Our nice and wonderful were, in the eighteenth century, elegant and, in the seventeenth, fair. The phrases are even more exasperating: Have a banana !; So is your old man; Ginger, you’re barmy; What do you know about that ?; How’s your Poor feet ?; Get your hair cut!; Have a heart!; The answer is a lemon; This is the life…
The primary necessities of life, the commonest actions and functions, the most useful objects, the most useful or the most secret parts of the body, the most frequently occurring adjectives —these have a veritable synonymy of their own in cant, in slang, and in colloquialism. And in a general way it may be said firstly that the strength of the original word or idea determines the number and the success of the slang synonyms and secondly that the less «reputable» an action or an object, the more synonyms: thus to drink, a drink, and drunk have given rise to far more synonyms than have to eat, edibles, and over-eating; to run away far more than to run; to go stealthily away than to go away; stomach than face; good and bad than e.g. narrow, and bad more than good.
Slang actively uses proper nouns, providing them with some new peculiar meaning:
It is the «ironic intellect» that reigns supreme in slang coinages:
all about that («favour»)
anyway («goodbye»)
babe («good-looking guy»)
bag it («forget about it»)
balling («flaunting money»)
beats («music»)
bitch out («yell at»)
bud, chronic, herbals, ish, nuggets, smoke, trees issues («marijuana»)
chick flick («sentimental movie/ indicating that it is a genre watched by female teens»)
chill («relax»)
crib («home,» implying the childish treatment teens receive at home)
ditz («good-looking but clumsy girl»)
dope («excellent»)
flintstones («older people, especially parents»)
fly, killer, lethal, gone, hammered, wasted («drunk»)
fresh («cool»)
gank («break up»)
gnarly («gross/cool»)
grub («food»)
hardcore («extreme»)
heated («angry»)
hitting it, ruking / slamming, blessing it, styling it, tagging it («having sex»)
hot box («stolen car»)
• I’m ghost, jet, bounce, flex, outee («I'm leaving»)
• issues («personal problems»)
it’s all good («it's cool»)
jacked, buff, cut, diesel, deeze, ripped («muscular»)
jawsing («talking»)
• kiss-up («opportunist»)
later, peace out («goodbye»)
lit, baked, blazed, blitted, blunted, fried, lifted («inebriated, drugged out»)
• lynched («falsely blamed»)
• mad («Very much», as in «He's making mad loot at that job.»)
• minute («a long while/ as in «Where you been? I haven’t seen you in a minute.»)
• peep this («listen to this»)
• popo («police»)
• props («respect/ as in «You get mad props for that»)
• rad («cool»)
• rag on («make fun of»)
• random («od» as in «There were some random guys at that party.»)
• run (suggesting that drinking liquor is illegal and thus must be obtained illegally, as if on the run)
scrub («ill-mannered»)
shotgun («front passenger seat»)
skater («rock aficionado»)
sketch out («act strangely»)
sketchy («weird, shady»)
step to («challenge»)
stoner («druggie»)
sucks («unpleasant, awful»)
sweat («desire,» as in «She sweats me.»)
tooled on («roughed up»)
whack («screwed up»)
whip, ride («car»)
Such coinages constitute verbal tools that allow the speaker to make an indirect commentary on a situation, without elaboration or justification. This is especially noticeable in terms coined to refer to body image, appearance, peer personality types, and recreational social activities. The following examples are comparable, in effect, to oneor two-word jokes about people or specific aspects of everyday life, since they refer to them in much the same ways as a satirist would.
