.

You may have heard that some companies track your Web browsing habits while at their site, to understand your interests and then to market particular services or promotions. You may want to ask whether your bank tracks your browsing habits if these practices concern you. Also, your Web browser may enable you to block the ability of outside companies to track your browsing habits.

Your bank and your internet service provider may have more information about how to protect your privacy online.

Help Keep Your Transaction Secure.

The Internet is a public network. Therefore, it is important to learn how to safeguard your banking information, credit card numbers, Social Security Number and other personal data.

Look at your bank’s Web site for information about its security practices, or contact the bank directly.

Also learn about and take advantage of security features. Some examples are:

Encryption is the process of scrambling private information to prevent unauthorized access. To show that your transmission is encrypted, some browsers display a small icon on your screen that looks like a «lock» or a «key» whenever you conduct secure transactions online. Avoid sending sensitive information, such as account numbers, through unsecured e-mail.

Passwords or personal identification numbers (PINs) should be used when accessing an account online. Your password should be unique to you and you should change it regularly. Do not use birthdates or other numbers or words that may be easy for others to guess. Always carefully control to whom you give your password. For example, if you use a financial company that requires your passwords in order to gather your financial data from various sources, make sure you learn about the company’s privacy and security practices.

General security over your personal computer such as virus protection and physical access controls should be used and updated regularly. Contact your hardware and software suppliers or Internet service provider to ensure you have the latest in security updates.

If you have a security concern about your online accounts, contact your bank to discuss possible problems and remedies.

Remember that nonfinancial Web sites that are linked to your bank’s site are not FDIC-insured.

As an added convenience to their customers, some banks offer online links to merchants, retail stores, travel agents and other nonfinancial sites. An outside company’s products and services are not insured by the FDIC, and your bank may not guarantee the products and services.

As in everyday business, before you order a product or service online, make sure you are comfortable with the reputation of the company making the offer. Only then should you give out your credit card or debit card number. And never give the number unless you initiated the transaction.

Who is the FDIC?

The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) preserves and promotes public confidence in the U.S. financial system by insuring deposits in banks and thrift institutions for up to $ 100,000; by identifying, monitoring and addressing risks to the deposit insurance funds; and by limiting the effect on the economy and the financial system when a bank or thrift institution fails.

An independent agency of the federal government, the FDIC was created in 1933 in response to the thousands of bank failures that occurred in the 1920s and early 1930s. Since the start of FDIC insurance on January 1, 1934, no depositor has lost a single cent of insured funds as a result of a failure.

The FDIC receives no Congressional appropriations — it is funded by premiums that banks and thrift institutions pay for deposit insurance coverage and from earnings on investments in U.S. Treasury securities. With insurance funds totaling more than $ 44 billion, the FDIC insures more than $ 3 trillion of deposits in U.S. banks and thrifts — deposits in virtually every bank and thrift in the country.

Savings, checking and other deposit accounts, when combined, are generally insured up to $ 100,000 per depositor in each bank or thrift the FDIC insures. Deposits held in different categories of ownership — such as single or joint accounts — may be separately insured. Also, the FDIC generally provides separate coverage for retirement accounts, such as individual retirement accounts (IRAs) and Keoghs. (The FDIC’s Electronic Deposit Insurance Estimator can help you determine if you have adequate deposit insurance for your accounts.

The FDIC insures deposits only. It does not insure securities, mutual funds or similar types of investments that banks and thrift institutions may offer. (Insured and Uninsured Investments distinguishes between what is and is not protected by FDIC insurance.).

The FDIC directly examines and supervises about 5,300 banks and savings banks, more than half of the institutions in the banking system. Banks can be chartered by the states or by the federal government. Banks chartered by states also have the choice of whether to join the Federal Reserve System. The FDIC is the primary federal regulator of banks that are chartered by the states that do not join the Federal Reserve System. In addition, the FDIC is the back-up supervisor for the remaining insured banks and thrift institutions.

To protect insured depositors, the FDIC responds immediately when a bank or thrift institution fails. Institutions generally are closed by their chartering authority — the state regulator, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, or the Office of Thrift Supervision. The FDIC has several options for resolving institution failures, but the one most used is to sell deposits and loans of the failed institution to another institution. Customers of the failed institution automatically become customers of the assuming institution. Most of the time, the transition is seamless from the customer’s point of view.

The FDIC employs about 5,200 people. It is headquartered in Washington, D.C., but conducts much of its business in six regional offices and in field offices around the country.

The FDIC is managed by a five-person Board of Directors, all of whom are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate, with no more than three being from the same political party.

The time when Americans drank all day long [BBC News, 9 March 2015].

