But the number of abbreviations used in business correspondence include a lot of business terms and clichés as well. Considering that this or that abbreviation may be ambiguous or incomprehensible for the addressee the author would use the full collocation, which stands for abbreviations, the former or the latter being given first in brackets:
She cited a study by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which is in charge of protecting the public health by assuring the safety, efficacy, and security of human and veterinary drugs, biological goods, medicine, our nation’s food supply, cosmetics, and products emitting radiation, advancing the public health, helping to speed up innovations making medicines and foods more effective, safer, and more affordable; and helping the public to acquire the accurate, science-based information they need to use medical devices and foods to improve their well-being.
T hey attended last year’s convention of the ABA (American Booksellers Association) as well as NPR (National Public Radio), the latter being now a member of the Affiliate Program. B oth on NPR.org and IndieBound.org NPR and ABA had partnered to provide thoughtful bestsellers and unique book coverage to readers. S tarting December 15, NPR Books had published four bestseller lists, using the Bestseller List feeds. A nd NPR was making its presence known on IndieBound.org.
T he book info pages on IndieBound.org featured audio content from NPR’s extensive book coverage. In addition, NPR.org is now a member of the Affiliate Program.
The business correspondence deals with a great number of things that everyone may not understand, for example R & D (the part of a commercial company’s activity concerned with applying the results of scientific research to develop new products and improve existing ones), PR (public relations), IS (income statements), DA (data analytics), PLS (profit and loss accounts). Business correspondents may sometimes seem as if they are using languages of their own as a result of all the business term and cliché abbreviations they use. If a business partner wants to sound like a CEO (chief executive officer), or at least a top executive, he or she uses quite a lot of business abbreviations. Even if a business partner is not eager to issue his or her own IPO (independent publicly owned company), knowing some of these abbreviations can help him or her navigate properly and correctly in the business world.
One can run across such abbreviations both in everyday oral communication and correspondence:
Does your boss let you go out on the luncheon date with the Nokia CEO? I wonder.
It is the end product of long exhaustive R & D.
She has over 10 years' experience in PR.
The IPO has set up joint-venture pay-TV channels in Belgium, Spain, and Germany.
In formal business texts the abbreviations used may be properly understood only by experts in the given area.
A «birds of a feather» session on «credentials in GIS» yielded some basics on certificate programs (a tool to get a job), GISP (three folks had them and the general consensus among them was it was the future, though few in attendance seemed to know much about it), and online programs (those from schools offering bricks and mortar programs were skeptical). My big contribution to the discussion tied into one faculty member’s note that you can and should apply for a job for which you are not qualified, especially if you note that you are willing to learn. I added that’s its even better to show that you are both willing and able to do so. How? By noting how you’ve taught yourself something — a programming language, how to surf, etc.
The abbreviations used GIS and GISP stand for guaranteed income supplement and Global Invasive Species Programme accordingly.
As for terms, it is no wonder that economics, accountancy, management and law terms do prevail.
The Draft Charter provides (par.
12.4) for establishment of and transfers to the Reserve Fund in accordance with the provisions of current law. However, the reserve fund is not actually required (art.30 of the Federal Law «On Limited Liability Companies»).
Here we see such law term abbreviations as par. (paragraph or one of a series of subsections each usually devoted to one idea and each usually marked by the beginning of a new line, indentation, increased interlinear space) and art. (article or a clause or section in a written document such as a treaty, contract, statute).
Dear Sirs,
Some years ago we bought from you carpet looms Please let us know whether you are still manufacturing the looms and quote your lowest prices c.i.f. Odessa. We should require delivery within 3 weeks of placing the order.
Yours faithfully,
Mr Black
This letter has got such an abbreviation as c.i.f., that stands for cost, insurance, and freight (included in the price quoted).
In other letters there are technology terms expressed by means of abbreviations as well:
Request for a sample
Dear Sirs,
Thank you for your letter dated 15th August regarding your MD-disinfectant. Before making a" decision as to whether we should place an order for a quantity, we should be pleased if you could arrange for a sample lo be sent to us in order that we may test the suitability of the disinfectant for the application we have in mind.
Yours faithfully,
Mr Smith
The abbreviation MB in the letter stands for Medical Department. It is ambiguous, because it refers to Doctor of Medicine, Maryland, mentally deficient, Managing Director, Moldova as well. It is polysemantic and should be used only if its meaning is evident thanks to the context.
Besides ABA and NPR the author of the latter business letter uses such an abbreviation as info, since he considers this shorter word or abbreviation for information more relevant. He uses it so as to be informal and show his business partner his interest. Such a word is highly colloquial and may be used in informal business correspondence only:
I can give you the info you’re looking for.
