‘A liberal Conservative consensus to restore trust in politics', Bath 2007].
This fragment of David Cameron’s speech is devoted to his evaluation of the Conservative Party political role expressed by means such epithets as:
determined= of unwavering mind.
alternative = denoting a lifestyle, culture, art form, regarded by its adherents as preferable to that of contemporary society because it is less materialistic, conventional, or institutionalized [Collins 2006].
And I want to thank everyone who has given so much to support me personally over these years. The incredible team in No10, the civil servants, whose professionalism and impartiality is one of our country’s greatest strengths. [David Cameron’s farewell speech 2016].
All the epithets David Cameron uses in this fragment of his speech express his attitude to his career of the prime-minister:
incredible = marvellous; amazing.
professionalism = the methods, character, status, etc., of a professional.
impartiality = no prejudice towards or against any particular side or party.
strength = something that is regarded as being beneficial or a source of power [Collins 2006].
As we see David Cameron relies on epithets quite frequently. They help him to make his listeners share his point of view concerning social and economic progress of his country, positive evaluation of the Conservative party strategies.
3.
3. Metaphors and Similes Preferred by David Cameron.
The domain of metaphor, comprising the spiritual, mental, and the physical and human nature, the dead and the «live», the actual and the possible, is, for all practical purposes, limitless and unlimited: it draws its examples from every sphere and phase of human and animal activity; from our knowledge of the inanimate, and from the imagination: every social activity supplies a multitude of felicitously accessible combinations and permutations; every vocation gives concreteness if desired. The metaphor is the most important factor making the current political discourse full of imagination [Чудинов 2003: 88].
Metaphors,—by which E.V. Budayev understands (это не вы понимаете, а Будаев) the «application of name or descriptive term to an object to which it is not literally applicable,» [Будаев 2008: 34] —spring from a lively fancy and furnish much of the life-blood of all the political speeches.
In any of David Cameron’s speeches they are particularly vital and (often startlingly, almost ridiculously) vivid.
Some fixed phrases are a kind of topsy-turvydom of poetry, full of blue moons and white elephants, of men losing their heads, and men whose tongues run away with them—a whole chaos of fairy tales.
While analyzing a few of David Cameron’s official speeches dating back to 2006;2016 we found a great number of metaphors and similes. Let us consider each of them.
I have also always believed that we have to confront big decisions — not duck them. [David Cameron’s Speech After ‘Brexit' Vote 2016].
duck = any of various small aquatic birds of the family Anatidae, typically having short legs, webbed feet, and a broad blunt bill / утка [Collins 2006].
duck = уклоняться, избегать, увиливать duck an issue = обходить проблему стороной.
duck away from a question = увиливать от вопроса [Мюллер 2013].
As we see in this speech David Cameron considers politicians trying to dodge or escape other officials, escape their duty as some birds, a sort of decoy ducks moving their head or body quickly downwards or away so as to escape observation or evade a blow.
I fought this campaign in the only way I know how — which is to say directly and passionately what I think and feel — head, heart and soul. [David Cameron’s Speech After ‘Brexit' Vote 2016].
Once again David Cameron uses a lot of highly expressive and implicit metaphors:
fight.
engage in or carry on (a battle, contest, etc.) / oppose or struggle against (an enemy) in battle / oppose or struggle against (a person, thing, cause, etc.) in any manner.
passionately.
manifesting or exhibiting intense sexual feeling or desire / revealing intense emotion.
heart.
the hollow muscular organ in vertebrates whose contractions propel the blood through the circulatory system / tenderness or pity.
soul.
the spirit or immaterial part of man, the seat of human personality, intellect, will, and emotions, regarded as an entity that survives the body after death / a person’s feelings or moral nature as distinct from other faculties [Collins 2006].
All these words David Cameron interprets metaphorically. Their metaphorical meanings are bold-typed herein.
And I’ll tell you now: we will not let you down. [David Cameron. Leader’s speech, Manchester 2015].
let down.
to lower / to fail to fulfil the expectations of other people, disappoint. [Collins 2006].
The metaphorical meaning of «let down» is bold-typed herein again.
Ten years ago, I stood on a stage just like this one and said if we changed our party we could change our country. [David Cameron. Leader’s speech, Manchester 2015].