A new exhibit looks at the history of drinking in America.

The Puritans get a bad rap in America — especially when it comes to alcohol. They are generally blamed for putting the dampeners on any form of fun, and many people assume that it was the nation’s puritanical roots coming to the surface when Prohibition was introduced in 1917. But while they weren’t exactly party animals, a new exhibition at the US National Archives reveals that the Puritans actually approved of drink.

" One of the things we understand now is that the initial ship that came over from England to Massachusetts Bay actually carried more beer than water," says Bruce Bustard, senior curator of Spirited Republic: Alcohol in American History.

In fact Increase Mather, a prominent Puritan minister of the period, delivered a sermon in which he described alcohol as being «a good creature of God» — although the drunkard was «of the devil.» .

Early Americans even took a healthful dram for breakfast, whiskey was a typical lunchtime tipple, ale accompanied supper and the day ended with a nightcap. Continuous imbibing clearly built up a tolerance as most Americans in 1790 consumed an average 5.8 gallons of pure alcohol a year.

" We think of that as an astounding amount — you would think people would be staggering around drunk, but most people were able to handle their alcohol because it was integrated into daily life." says Bustard.

This was also a period when most people were working in the fields which presumably didn’t require much focus. And living in a tight knit community meant people could keep an eye on each other and intervene if somebody was thought to be overdoing it.

Even so, modern Americans look quite abstemious by comparison, consuming only two gallons of pure alcohol per year.

In 1830, consumption peaked at 7.1 gallons a year and drinking became a moral issue. «This was a time of great reform fervour,» says Bustard. «Think of the women’s rights movement and anti-slavery movement. Another very popular and powerful movement was the temperance and ultimately Prohibition movement.» .

Alcoholism — also known as dipsomania — was starting to have a serious impact on communities. Women and children might be in physical danger if the man of the house began drinking.

If he became ill or lost his job through drink, there was no social safety net to support or protect his family.

In 1862 the US Navy abolished the traditional half-pint daily rum ration for sailors, and by the late 19th Century support for Prohibition, banning the manufacture and sale of alcohol was overwhelming.

On 16 January 1919, the 18th Amendment, which set Prohibition into law, became part of the Constitution.

Many famous figures emerged from the era — the Chicago gangster boss Al Capone being the most notorious. But the National Archives exhibition reveals details of some lesser-known heroes who fought on the side of the law.

Isidor «Izzy» Einstein was an immigrant from Austria-Hungary who had no experience in law enforcement. Nevertheless, he made his name arresting almost 5,000 people accused of bootlegging, and enjoyed a 95% conviction rate.

The Founding Fathers liked a drink — Samuel Adams was a partner in his father’s malt house and Thomas Jefferson was famed for importing European wines.

By the late 19th Century, dipsomania, or alcoholism, was being treated as a disease.

The first arrest for driving under the influence of alcohol was in 1897. In 1955 the first breathalyser was patented. Americans drink an average of 2.3 gallons of pure alcohol a year compared to 7.1 gallons in 1830.

He and his partner Moe Smith often worked in disguise but also tipped off reporters in order to get favourable news coverage.

That publicity and their lack of professional experience eventually led to both being dismissed. But prohibition did not ban alcohol consumption and many Americans found legal and not so legal ways to carry on drinking.

The speakeasy was born, organised crime moved in and alcohol became big business. The cost of enforcing prohibition itself became prohibitive.

By the 1930s it was widely believed that making alcohol legal again would provide much needed jobs and taxes during the Great Depression. And on 16 February 1933, the 21st Amendment ended Prohibition.

" America now has a mishmash of local, state and federal controls of alcohol and part of that is a legacy of Prohibition," says Bustard. «The Prohibition movement was still quite strong after Prohibition ended and it led to a lot of local prohibition on alcohol and state level probation.» .

The American presidency has done a lot to rehabilitate alcohol and make it respectable again. Betty, the wife of Gerald Ford may have given her name to an alcoholic treatment centre, but Presidents Richard Nixon, Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton, Ronald Reagan and Barack Obama can all be seen on film drinking socially and making official toasts with international dignitaries. And another exhibition highlight is the silver cocktail set once owned by President Franklyn D Roosevelt.

" He had a tradition of having a small cocktail party with his most immediate staff and there were only two rules; FDR would make the drinks — and apparently he made very strong cocktails — and the other rule was that there would be no business discussed.

It was a time for him and his staff to relax at the end of the day, so for him this cocktail set had a very positive association," says Bustard.