Give with the info. We’re in a hurry.
Not a heck of a lot of info, but a really cool idea.
In more formal business correspondence businessmen are likely to use information instead of info:
Dear Sirs
CIRCULAR GRINDING MACHINE
Thank you for your letter of 15 April.
As sole distributors for «Machine Engineering Company, Inc. in U.K. we are delighted to offer you our services.
The enclosed brochure gives information about our principal range of grinding machines, and a new model the CGM 14A will ideally meet your requirements. This machine is available in several designs, both with and without numeric control. Prices vary from approx. 4.000 pounds to 6.000 pounds, ex worksManchester.
We trust the above information will enable you to send us drawings of a representative selection of work pieces to be ground, so that we can prepare a detailedproposal.
Yours faithfully, Eric
But that does not mean that formal business letters are short of any other abbreviations. In the letter given above we can come across such abbreviations as Inc., U.K., approx., which are used instead of incorporated, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, approximately accordingly so as to make the business message ass brief as possible without any risk of being misunderstood by the counterparts.
Looking through business dictionaries or business correspondence we may find the most common business vocabulary abbreviations, which should be taken account of if you as a businessman want to make your message brief enough. The list of the most common business vocabulary abbreviations includes a great number of business terms as well as cliches:
A.A.R. — against all risks,
А.С. — account current,
a/d — after date,
ad val. — ad valorem ((of taxes) in proportion to the estimated value of the goods taxed),
advt — advertisement,
a.g.b. — any good brand,
agt — agent,
amt. — amount,
арргох. — approximate, approximately,
arrvg. — arriving,
arrvl — arrival,
art. or Art — article,
a/s — after sight,
aux. — auxiliary,
av. or av. — average,
a.w. — actual weight,
A.W.B. — air waybill,
В.Е. or В/Е — bill of exchange,
B/L — bill of lading,
Bros. — Brothers,
B.S. — British standard,
bsh. or bus. — bushel,
bxs. — Boxes,
c&f. or c. and f. — cost and freight,
c.& i. or c. and i. — cost and insurance,
cap. — capacity,
cert. — certificate,
ch. fwd. — charges forward,
chges. — charges,
chq. — cheque,
c.i.f. and c. — cost, insurance, freight andcommission,
C.N. — credit note,
Co. — company,
с/о or С/о — care of,
C.O.D. — cash (or collect) on delivery,
com (m), commn — commission…
Each business correspondence style or type has its own distinctive features concerning which abbreviation are to be used. For example, in telegrams and telexes we can see not only abbreviations, that are used in other types of business correspondence such as:
abt about abv above а/с account acc (ly) according (ly) accptbl acceptable adv advise advnce advance agn again apr april ard around arrg arrangements arrv arrival artel (s) article (s) arv arrive/arrival asap as soon as possible assly assembly attn attention aug august b be b/e bill of ex change bkd booked Such abbreviations as с/о [=care of], I/O [= input/output], d/b/a [=doing business as], w/w [=wall-to-wall], о/а [=on or about] are ones of the most common clichés:
Take с/о yourself, and keep out of scrapes.
He is now d/b/a the MD.
The guy doesn’t exactly have the w/w.
I/O refers to the communication between an information processing system (such as a PC), and the outside world — possibly a human, or another information processing system.
Telexes only deal with a number of particular abbreviations:
abs absent bk I cut off con continued crv?/Crv do you receive we!!?/ I receive well der out of order der bk out of order, I switch off der mom bad reception, do not switch off, we check fin? finished? ga go ahead inf information morn moment, please mom ppr moment, paper trouble mut mutilated nc no connection nch number changed ni no identification np no party nr number occ occupied rap I will call you again rpt repeal test msg test message thru through wm who are you? Such abbreviations can be found in telex instructions as well:
If the service signal RDI or NCH is received during call set-up more than once in any one message delivery/notification attempt cycle, the message shall be considered undeliverable.
They involve as well the following commercial codes as well:
JHKON — letter of guarantee arrived,
JHLPO — letter of guarantee not yet arrived,
JHMQP — please telegraph whether and when letter of guarantee arrived,
JHNRQ — acknowledging receipt of letter of guarantee,
JHOSR — please acknowledge immediately receipt of letter of guarantee,
JHPTS — letter of guarantee sent (on…),
JHQUT — letter of guarantee not yet sent (because…),
JHRVU — please send letter of guarantee — urging again,
JHSWV — please telegraph when letter of guarantee sent,
JHTHW — waiting for the letter of guarantee,
JHUYX — without letter guarantee impossible…
So it is quite easy to understand that without knowledge of business abbreviations and special codes one will not manage to keep business correspondence efficiently.