Over here we managed to notice such a highly expressive simile as «stand on a stage just like this one» making this David Cameron’s speech much more polyphonic.
Like most people, I found it impossible to get the image of that poor Syrian boy Aylan Kurdi out of my mind. [David Cameron. Leader’s speech, Manchester 2015].
In this fragment of David Cameron’s speech we see such a highly expressive simile as «like most people» making this David Cameron’s speech much more persuasive.
But the real answer to the refugee crisis lies in helping countries like Syria become places where people actually want to live. [David Cameron. Leader’s speech, Manchester 2015].
Over here we have managed to find such a highly expressive simile as «countries like Syria» letting David Cameron show his sympathy to poor or developing countries all over the world.
Great Britain. And I’ll tell you what, with Armed Forces like this, we can be even greater still. [David Cameron. Leader’s speech, Manchester 2015].
In this fragment of David Cameron’s speech we have managed to find such a highly expressive simile as «Armed Forces like this» letting David Cameron show his love to his motherland.
I don’t stand here like a former Prime Minister once did and say I have abolished boom and bust.
We can’t just be thinking about today, we should be thinking about the rainy days that could come — just like a family does. [David Cameron. Leader’s speech, Manchester 2015].
Over here we have catch sight of such a highly expressive simile as «could come — just like a family does» letting David Cameron show his family-oriented approach to the listeners around.
When some of our big trading partners like Ireland, Spain and Italy are suffering, they buy less from us. [David Cameron. Leader’s speech, Birmingham 2012].
In this fragment of David Cameron’s speech we have observed such a highly expressive simile as «big trading partners like Ireland, Spain and Italy» letting David Cameron show his sympathy to other developed countries, which are trying to solve their great economic troubles.
Let me put that another way. We don’t preach about one nation but practise class war… we just get behind people who want to get on in life. [David Cameron. Leader’s speech, Birmingham 2012].
Moreover, while looking through a big number of David Cameron’s speeches we have come across a great number of various highly implicit metaphors. They are:
put.
cause to be (in a position or place) / state; express.
way.
a manner, method, or means / characteristic style or manner.
preach.
make known (religious truth) or give religious or moral instruction or exhortation in (sermons) / advocate a virtue, action, etc. in a moralizing way.
war.
open armed conflict between two or more parties, nations, or states / social conflict.
get behind.
задерживать (оплату), задолжать.
get on.
board or cause or help to board (a bus, train, etc.) / make progress, manage, or fare [Collins 2006].
All these words David Cameron interprets metaphorically. Their metaphorical meanings are bold-typed herein.
But anyone thinking we can just keep endlessly pumping money in is wrong. [David Cameron. ‘Speech on welfare', Bluewater, Kent 2012].
pump.
raise or drive (air, liquid, etc., into or from something) with a pump or similar device / supply in large amounts [Collins 2006].
This metaphor lets David Cameron see politics as a science considering any possible ways to become better and better off.
The time has come to go back to first principles; to have a real national debate and ask some fundamental, searching questions about working-age welfare. [David Cameron. ‘Speech on welfare', Bluewater, Kent 2012].
come.
arrive by movement or by making progress / occur in the course of time.
go back.
return / happen again.
search.
look through (a place, records, etc.) thoroughly in order to find someone or something / penetrate keenly [Collins 2006].
All these metaphors David Cameron uses makes his dialogue with the British people full of concern in the UK’s political atmosphere serious misgivings about its progress in future.
As I do so I want to stress now that these are not policy prescriptions; they are questions that we as a country need to ask in a sensible national debate. [David Cameron. ‘Speech on welfare', Bluewater, Kent 2012].
stress.
pronounce (a word or syllable) more loudly than those that surround it / give emphasis or prominence to.
prescription.
written instructions from a physician, dentist, etc., to a pharmacist stating the form, dosage strength, etc., of a drug to be issued to a specific patient / a long established custom [Collins 2006].
All these words David Cameron interprets metaphorically. Their metaphorical meanings are bold-typed herein.