biffed («crashed»)
burbulating («relaxing»)
busted («ugly female»)
butt («ugly»)
chunk («obese»)
dick («unfair»)
epic («a long ride»)
fly girl («party girl»)
grille («face»)
nasty («unattractive/ or its opposite, attractive»)
sperm donor («a father who’s never around»)
stain («useless person»)
The use of ironic metaphor is another strategy of teens for communicating their own perspective. Some metaphors are harsh, providing strength and intensity; others are smooth, providing finesse to the commentary. This double texture of slang is especially noticeable in the domain of sex:
bombs («female breasts»)
booty («rugged female»)
cannons («female breasts»)
dip («girlfriend»)
getting nice («going steady»)
hitting it («having sex»)
player («promiscuous male»)
skank («promiscuous female»)
Ironic metaphor also underlies the coinage of words referring to personality types. The following are cases in point; their meanings are self-evident.
acid head («A user of LSD». Based on the term «pot head», but for LSD instead of pot)
airhead («a stupid or simple-minded person, idiot»)
dickhead («A usually male person who „thinks with his dick“, a person whose actions seem motivated by sexual desire at the expense of common sense or intelligence»)
dodo («To sleep, or go to sleep; from the Cajun French „fais do do“». It is used generally in the New Orleans area only (and surrounding smaller cities in Louisiana))
douche bag («somebody who you think is a complete retard and doesn’t know anything about what they’re talking about»)
drip («A loser»)
dude (a name for «anyone (stereotypically used by male surfters/skaters but now accepted by any race, sex, religion, and wealth)»)
dweeb («A dorky or nerdy person»)
• freak («A term that is a „catch-all“ for mainstream society to use to describe anyone who they may believe isn’t mainstream. Such as mallgoths, punks, hardcore kids, emos, metalheads, goths and whatnot… pretty much used to describe anyone wearing black»)
goof («An incompetent, foolish, or stupid person»)
greaser («a person who dresses in rockabilly fashion and styles his hair in a pompdour or other tall retro hairstyle with a petrolium based pomade, such as seen in the movies: grease, the outsiders, westside story, rebel without cause, etc»)
rah-rah («noisily enthusiastic, especially in a partisan collegiate context (from a shortening of hurrah used by cheerleaders)»)
redneck (Mildly offensive term for «a lower class white person from the southeastern states of the USA».)
wimp (A physical or emotional weakling; «someone who lacks courage»)
Wherever the over mentioned slang words might be used ironic undertones of metaphorical images make the speech of teenagers highly expressive:
What is that airhead doing on the roof?
Quit being such a wimp, for Chrissake! Don’t let her walk all over you!
Those rednecks can hardly read.
I don’t follow that kind of redneck thinking.
1.
4. Key semantic groups of teenage slang
Since teenagers are willing to enjoy life and are aware of the way of life, which is popular among those they know. Their vocabulary is highly various, with issues of sexuality, body image, drug addiction, strange human behaviour being ones of the most attractive.
When talking about drug addiction they are likely to pay attention to the following slang words:
S lang Meaning Example zoot «A marijuana/cannabis cigarette, a ‘joint'» blast «An inhalation of a cigarette or ‘joint'». Give us a blast on your cigarette, I’ve just run out. blimp «A red hot fragment of cannabis that will occasionally fall from alight „joints“, causing small burns to skin, clothing and furnishings». You could tell he was a heavy smoker, cos he had little holes all over his t-shirt from blimps. blowback «A method of sharing a „joint“ between two people, with one person blowing and the other inhaling» duckarse «To wet the end of a cigarette, or joint, with saliva, thus making it difficult or unpleasant to smoke» get a build on «To roll a ‘joint', a marijuana/cannabis cigarette» Why not getting a build on? hot rocks «The red hot pieces of burning cannabis that occasionally fall from a ‘joint' during its smoking» Roll us all some hot rocks.