E-mail messages abound with such cliché abbreviations as:
FYI — «For your information» ,
BTW — «By the way» ,
IMHO — «In my humble opinion» .
Dear Mr. Brown
We IMHO have been referred to you by the firm mentioned on the enclosed slip and should be glad if you would give us detailed information as possible regarding their financial status and business reputation. We should like to know whether, in your opinion, a credit to the extent of approx. $ 50, 000 could be safely granted.
We thank you for your courtesy and assure you that your information will betreated confidentially.
Yours faithfully, Eric
Dear Sirs,
Thank you for your letter dated 15th August regarding your MD-disinfectant. FYI before making a" decision as to whether we should place an order for a quantity, we should be pleased if you could arrange for a sample to be sent to us in order that we may test the suitability of the disinfectant for the application we have in mind.
Dear Sirs,
We were pleased to receive your order of 1st of May for strain gauges, but our suppliers have just informed us that they have stopped production of item No 245.
In substitution they have offered us items No 249 and 249A, which are their latest products. BTW we are enclosing our price list for these two items. Will you please give us your prompt answer which item you prefer us to substitute, so that we could inform our suppliers accordingly.
Among other cliche abbreviations «Еnс.» meaning ENCLOSED, as well as «cc:» or «хс:», meaning sending off the letter copies to other companies or people are ones of the most frequent. обозначающие отправку копий письма другим адресатам.
То: Telecom Department Managers
хс: British petroleum Department Managers
From: С. Jarrett
Subject: Budget Meetings
We will be meeting to plan the capital budgets for the coming year.
I expect it will take three to four meetings for us to get the numbers on the table and then work it all out to the final projections.
The first meeting will be held on November 2nd at 10 a.m. in the conference room. We will set the remaining meeting dates/times during this first one. Bring your department’s budget projections and be prepared to explain how your department will contribute to the company’s cost-cutting drive.
Thanks,
Carl
Headlines Еnс.
Even gratitude in business correspondence is expressed by means of acronyms — TIA (Thanks In Advance):
«Dear Sir
Our MD, Peter Blake, will be arriving in London next week and then will fly to Paris and Oslo. So I should be grateful if you would book a seat for him on a plane leaving the UK on 15 March for Paris and from Paris to Oslo on 18 March. The full payment and the booking fee will be transmitted by our bank, who have instructions to do so on our behalf.
TIA, your immediate confirmation will be greatly appreciated.
Yours sincerely
Mary Smith
Private Secretary"
Even abbreviated verbs, such as OK instead of approve, can be used in informal business correspondence:
I approve of it within limits. — I OK it within limits.
Your proposal has been approved, so it’s all systems go. — Your proposal has been OK’d, so it’s all systems go.
As we see, journalistic texts differ from each other, as they have their own specific features concerning use of abbreviations.
Business correspondence is not the same either, each type of it having its particular features requiring to use or refrain from using these or those abbreviations.
Abbreviations should be used only if their meaning is known to the target audience and / or the context resolve the problem of their polysemy. Otherwise abbreviations should not be used at all or should include the reference indicating their meaning.
Conclusion
Although journalistic texts and business texts are taken into account as neither a proper study of popular culture, nor a form of aesthetic fit for analysis, nor do they generate expert language appropriate for semantic analysis, but an elusive mixture of all. We can not ignore social functions of journalism and business discourses, qualities of the texts concerning business, political events or officials. Both business communication and journalism are seen as a constitutive part of essential cultural heritage, letting the readers develop their local and national identifications, consider global and international relations without any ideological bias. Although this is certainly true in many respects, business communication and journalism are no passive transmitters of ideas produced by others, but distinct cultural forms produced by businessmen and journalists accordingly.
Journalists, for example, like everybody else may far from objectivity and abuse argumentation when trying to persuade the readers that their point of view is true and any different points of view are false, inaccurate or mistaken. Businessmen, on the contrary, try to be as objective as possible, otherwise their business relations will not be sustainable.
Although modern business and journalistic methods vary depending each reporter' s style and manner of speech, they encourage businessmen and journalists either to make their texts as much expressive as possible or be formal and abstain from using any expressive and emotional means of argumentation. Since pragmatic target of business correspondence and journalism is persuasion rather than discussion: the readers can disagree with the author but they will be influenced by the way expression typical for the given discourse. They will try to be as brief as possible being in the track of the texts they deal with and use abbreviations as well so as to their message as brief and concise as possible.