It’s what the Deputy Prime Minister has rightly called the poverty plus a pound approach: push people one pound over the poverty line and consider the job done. [David Cameron. ‘Speech on welfare', Bluewater, Kent 2012].
approach.
an advance or overture to a person / a means adopted in tackling a problem.
push.
thrust (one's way) through something, such as a crowd, by force / encourage or urge (a person) to some action, decision.
line.
a narrow continuous mark, as one made by a pencil, pen, or brush across a surface / a border or boundary [Collins 2006].
All these metaphors David Cameron uses makes his speech memorable for the audience.
So this government is challenging the old narrow view that the key to beating poverty is simply income re-distribution. [David Cameron. ‘Speech on welfare', Bluewater, Kent 2012].
challenge.
invite or summon (someone to do something, esp. to take part in a contest) / call (something) into question; dispute.
narrow.
small in breadth, esp. in comparison to length / limited in outlook; lacking breadth of vision.
key.
a metal instrument, usually of a specifically contoured shape, that is made to fit a lock and, when rotated, operates the lock’s mechanism / a means of achieving a desired end.
beat.
strike with or as if with a series of violent blows; dash or pound repeatedly / overcome (an opponent) in a contest, battle [Collins 2006].
Using such metaphors David Cameron demonstrates that political discourse is full of highly expressive words.
Yes, a genuine safety net for those who need it but also a strong minimum wage to draw people into work and prevent exploitation. [David Cameron. ‘Speech on welfare', Bluewater, Kent 2012].
draw.
cause a person or thing to move towards or away by pulling / attract or elicit people.
strong.
solid or robust in construction; not easily broken or injured / having an extreme or drastic effect [Collins 2006].
While using all these metaphorically derivated words David Cameron encourages the audience to share his points of view.
…the Bible has been a spur to action for people of faith throughout history, and it remains so today. [David Cameron. ‘King James Bible' speech, Oxford 2011].
spur.
a pointed device or sharp spiked wheel fixed to the heel of a rider’s boot to enable him to urge his horse on / anything serving to urge or encourage [Collins 2006].
This metaphor makes this fragment of David Cameron’s speech highly memorable.
But this raises the question: if it’s the lack of democracy that is the problem, why are there so many extremists in free and open societies? [David Cameron. Speech at Munich Security Conference, Munich 2011].
raise.
move, cause to move, or elevate to a higher position or level; lift / put forward for consideration.
open.
not closed or barred / not decided or finalized [Collins 2006].
Once again we see that political discourse tends to be highly expressive.
Now, second, we must build stronger societies and stronger identities at home. Frankly, we need a lot less of the passive tolerance of recent years and a much more active, muscular liberalism. [David Cameron. ‘Fixing our Broken Society', Glasgow 2008].
build.
make, construct, or form by joining parts or materials / establish and develop.
strong.
solid or robust in construction; not easily broken or injured / easily defensible; incontestable or formidable.
active.
in a state of action; moving, working, or doing something / physically energetic.
muscular.
having well-developed muscles; brawny / well developed [Collins 2006].
All these words David Cameron interprets metaphorically. Their metaphorical meanings are bold-typed herein.
With a Conservative Chancellor, the Budget speech will be an honest reflection of the measures in the Budget itself. [David Cameron. ‘A liberal Conservative consensus to restore trust in politics', Bath 2007].
honest.
not given to lying, cheating, stealing, etc.; trustworthy / just or fair.
reflection.
something reflected or the image so produced, as by a mirror / careful or long consideration or thought [Collins 2006].
Once again David Cameron uses a lot of highly expressive and implicit metaphors.
Gordon Brown, and the philosophy which drives him, will only be defeated if Liberal and Conservative supporters rally together behind an alternative government-in-waiting. [David Cameron. ‘A liberal Conservative consensus to restore trust in politics', Bath 2007].
philosophy.
the academic discipline concerned with making explicit the nature and significance of ordinary and scientific beliefs and investigating the intelligibility of concepts by means of rational argument concerning their presuppositions, implications, and interrelationships / a personal outlook or viewpoint.
drive.
push, propel, or be pushed or propelled / goad or force into a specified attitude or state.
rally.
engage in a rally / bring (a group, unit, etc.) into order, as after dispersal, or (of such a group) to reform and come to order [Collins 2006].