" But I also like to think about what his wife Eleanor might have thought about it because both her father and her brother were alcoholics. While she wasn’t a teetotaller, she didn’t use much alcohol at all. So I think she would have had a very different view of this very same object." .

Did 24-hour drinking actually change anything? [BBC News, 24 November 2015].

It has been 10 years since the government changed drinking laws in England and Wales to allow pubs — theoretically at least — to serve alcohol 24 hours a day. But did anything actually change?

When the Licensing Act came fully into force at midnight on 24 November 2005 it was called a new era.

The idea that last orders at 11pm were to become a thing of the past had dominated headlines for months. It was reported that the act would lead to round-the-clock drinking and there.

There were warnings that extended hours would cause chaos. The Royal College of Physicians said it would increase alcohol consumption. Police chiefs complained that their forces would be stretched.

One judge said that easy access to alcohol was breeding «urban savages». Supporters said the new law would give drinkers greater flexibility and help reduce alcohol-related crime.

There would no longer be a rush to drink before 11pm and it would spell an end to crowds fighting after closing time.

It would also help encourage a «continental cafe culture». «Bologna in Birmingham, Madrid in Manchester, why not?» said a parliamentary committee report in 2003. Others were less convinced.

" I think the English — maybe the British — have been binge-drinkers since time immemorial," said Labour’s former Health Secretary Frank Dobson at the time. «I don’t think we’re going to turn into Tuscany just because the hours have changed.» .

The impact of flexible opening hours was not immediately obvious.

" It’s quite dead tonight," reported a BBC journalist in Carlisle on the evening the act was introduced. But what has happened since?

It was thought the Licensing Act could have an effect on crime levels. The figures show that violent crime has been declining for decades in the UK.

" To claim that that’s related to the licensing act would be a bit misleading," says David Humphreys, an expert in social policy and intervention at Oxford University.

In essence, violent crime was going down before the act came in. It has carried on going down over the past decade.

As violent crime overall has been falling, so the subgroup of alcohol-related violent crime has also fallen.

The proportions have remained steady. The latest figures show that in 53% of violent incidents, the victim thought their attacker had been drinking.

We were promised more drunkenness, we were promised more alcohol being consumed. None of these things happened. (Chris Snowdon).

The lack of a dramatic rise in alcohol-related crime has come as a surprise, says Humphreys.

Countries such as New Zealand, Australia and Iceland, all saw increases in crime after introducing similar legislation. Humphreys conducted a study in Manchester after the new act was introduced.

" We didn’t find any notable effects on levels of violent crime," he says. «The conclusion we came to at the time was that the licensing act hasn’t had as big an effect as people anticipated it would.» .

Alcohol consumption has been falling since before the act was introduced. Figures from the British Beer and Pubs Association (BBPA) are based on alcohol sales and they suggest that consumption last year was 19% lower than at the recent peak in 2004.

Binge drinking among adults has also been decreasing overall. More people in the UK are teetotal, with 21% of adults not drinking at all. It was 19% in 2005.

Young people have been the drivers behind this, with a 40% rise in teetotal young adults from 2005 to 2013. But linking any of this to the Licensing Act is difficult. «You've got so many things that push levels of alcohol use around that I don’t think you’d be able to separate out the effect of this policy change,» says Simon Moore, a professor at Cardiff’s University’s violence and society research group.

Some argue that the numbers show that some of the most dramatic predictions were wrong. «We were promised more crime and disorder,» says Christopher Snowdon. «We were promised more drunkenness, we were promised more alcohol being consumed. None of these things happened.» .

The government’s own review of the policy in 2008 concluded that the act had not led to the widespread problems some people were worried about. But it added that there was no clear evidence of any positive benefits. The impact of the Licensing Act also seems to vary across England and Wales.

Crime levels have worsened in some areas but got better in others. But while crime levels haven’t really changed, the timing of crime has.

Extended drinking hours does seem to have shifted violent crime to the early hours of the morning.

" Things just went backwards," says Jon Foster, senior research and policy officer for the Institute of Alcohol Studies. «The amount of crime has been spread out over a longer period of time and that causes problems for the police,» he adds.

Several studies have looked at the effect on Accident and Emergency departments in hospitals. Some have reported a rise in alcohol-related admissions but in other areas the opposite has been seen.

In 2014, there were an estimated 1,059,210 hospital admissions attributed to an alcohol-related problem — a rise from 493,760 in 2003;04. But some effects, such as liver disease or heart disease, can take years to develop, making it difficult to work out what factors are to blame.

" We don’t really have a good sense of the impact of the licensing act on health in general," says Humphreys.

Part of the difficulty lies in the fact that — contrary to the headlines — actual 24-hour licences were extremely rare.