The necessity of studying existing ways of word-formation is connected with their differences in the structure of various languages, permanent changes in the structure of the language studied, morphology, semantics and stylistics considering the area where the given word formation (abbreviation) has its own particular specifics.
Use of acronyms (pronounceable names made up of a series of initial letters or parts of words; for example, UNESCO for the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization) and abbreviations (shortened or contracted forms of words or phrases used in place of the whole (bn for billion or battalion), including acronyms as well (BNA (an abbreviation used in Canada) for British North America)) in each separate functional style is different. That is why the aim of our research is studying peculiarities of use of abbreviations in such particular genres of texts as journalism and business functional style.
Each functional style has its own distinctive features as to what kind of abbreviations, in what way and how often are used in the texts without making difficulties in communication caused by polysemy of a great number of existing abbreviations.
Various types of journalistic and business functional style, for example, are closely connected with use of informal style of communication which appears in connection with colloquial (due to desire to attract and persuade its target audience), but there are other kinds of journalistic and business texts preferring more formal type of communication. The latter (e.g. telex) in business correspondence, for example, encourage the authors to use formal abbreviations never used in informal communication (e.g. e-mail). So in telexes and other types of formal writing such abbreviations as abt (about), abv (above), b/e (bill of ex change), d/b/a (doing business as) are likely to appear, whereas in less formal types of writing we will see a great number of colloquial abbreviations such as info (information), FYI (for your information), BTW (by the way), IMHO (in my humble opinion), ASAP (as soon as possible), SIVP (s'il vous plaît), tel (telephone), PC (personal computer) and so on.
The influence of colloquial functional style on journalism and informal business correspondence appears in a great number of acronyms and abbreviations, which in the author’s opinion encourage brevity of message as well as its expressivity.
Use of more formal acronyms and abbreviations in particular business texts is closely connected with dry, ceremonial and perfunctory character of communication, which is a characteristic feature of scientific functional style, and necessity to use a great number of terms and clichés. Herein the special attention should be drawn to use of various words and word combinations in reduced or abbreviated form rather than in their full and long forms.
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Уолден Дж. К. Библия деловых писем, факс-сообщений и e-mail на английском языке. — М.: Дельта Паблишинг, 2004.
All the journalistic texts (they are italicicized) we refer to in this subsection are taken from the site of BBC ;
http://news.bbc.co.uk
www.futurehi.net/archives/777.html
Уолден Дж. К. Библия деловых писем, факс-сообщений и e-mail на английском языке. — М.: Дельта Паблишинг, 2004. — c. 98.
L esikar R. V. B asic Business Communication Richard D. I rwin Inc. H
omewood, Illinois, 1999. — p. 175.
L esikar R. V. B asic Business Communication Richard D. I rwin Inc. H
omewood, Illinois, 1999. — p. 176.
Израилевич Е. Е. Коммерческая корреспонденция и документация на английском языке. — СПб., 1992. — c. 70.
Williams R. Communications.- London: Penguin, 1992. — p. 76.
Williams R. Communications.- London: Penguin, 1992. — p. 121.
http://www.directionsmag.com/article.php?article_id=2169
Кумарова Н. Г. Новый деловой английский. — М., 1997. — c. 307.
Израилевич Е. Е. Коммерческая корреспонденция и документация на английском языке. — СПб., 1992. — c. 127.
Анохина И.Г. Англо-русский коммерческий словарь-справочник. — М., 1992. — c. 343.
Израилевич Е. Е. Коммерческая корреспонденция и документация на английском языке. — СПб., 1992. — c. 172.
Анохина И.Г. Англо-русский коммерческий словарь-справочник. — М., 1992. — c. 341.
Sukhareva O.E., Karnaukhova L.A. The Language of Business. Тюмень, 1998. — p. 211.
L esikar R. V. B asic Business Communication Richard D. I rwin Inc. H omewood, Illinois, 1999.
— p. 165.
L esikar R. V. B asic Business Communication Richard D. I rwin Inc. H omewood, Illinois, 1999.
— p. 187.
Уолден Дж. К. Библия деловых писем, факс-сообщений и e-mail на английском языке. — М.: Дельта Паблишинг, 2004. — С. 24.
Уолден Дж. К. Библия деловых писем, факс-сообщений и e-mail на английском языке. — М.: Дельта Паблишинг, 2004. — С. 501.
Гвоздева Т. Е. Деловой английский. — Уфа, 1999. — c. 228.
Васильева Л. Деловая переписка на английском языке. М., 2001. — c. 298.