In this fragment of David Cameron’s speech we have managed to find such a highly expressive metaphors as «drive» and «rally» letting David Cameron show his commitment to his motherland.
Rather than a vague and flexible aspiration to reduce carbon emissions, we need binding annual targets which will hold the government to account. [David Cameron. ‘Balancing freedom and security. A modern British Bill of Rights', London 2006].
flexible.
able to be bent easily without breaking; pliable / adaptable or variable.
binding.
making fast or secure with or as if with a tie or band / imposing an obligation or duty [Collins 2006].
In this fragment of David Cameron’s speech we have observed such highly expressive metaphors as «flexible» and «binding» letting David Cameron show his sympathy to other developed countries, which are trying to solve their great economic troubles.
When I first stood here in Downing Street on that evening in May 2010, I said we would confront our problems as a country and lead people through difficult decisions, so that together we could reach better times. It has not been an easy journey …[David Cameron’s farewell speech 2016].
confront.
present or face (with something), esp. in order to accuse or criticize / face boldly.
lead.
show the way to (an individual or a group) by going with or ahead / induce; influence.
reach.
arrive at or get to (a place, person, etc.) in the course of movement or action / come to (a certain condition, stage, or situation).
journey.
a travelling from one place to another; trip or voyage / life experience [Collins 2006].
All these metaphors David Cameron uses makes his dialogue with the British people full of emotions showing his eagerness to solve any current and forthcoming problems.
All these similes and metaphors make David Cameron’s speeches as interesting for the listeners, viewers or readers as a talented novel or short story.
3.
4. Clichés and Phraseological Units in David Cameron’s Speeches.
While studying a few of David Cameron’s official speeches dating back to 2006;2016 we found a great number of clichés and phraseological units. Let us have a look them.
But above all this will require strong, determined and committed leadership. I am very proud and very honored to have been prime minister of this country for six years. I believe we have made great steps, with more people in work than ever before in our history, with reforms to welfare and education, increasing people’s life chances, building a bigger and stronger society, keeping our promises to the poorest people in the world, and enabling those who love each other to get married whatever their sexuality. But above all restoring Britain’s economic strength, and I am grateful to everyone who has helped to make that happen. [David Cameron’s Speech After ‘Brexit' Vote 2016].
We can hardly doubt that the key factor making David Cameron use this or that phraseological unit in his speeches is longing to make them much more expressive and highly memorable.
In this fragment of David Cameron’s speech, for instance, we have found such a phraseological unit as:
above all = most of all; especially / больше всего, прежде всего, главным образом; более того [Seidl 1992], [Кунин 2005].
It is used twice.
Moreover, we have come across a great number of various political clichés as well. They are:
make great steps = progress a lot.
build a society = establish and develop social capital.
keep one’s promises = выполнять свои обещания.
restore economic strength = bring back to economic success [Seidl 1992], [Кунин 2005].
There is no need for a precise timetable today, but in my view we should aim to have a new prime minister in place by the start of the Conservative Party conference in October. [David Cameron’s Speech After ‘Brexit' Vote 2016].
Such a cliché as in one’s view allows political discourse participants express their ideas very expressively.
in my view = по моему мнению [Мюллер 2013].
It is idiomatic enough since «view» is reconsidered metonymically:
View = вид; пейзаж / точка зрения, мнение, взгляд [Мюллер 2013].
I was absolutely clear about my belief that Britain is stronger, safer and better off inside the European Union, and I made clear the referendum was about this and this alone — not the future of any single politician, including myself. [David Cameron’s Speech After ‘Brexit' Vote 2016].
In this fragment, for instance, we have found such phraseological units as:
make clear = express oneself clearly; внести ясность, довести какую-л мысль до чьего-л сознания.
this and this = various unspecified and trivial actions, matters, objects / всевозможные вещи, всякая всячина, то да сё.
well off = financially well provided for; moderately rich / состоятельный, богатый [Seidl 1992, Кунин 2005].
better off = посостоятельнее, побогаче.
The North, more Tory; the South, the East, almost a clean sweep… …and Cornwall — that wonderful county — 100 per cent Conservative. [David Cameron. Leader’s speech, Manchester 2015].