J «A marijuana/cannabis cigarette. A bb. of ‘joint'. Two or three people can get high on one J. roach «The filter of a cannabis/marijuana cigarette (a joint) made from waste cardboard; as opposed to in the U.S. where it refers plainly to a butt of a ‘joint'. He smoked the joint down to the roach.
skin up «To roll or build a cannabis/marijuana cigarette» Anyone who was spotted skinning up was arrested and given a police warning. wasted «extremely intoxicated or under the influence of drugs» Yola «cocain» Zagged «alcohol intoxicated» Zipped «drug intoxicated» Zoned out «alcohol or drug intoxicated» Trying to assess their own body image or that of their friends or relations they are likely to handle:
S lang Meaning Example Baby a cute girl, term of address for either sex My baby wore her war paint. bang-tidy Sexually attractive Will you please tell me if you’re gonna be my bang-tidy? bimbo A young attractive, empty headed woman I want you to be my bimbo. bit of all right Something excellent. O ften heard used with reference to a sexually attractive person.
S he’s a bit of alright! I' m going to ask her for a date. bloater A fat and unattractive person bobfoc A facially unattractive female, who possesses a sexually desirable body. F
rom body off Baywatch, face off Crimewatch; both TV programmes. I&# 39;m not with these new girls, I find them bobfocs. boiler An unattractive woman. O
ften phrased as old boiler for added derogatory emphasis It wasn’t that he had a face like a welder’s bench, but more the fact that he dribbled saliva when he spoke. boot An unattractive person bubble butt
or bubblebutt A well rounded, sexually attractive bottom butters Ugly double bagger An ugly woman. S o called because two bags would be needed to avoid having to see her during sex, one to cover her head, and one to cover ones own should her bag accidentally come off or rip. face like a welder’s bench Be ugly, unattractive fugly Very ugly.
A combination of the words fucking ugly. gopping — Disgusting, ugly. A ctually a shortening of gopping minger — A physically undesirable, smelly, or ugly person.
P ronounced with a hard G. I t wasn’t until we woke, the next morning, that I realised quite what a minger she was. I
left pretty damn sharpish before she asked for my phone number. munter An ugly person, usually applied to women Plasterer’s radio When likened to, meaning messy, disorderly, dirty, ugly He had a face like a plasterer’s radio. I t was covered in spots. plug-ugly Very ugly shagtastic Sexually desirable, sexy Criticizing or praising other people or things teenagers would probably use:
Slang Meaning Airhead stupid person All that great, the best. Superior to others, conceited Awesome great, incredible Bad news a depressing person Bamma a person who is not very trendy, whether it be fashion or music Bash big, exciting party Big Daddy an older person Big Deal an important event, may be used sarcastically to refer to something that is not important Blown very upset/disappointed Blue sad, depressed Boss great Bummer unpleasant experience; too bad Cool neat, exciting, great, very good. Very positive, awesome, wonderful, perfect Couch potato lazy person who spends a lot of time watching TV Drip boring person Fat City a great thing or place; happy Ghetto generic bad; dirty, cheap, of poor quality, bad, messy Hella very, extremely Nay ugly, unfavorable Nuts (or nutty) crazy Phat great, awesome, wonderful, perfect, cool, nice Radioactive very popular The Bomb, Da Bomb generic positive: great, awesome Tight great, awesome, wonderful, terrific, nice; good friends Wacko crazy person Naming various things both at home and outside they are most likely to pronounce:
Slang Meaning Bread money Buck a dollar Chariot a car Eagle a dollar bill Flip-top a convertible car Grub food Horn telephone Hottie a very fast car Machine a car Mula money Ride a car, a vehicle Threads clothes Weed a cigarette To refer to occupations teenagers would rather use slang again:
Slang Meaning bag-lady / bag woman drugs supplier, woman bagman an agent who collects or distributes money for illicit purposes beat artist a drug addict robber, bottle-washer underling buck-hunter entomologist desk jockey a clerk, who constantly works at the desk front man member of criminal gang hard-hat a construction worker or other labourer headshrink a psychiatrist, psychoanalyst hit man hired assassin kite man an issuer of worthless cheques lady bear policewoman link-man person who acts as compere to effect transition between items long knife hired assassin main squeeze the top ranking person in an organization or in a neighborhood" mama bear policewoman old salt experienced sailor private eye a detective queen bee senior woman in organisation red cap military policeman rubberneck tourist, sightseer speed demon a fast runner or driver stool pigeon informer to police" talking head TV commentator top banana key actor in burlesque top brass officers, most senior officials in any organisation trick cyclist psychiatrist wide boy person, often flashily dressed, who makes a living by exercise of wits rather than working by selling goods illegally, etc. yard bird a new military recruit Referring to nationality they may take into consideration slang as well:
Slang Meaning buck nigger large negro male greaseball a person of Hispanic or Mediterranean origin or appearance square-head German young blood a young Afroamerican Age slang words are as well wide-spread:
Slang Meaning beach bunny An attractive girl seen on beaches — mostly to show off her figure greybeard moldy fig an old-timer glamour pants/puss attractive girl holy terror A very disobedient or unruly child little stranger newly-born baby" mall rat a usually female teenager who hangs around arguing shopping malls in order to meet friends, misbehave and/or otherwise have a good time old girl wife, mother problem child child psychologically difficult to deal with punk kid juvenile offender snotnose a persy boy sex-kitten
or sex-pot young woman conscious of her charms and anxious that they should be appreciated by men
To sum up, we can claim that American teenage slang is highly expressive and emotional. Positive or negative evaluation is a distinctive feature of the most slang words. Slang words are as a rule either formed by means of abbreviation, affixation, word combining etc or derived from the words we use everyday though in teenage slang due to metaphor or metonymy those words change their meaning to be misunderstood by anybody else but teenagers, especially those sharing the same subculture preferences.
Conclusion
In the given research we have made an attempt to define modern teenage slang as one of an informal and colloquial substandard of the English language, considering it from cognitive, cultural and stylistic points of view. Since teenagers prefer to create their own style of life without taking their parents and teachers opinions into account their manner of speech is not similar to that of their senior counterparts. Trying to set up quite new ideals they seem to be rather harsh critics of the previous generations, whose way of life and culture seems to them unacceptable.
When talking to their friends they try to use words and collocations which would be misunderstood by the people who oversee them. Willing to be independent teenagers appear to overvalue their subculture idols whose manner of speech and evaluation criteria they try to adopt. Whatever be their ideals and phantasms they reflect them in highly expressive, evaluative and emotional slang words and collocations as they cannot stand the paradigm of common sense, which is reflected in standard both formal and informal standard forms of the English language.
Almost all slang American teenagers tend to deal with uses old words, which either changed their form by means of affixation, abbreviation, conversion, combining words or change their meaning due to some metaphorical or metonymical interpretation of already existing words, which develop their polysemy making misinterpretation highly possible. Doing so, making their parole a sort of secret code chain teenagers do attain their target, which is creating new and peculiar identity codes unfamiliar to those who consider themselves as supervisors.
Speaking about sources of replenishment of highly expressive and emotional teenage slang vocabulary it is possible to allocate the following distinctive features:
1) prevailing role of subculture;
2) use of both everyday vocabulary and slang of other age groups;
3) SMS correspondence, e-mail, ICQ being the key areas where teenage slang expands its borders.
Trying to identify the most common concept spheres of American teenage slang we can identify the following: body image, sexuality, clothes, mentality, drug addiction, attitude, emotion, evaluation, occupation, money and many other things and phenomena.
When estimating teenage slang it is possible to pay attention to the following: teenage slang is constructed so that the impact of new and quite peculiar point of view manages to prevail. Ironical undertones of teenage slang interpretation of the reality as it is reflect teenagers mistrust and distrust in their parents ideals.
It is no mere chance that teenagers address their friends and companions using a great number of exclamations as well as highly emotive and expressive forms of address. They lack emotional attitudes and therefore they neglect and dislike traditional ways of communication making everybody use neutral words and collocations, short of expressivity and emotional evaluation.
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