Over here we have discovered such a phraseological unit as:
clean sweep = an overwhelming victory or success / полная победа [Seidl 1992, Кунин 2005].
When you put your cross in the Conservative box, you were putting your faith in us. [David Cameron. Leader’s speech, Manchester 2015].
In this fragment of David Cameron’s speech, for instance, we have run across such phraseological units and clichés as:
Conservative box = урна для голосования за консерваторов.
put one’s cross = поставить свой крестик. отдать свой голос.
put one’s faith = верить, доверять [Seidl 1992], [Кунин 2005].
The Olympics reminded us how great it feels to be successful. But we mustn’t let that warm glow give us a false sense of security. All around the world, countries are on the rise. [David Cameron. Leader’s speech, Birmingham 2012].
Over here we have managed to find such phraseological units and clichés as:
false sense of security = ложное чувство безопасности.
all around the world = everywhere in the world.
on the rise = на подъеме; на взлете (в состоянии подъема, развития) [Seidl 1992], [Кунин 2005].
Let me put that another way. We don’t preach about one nation but practise class war… we just get behind people who want to get on in life. [David Cameron. Leader’s speech, Birmingham 2012].
Besides, while studying a big number of David Cameron’s speeches we have come across a great number of various political clichés as well. They are:
class war = классовая борьба.
get on in life = преуспевать в жизни [Мюллер 2013].
To job seekers being called ‘customers' instead of claimants and to conditionality on benefits being set at the bare minimum.
As well as the good intentions of governments, there was that assumption of trust at the heart of the system.
That people would naturally do the right thing. [David Cameron. ‘Speech on welfare', Bluewater, Kent 2012].
In this fragment of David Cameron’s speech, for instance, we have managed to find such phraseological units and political clichés as:
as well as = in addition to / так же как, а также; заодно и.
do the right thing = поступать правильно.
job seeker = человек, ищущий работу [Мюллер 2013].
The argument goes that if you give more welfare money to those who are higher up the income scale as well as those at the bottom then you iron out the perverse incentives that encouraged people not to work, not to save, not to do the right thing. [David Cameron. ‘Speech on welfare', Bluewater, Kent 2012].
Over here we can see such idiom as «as well as» once again.
The truth is we can’t just throw money at the problem and paper over the cracks. [David Cameron. ‘Speech on welfare', Bluewater, Kent 2012].
In this fragment of David Cameron’s speech, for instance, we have managed to find such a phraseological unit as:
throw money at something = тратить деньги зря.
paper over the cracks = использовать (что-л.) временно; создавать видимость благополучия, порядка, согласия [Кунин 2005].
As Iain Duncan Smith has argued so powerfully, that might look good on the government spreadsheet but it means next to nothing on the ground. [David Cameron. ‘Speech on welfare', Bluewater, Kent 2012].
Over here we have seen such a highly expressive phraseological unit as:
next to nothing = почти ничего; очень мало [Кунин 2005].
You can pump more cash into chaotic homes, but if the parents are still neglectful and the kids are still playing truant, they’re going to stay poor in the most important senses of the word. [David Cameron. ‘Speech on welfare', Bluewater, Kent 2012].
In this fragment of David Cameron’s political text, for instance, we have managed to find such a phraseological unit as:
play truant = be absent without leave, especially from school / прогуливать (занятия в школе и т. п.) [Seidl 1992, Кунин 2005].
Of course money is vital. [David Cameron. ‘Speech on welfare', Bluewater, Kent 2012].
Such a phraseological unit as of course makes the politician’s views n more memorable for the audience/.
of course = as expected; naturally; certainly; definitely / конечно, несомненно, само собой разумеется [Seidl 1992, Кунин 2005].
…they really will think I have entered the lions' den. [David Cameron. ‘King James Bible' speech, Oxford 2011].
Over here we have managed to find such a highly expressive phraseological unit as:
enter the lions' den = бесстрашно бросить вызов опасному противнику [Кунин 2005].
One of my favourites is the line «For now we see through a glass, darkly.» [David Cameron. ‘King James Bible' speech, Oxford 2011].
In this fragment of David Cameron’s speech, for instance, we have managed to find such a Bible phraseological unit as:
see through a glass darkly = плохо, неясно различать [I Corinthians XIII, 12].
We need to argue that prophecies of a global war of religion pitting Muslims against the rest of the world are nonsense. [David Cameron. Speech at Munich Security Conference, Munich 2011].
Moreover, while looking through a big number of David Cameron’s speeches we have come across a great number of various political clichés as well. They are:
global war of religion = мировая религиозная война.
against the rest of the world = против всех остальных стран мира [Мюллер 2013].
N ow, second, we must build stronger societies and stronger identities at home. F rankly, we need a lot less of the passive tolerance of recent years and a much more active, muscular liberalism.
A passively tolerant society says to its citizens, as long as you obey the law we will just leave you alone. I t stands neutral between different values. B ut I believe a genuinely liberal country does much more; it believes in certain values and actively promotes them. F.
reedom of speech, freedom of worship, democracy, the rule of law, equal rights regardless of race, sex or sexuality. [D avid Cameron. Speech at Munich Security Conference, Munich 2011].
As we can see these clichés and phraseological units makes political discourse highly persuasive:
build strong society = построить сильное общество.
build strong identity = сформировать твёрдую, убеждённую в своих взглядах личность.
muscular liberalism = мускулистый; крепкий, сильный либерализм.
active liberalism = активный; живой; деятельный, инициативный либерализм.
tolerant society = толерантное общество.
leave (someone) alone = permit to stay or be alone.
stand neutral = оставаться нейтральным, не присоединяться, не участвовать в военных блоках.
as long as = for or during just the length of time that / пока; до тех пор пока.
freedom of speech = свобода слова.
freedom of worship= свобода вероисповедания.
rule of law = принцип господства права.
equal rights = равные права, равноправие [Seidl 1992, Кунин 2005, Мюллер 2013].
T here are practical things that we can do as well. T hat includes making sure that immigrants speak the language of their new home and ensuring that people are educated in the elements of a common culture and curriculum.
B ack home, we’re introducing National Citizen Service: a two-month programme for sixteen-year-olds from different backgrounds to live and work together. I also believe we should encourage meaningful and active participation in society, by shifting the balance of power away from the state and towards the people. D avid Cameron. Speech at Munich Security Conference, Munich 2011].
Once again, while reading a big number of David Cameron’s speeches we have come across a great number of various political clichés and idioms as well. They are:
practical things = конкретная, практическая политика.
make sure = make certain; ensure / убедиться, удостовериться; выяснить, проверить.
common culture = culture belonging to or shared by members of one or more nations or communities.
balance of power = the distribution of power among countries so that no one nation can seriously threaten the fundamental interests of another / политическое равновесие (между государствами) [Seidl 1992, Кунин 2005, Мюллер 2013].
«And under Iain’s leadership, the Social Justice Poverty Group produced two landmark reports, Breakdown Britain and Breakthrough Britain. Together, they have played a big role in shaping our arguments and policies. [David Cameron. ‘Fixing our Broken Society', Glasgow 2008] Over here we have managed to find such a highly expressive phraseological unit as:
play a big role = играть ведущую роль, оказывать большое влияние [Кунин 2005].
In a representative democracy, politicians hold power in trust from the people. [David Cameron. ‘A liberal Conservative consensus to restore trust in politics', Bath 2007].
In this fragment of David Cameron’s speech we have managed to find such a cliché as:
hold power = be in power, be in office/ быть / находиться / стоять у власти [Seidl 1992, Кунин 2005].
It means transparency during your term of office too — the obligation to explain what you are doing openly and honestly. [David Cameron. ‘A liberal Conservative consensus to restore trust in politics', Bath 2007].
In this fragment of David Cameron’s speech, for instance, we have managed to find such a political cliché as:
term of office — срок полномочий (президента, сенатора и т. п.) [Мюллер 2013].
Second, we will introduce independent scrutiny of the Treasury’s fiscal rules, to stop the sleight of hand we have become used to from this Government. [David Cameron. ‘A liberal Conservative consensus to restore trust in politics', Bath 2007].
Over here we have managed to find such a highly expressive phraseological unit as:
sleight of hand = manual dexterity used in performing conjuring tricks / the performance of such tricks / ловкость рук, жонглёрство / ловкий трюк (мошенника), проделка, уловка [Seidl 1992], [Кунин 2005].
This is all part of our work to restore trust in politics. [David Cameron. ‘A liberal Conservative consensus to restore trust in politics', Bath 2007].
In this fragment of David Cameron’s speech, for instance, we have managed to find such a political cliché as:
restore trust in politics = восстановить доверие к политике [Мюллер 2013].
Advances in computer science, information storage and satellite monitoring systems make it easier and easier for the powerful — whether it’s government departments, agencies of the state or private businesses — to keep tabs on people. [David Cameron. ‘Balancing freedom and security. A modern British Bill of Rights', London 2006].
This political text concerns economic issues. They are referred to by means of such clichés and idioms as:
computer science = the study of computers and their application.
satellite monitoring = спутниковый мониторинг.
private business = частное предприятие.
keep tabs on = to keep a watchful eye on / следить за (чем-л.) [Seidl 1992, Кунин 2005].
And the fight against terrorism itself necessarily involves the state taking on new powers of surveillance and enforcement. [David Cameron. ‘Balancing freedom and security. A modern British Bill of Rights', London 2006].
In this fragment of David Cameron’s speech, for instance, we have managed to find such clichés as:
fight against terrorism = борьба с терроризмом.
take power = взять власть.
surveillance and enforcement = наблюдение за подозреваемым и принудительное применение (права, закона) [Seidl 1992], [Кунин 2005].
And with the deficit cut by two-thirds, two and a half million more people in work and one million more businesses, there can be no doubt that our economy is immeasurably stronger. Politicians like to talk about policies, but in the end it is about people’s lives. I think of the people doing jobs who were previously unemployed. I think of the businesses that were just ideas in someone’s head and that today are making a go of it and providing people with livelihoods. [David Cameron’s farewell speech 2016].
In this David Cameron’s speeches we have encountered a great number of various political clichés too. They are:
deficit cut =сокращение дефицита.
no doubt = almost certainly.
in the end = finally в конце концов, наконец, в конечном счёте.
do jobs = выполнять работу.
make a go of it = добиться успеха, преуспеть [Seidl 1992, Кунин 2005].
But our NHS is a national treasure — and one whose staff perform miracles as I’ve seen every day. And we’ve strengthened our nation’s defences, with submarines, destroyers, frigates and, soon, aircraft carriers, rolling out of our shipyards to keep our country safe in a dangerous world. [David Cameron’s farewell speech 2016].
Over here we have found such clichés as:
national treasury = государственная казна.
perform miracles = творить чудеса.
keep sth safe= поддерживать в безопасности.
dangerous world = опасный мир [Мюллер 2013].
Such fixed more or less idiomatic phrases and clichés make it clear that David Cameron’s speeches should stay unforgettable for every Briton interested in politics.
All the clichés and Phraseological Units makes political discourse a reliable way to encourage the audience to share the author’s views.
Summary of Chapter III.
David Cameron’s official speeches contain a great number of political terms, realia, epithets, similes, metaphors, idioms and clichés.
All the political terms, realia and clichés he uses serves a function of portraying and evaluating the political situation in his country and all over the world. The usage of great number of epithets, similes, metaphors and phraseological units makes his speech more impressive and convinces other people to share his point of view concerning some political issue.
Political discourse relies on a great number of epithets, similes, metaphors and phraseological units, with some of them appearing quite often, functioning as reduplication.
All the phraseological units he prefers to mention are quite often informal, which makes his arguments more persuasive and easy of access.
Political discourse is willing to persuade the audience, make everybody support and share every political leader’s views.
Trying to give his readers, listeners or viewers as detailed analysis of the currant political situation as possible David Cameron, whose speeches we have analyzed, mentions such political terms and clichés as constitutional monarchy, democracy, freedom of speech, freedom of worship, democracy, the rule of law, equal rights, representative democracy, re-election, transparency and many others.
He is willing to show all the Britons that their country is unique. That’s why political speeches are full of such political realia as England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, Midlands, European Union, Prime Minister, Conservatives, Labour, Liberal Democrats, Shakespeare, the King James, Milton, Morrison, Coleridge, Archbishop of Canterbury, Downing Street, pound, NHS and so on.
When evaluating this or that political event he uses such epithets as strong, determined, committed, decent, sensible, reasonable, great, astonishing, chaotic, neglectful, strong, vital, imperfect, tough, alternative, etc.
Trying to make his performance more successful he relies on such metaphors as duck (=avoid, dodge, elude, escape), heart (=tenderness or pity), preach (=advocate a virtue, action, etc. in a moralizing way), pump (=supply in large amounts), prescription (=a long established custom), narrow (=limited in outlook; lacking breadth of vision), draw (=attract or elicit people), spur (=anything serving to urge or encourage), philosophy (=a personal outlook or viewpoint), binding (=imposing an obligation or duty) and many others.
All these metaphors appear to be extremely implicit and idiomatic.
Considering his highly expressive vocabulary he relies on such phraseological units as above all, make great steps, make clear, clean sweep, on the rise, class war, get on in life, paper over the cracks, next to nothing, play truant, of course, enter the lions' den, see through a glass darkly, take power, sleight of hand and so on.
All this considered, his speeches impact each and every Briton’s political views making them share David Cameron’s points of view or oppose them.
Conclusion.
Although the political discourse is taken into account as neither a proper study of popular culture, nor a form of aesthetic fit for analysis, nor does it generate expert vocabulary appropriate for semantic analysis, but an elusive mixture of all. It is considered as an essential cultural heritage, letting readers, listeners or viewers develop their local and national identifications, change or enforce their political views, consider global and international relations without any ideological bias.
Although this is certainly true in many respects, each political discourse participant is no passive transmitter of political ideas of his or her own.
David Cameron’s official speeches like everybody else’s may be far from objectivity as he is trying to reach his targets.
All his official political speeches appear to be highly expressive and attractive for the readers, since his vocabulary is very rich.
Functioning as propaganda political discourse tries to encourage all the political discourse participants agree with the views expressed each time.
That is why it is full of many different metaphors, similes, epithets, idioms and clichés.
Using terms and realia political discourse shows that it is connected with such social spheres of knowledge as history, political science, sociology, geography, economics.
Political realia are often used in political discourse because of its pragmatics. Each politician is willing to promote his own political views, make his career much more successful.
Geographical realia are widespread in political discourse, since every radio listener, TV viewer or newspaper reader would like to know that the regions he or she is living in or come from is likely to become more economically stable and free of social troubles.
Political science, sociology and economics terms are used in political discourse to have the audience be impressed by erudition and intelligence of the most talented political discourse participants.
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIVE MATERIAL.
David Cameron. ‘A liberal Conservative consensus to restore trust in politics', Bath 2007. ;
http://www.britishpoliticalspeech.org/speech-archive.htm?speech=349.
David Cameron. ‘Balancing freedom and security. A modern British Bill of Rights', London 2006. ;
http://www.britishpoliticalspeech.org/speech-archive.htm?speech=293.
David Cameron. ‘Fixing our Broken Society', Glasgow 2008. ;
http://www.britishpoliticalspeech.org/speech-archive.htm?speech=348.
David Cameron. ‘King James Bible' speech, Oxford 2011. ;
http://www.britishpoliticalspeech.org/speech-archive.htm?speech=326.
David Cameron. ‘Speech on welfare', Bluewater, Kent 2012. ;
http://www.britishpoliticalspeech.org/speech-archive.htm?speech=350.
David Cameron. Leader’s speech, Birmingham 2012. ;
http://www.britishpoliticalspeech.org/speech-archive.htm?speech=324.
David Cameron. Leader’s speech, Manchester 2015. ;
http://www.britishpoliticalspeech.org/speech-archive.htm?speech=360.
David Cameron. Speech at Munich Security Conference, Munich 2011. ;
http://www.britishpoliticalspeech.org/speech-archive.htm?speech=329.
David Cameron’s farewell speech 2016. ;
http://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2016/07/david-camerons-final-speech-downing-street/.
David Cameron’s Speech After ‘Brexit' Vote 2016. ;
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/25/world/europe/david-cameron-speech-transcript.html.
